MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE - DEFINITIONS OF LECTURE TERMS - TRAD103

Disclaimer: These definitions have been provided by your fellow students. They have not been checked for accuracy. You are solely responsible for the answers you provide on the actual midterm exam; these definitions are merely intended as a help in studying.

hierarchy: the organization of people at different ranks in an administrativebody.

ethnocentrism: the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspectiveof one's own culture.

Ethnocentrism- belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

W 8/22: Why America? Why Europe? Why Africa?

Livestock and Pestilence-Europe= Cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and chickens.Americas= Llamas, ducks, turkeys and dogs.Monoculture= Believed in 1 plant type in 1 piece of land.

Americans had a better life expectancy than Europeans because of their healthydiets.

Animals, Disease and Population…- Imported animals brought disease.- Animals incubated smallpox, measles and influenza.- Took Philadelphia until about 1790 to equal the population of Cahokia.

Worldview: Organized set of ideas within a particular culture that betterexplains their culture.

Corn: corn (today’s corn) or maize as it was called back then, was successfully grown in the highlands of Mexico. Back then, the word corn referred to wheat.

“Three Sisters”: the three sisters was also called the “trinity.” It was the Native American planting practices of corn, beans, and squash. They three were on one plot together in order to keep the soil from being exhausted.

Three Sisters: Three sisters refers to the crops that the Native Americansplanted. The crops were corn, bean and squash.

“Three Sisters”- A Native American planting practice, specific to the Iroquois Indians, in which the “trinity” or “three sister” plants (corn, beans, and squash) are planted within

the same mounds to grow together. These plants supposedly thrived off one another, and were a widespread practice among the Native American farming societies. This sophisticated, sustainable system provided long-term soil fertility and a healthy diet to generations.

Three Sisters: Native American planting practice. "trinity" of corn,beans and squash

“three sisters”- Native Americans used the “trinity” or “three sisters” in order to rotate crops so that land would remain fertile. The three crops grown were corn, beans, and squash.

-"three sisters": a.k.a. the "trinity" of native american planting practicesthat included corn, beans, and squash - plant rotation

Cahokia- A thirteenth century city in North America, along the banks of the Mississippi River. The area was populated from about 700 to 1400 C.E. by around 30,000 people. Cahokia was nearly six square miles and contained many houses and a huge temple that covered 15 acres. The people who lived in Cahokia farmed and were very advanced in arts, manners, and religion. The Cahokian people were ancestors of contemporary Native Americans, and their city-state was supported by tribute and taxation. The society in Cahokia was ruled by a ruler, who at times, would demand human sacrifice as tribute to their power.

Cahokia: was a city-state supported by taxation and tribute. It was locatedon the banks of the Mississippi River across from St. Louis. They occupiedthat area from about 700 to 1400 CE. There were about 30,000 people in a 6square mile city in the mid 1200Æs. Their houses were built in rows aroundplazas. They grew corn, beans and pumpkins. They had huge pyramid thatcovered 15 acres and was as tall as a ten story building. Cahokia wasabandoned by the fourteenth century; the reason is unknown.

Cahokia-developed Native American city,people called cahokians also known asMississippian, 20,000-40,000, system of roads, social heirarchy huge burialmounds, in particular the snake mound, deserted by 1400 AD

Mali- West ASfrican nation, by 1400 AD had advanced academy, could produce steeland held a 100,000 man army

Monoculture: one plant planted in the same place repeatedly (European style ofplanting)

Monoculture- the use of land for growing only one type of crop

Monoculture- the planting practice used by the Europeans in the early colonization period of the New World along with capital production. It is the practice of growing a single crop over a wide area (ex: wheat fields, apple orchards, grape vineyards). Monoculture is beneficial because the plants have uniform growing standards, and things like

maintenance and harvesting can be standardized. However, there is also a greater drain on the soil of its nutrients, making it harder to replant after about 40 years of use.

M 8/27: European Expansion and the Atlantic World

"Feudalism" - The social system Europeans were using in the late middle ages.The continent was divided into hundreds of small territories, each ruled by afamily of lords who claimed a disproportionate share of wealth and power. Thesefuedal lords commanded labor service from peasants, and tribute in the form ofcrops. The lords were the main beneficiaries of medieval economic expansion,accumulating great estates and building fortified castles.

Nation-state: Pros: ability to amass and control resources. Centralization,financing for technological expansion and innovation.

