7/27/2019 Women as the Worlds Flexible Work Force_ENGLISH ARTICLES

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Women as the Worlds Flexible Work Force

Women as the Worlds Flexible Work Force

Women are not only the preferredwork force inwage employment for exports, but also mak

up the majority of flexible workers in the global production system. The informal economy,

which is largely unregulated, with low or absent labor standards, is expanding. This is partly

due to the outsourcing of production by multinational companies to local suppliers in global

value chains production processes with various layers of heavily competing suppliers for well

known brand names. Indeed, the global work force has been increasingly informalized,

withwomen experiencing lower labor standards than men. Jobs in the global production

system are increasingly subcontracted, flexible, and temporary.

Women therefore find themselves increasingly working informally at the bottom of global

value chains, outside the reach of labor laws, labor inspectors, and company codes of

conduct. The explanation for the increase in outsourcing rather than in-company production is, again, the cost pressure experienced by

firms that try to survive in highly competitive low-wage sectors of the world economy. Large parts of production in these sectors aresubcontracted and end up being done by flexible, irregular female workers in rented factories, smallscale workshops, or at home by

individual workers. This process of global cost reduction through hiring cheap female labor is quite different froma process in which

companies that are less vulnerable to global competition compete on the basis of productivity increases rather than cost reductions. Such

a strategy requires investment in new technology and skills. Even though the educational gap between men and women is narrowing

everywhere, and has disappeared in an increasing number of countries, it is men who benefit more often from the on-the-job training and

higher pay in such industries. This is exactly what is reflected in the figures referred to above, showing the defeminization of export

employment in mature export industries. Employers prefer men for the higher skill jobs, believing that women would be less reliable

workers because of maternity leave and possible career breaks when they have children. In addition,male workers bargaining power is

higher than that of female workers because of the male breadwinner norm and mens higher participation in trade unions. Women

workers, therefore, remain at the lower end of export production.

The prospects for a reduction of the gender wage gap and improvement of working conditions are limited, despite womens increasedlevels of education, as long as labor market discrimination keeps women locked in low-skilled formal and informal employment in highly

competitive global industries.

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Wage Disparities

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