-nation-state: politically independent state formed up of people with a commonidentity. -became a tool of expansion, allowing for: the ability to amass and controlresources, centralization of power, and financing technological innovation andexpansion

Piracy: all societies had exploitation and plunder of labor. (slavery in Africa) Stealing was a natural way of life and it was normal

Piracy- The stealing and robbing that took place on ships by the English and Spanish.

Atlantic World- The trading system that took place in the Atlantic Ocean. The trades also included indengered servants and slave trading from England, Africa, United States, and Spain.

Piracy- with the formation of the Atlantic Highway, many goods and lots of money were being transported across the Atlantic Ocean. Piracy developed, by those people who attacked ships and ports and stole their goods, slaves, money, and ships.

Piracy: In this context, piracy is described as the act of plundering on another ship. European countries themselves would attack and raid other nation’s ships and steal there products aboard.

Serfs-- a servant bound to the land and subject to the will of the owner.

Serf: In between and indentured servant and slave. Serfs were widely used before indentured servitude and slavery. Serfs were used as the general labor force in Europe. Serfs had a few more rights than slaves, yet could not raise there social standing unlike indentured servants.

Atlantic world- the transformation of the Atlantic into a highway between the Mediterranean, Africa, and Europe. These continents were an inland trading network that brought slaves, weapons, and agricultural goods across the Atlantic.

-atlantic world: the "highway" between America, Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean

Atlantic World-- all countries located along the edge of the Atlantic Ocean,such as North and South America, Africa and Europe.

factory- fortified trading posts in West Africa which sought profit throughtrade in gold, ivory and slaves

Amerigo Vespucci- explorer saild 1499, first to suggest that the land hit byColumbus (and himself) was a seperate continent from Asia, Early map labelednew continent as America after Amerigo, name stuck

Amerigo Vespucci: was an Italian merchant, explorer and cartographer. Vespucciplayed a senior role in two voyages which explored the east coast of SouthAmerica between 1499 and 1502.

Bartolome de las Casas: O.P. (August 24, 1484 - July 17, 1566), was a 16thcentury Spanish Dominican priest, and the first resident Bishop of Chiapas. Asa settler in the New World, he was galvanized by witnessing the torture andgenocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. He is commemoratedas a missionary in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church inAmerica on July 17.

W 8/29: English Fantasies and Colonial Realities: Jamestown, Boomtown and Deathtrap

Virginia Company refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I in 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America

Virginia Company: in 1607 King James established this joint stock company whichwas aimed at commercial success. It was a pool of funds to support specificventures.

Virginia Company-- a joint stock company established by King James in 1607;pooled funds to support join-venture, prevented Spain from winning "savages",and was an excellent "piracy" base

Virginia Company: In 1606 Jamestown established the Virginia Company which help in the shipment of tobacco. The company was a joint-stock company with royal charter, specific ventures and investors.

tobacco: a rapidly profitable plant that boomed in the 1620's and a good reason

for colonist to settle in Virginia to grow tobacco and get rich. It became thebasis of economy and exchange.

Tobacco-- crop planted in Jamestown was the basis of economy and exchange

Salt Poisoning- A major health problem affecting the settlers of the colony of Jamestown. The river near town was contaminated causing swellings and other diseases from salt poisoning. The summer water plug in the river held salt and pathogens, causing epidemic diseases to recur each summer throughout the settlement, wiping out significant numbers of colonists.

Salt Poisoning: the poisoning of the water that Jamestown used to survive. During the summer months a salt plug would form, which held increasing levels of salt in the water supply. This contaminated the water supply and resulted in the laziness and sickness of the settlers of Jamestown. This resulted in diseases that would reoccur every year around the spring and summer months.

Salt Poisoning: Near Jamestown there was salt plug field that had tons of salt and pathogens. This field would contaminate the river going through Jamestown, especially during the summer. This would cause numerous of deaths and illness because it was the only means of water for the people.

Joint Stock Company: A venture where investors pool their money to establish a corporate venture on which they hope to make money. Jamestown is an example of a joint stock company’s venture.

Sir Walter Raleigh- In the 1580’s, Queen Elizabeth personally funded Sir Walter Raleigh’s exploration in the Americas. In 1585 he founded the colonial town of Roanoke in present day South Carolina. They alienated their native allies and quickly began to starve. He returned to England for more supplies and to bring back more settlers, but when he returned, Roanoke had been abandoned and all the colonists “lost”. Sir Walter was also a famed writer, poet, courtier, and explorer.

Sir Walter Raleigh He was responsible for establishing the first English colony in the New World, on June 4, 1584, at Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. When the third attempt at settlement failed, the ultimate fate of the colonists was never authoritatively ascertained, and it became known as "The Lost Colony".

"King William's War" - This was the first of a series of colonial strugglesbetween England and France; They occured between 1689-1697 and were primarilyon the frotiers of northern New England and New York. This inconclusive war wasended by the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, which established an equallyinconclusive peace. War between England and France would resume only five yearslater.

W 9/5: American Slavery, American Freedom: Not Merely a Southern Institution

*For additional notes on this lecture, see end of document

Portugal: Navigation and shipbuilding-- Absolute Monarchy- by 1485 had fortified trading posts on the western coast of Africa belowsahara.- Profits with ivory gold and slaves.- Large player in African Slavery.

African Slavery-- Criminals, debtors or captives were slaves.- Owed specific labor- Well defined rights (property, marriage)- Could aquire freedom- One of many forms of labor in economy… didn’t need to seek out slaves

Race: social construction produced by human ideas used to justify difference in appearance and in power

Indentured servants: white people with few prospects in Europe who move to the colonies who sell their labor for ship passage

I ndentured Servants : White people with few prospects in Europe, fewer resources. Usually a set term between 4-7 years, at the end of their term the new freemen, received their freedom dues; which in early 17th century Virginia included one suit of clothing and five barrels of corn. Paralleling with slavery, legal status and rights while under contract included; not full citizens, no right to plead court on their own behalf, no right to marry without their master’s permission, no right of property, no protection from physical punishment, masters could extend their term of indenture with little cause, their labor contract could be unexpectedly bought or “sold”, many were poorly treated. If servants died, masters didn’t have to provide freedom dues, 40% of indentured servants did not survive terms of contract.

An indentured servant is a laborer under contract to work for an employer for aspecific amount of time, usually two to seven years, to pay off a passage to anew country or home

Indentured Servants - White people with few prospects in Europe and had fewresources. Contracts "sold" their labor for ships passage usually a setterm between 4-7 years. At the end of their term; the new freeman receivedfreedom dues. They had few rights. No protection to physical punishment,masters could extend terms, no right to plead in court and no right toproperty. 40% did not survive terms of contract.

indentured servant: An indentured servant (also called a bonded laborer) is a labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, usually two to seven years, to pay off a passage to a new country or home. Typically the employers provided little if any monetary remuneration; however, they were responsible for

accommodation, food, other essentials, and training. Upon completion of the term of the contract the labourer sometimes received a lump sum payment such The term comes from the medieval English "indenture of retainer" --- a contract that is written twice on the same sheet, with the copies separated by cutting along a jagged (toothed, hence the term "indenture") line so that the teeth of the two parts could later be refitted to confirm authenticity.

Indentured Servants: Originated as people who needed passage into the new world. They would trade their labor to pay passage into the new world. These people consisted of poor white Europeans. The typical time period would be 4-7 years of labor before they became free. They had few rights that were similar to slaves. Not citizens, no property rights, etc.

Indentured servitude- · White people with few prospects in Europe, fewer resources· Contracts: “sold” labor for ships passage

o Usually 4-7 yearsAt end of their term, the new freemen received freedom dues

INDENTURED SERVITUDE-a labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, usually two to seven years, to pay off a passage to a new country or home. Typically the employers provided little if any monetary remuneration; however, they were responsible for accommodation, food, other essentials, and training. Upon completion of the term of the contract the labourer sometimes received a lump sum payment such as a parcel of land or tools and was free to farm or take up trade of his or her own

freedom dues - After indentured servants were freed they received freedom dues, in Virginia in the 17th century their freedom dues were 1 suit and 5 barrels of corn.

Royal African Company: The Royal African Company was a slaving company set up by the House of family and London merchants once the former retook the English throne in the English Restoration of 1660. It was led by James, Duke of York, Charles II's brother.

Royal African Company – Chartered by the King of England in 1672, it was a legal sanction for slavery.

Bacon’s Rebellion – As a result of decreasing land for an increasing population of single, landless, young white men, Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion in 1676, consisting of anti-aristocratic men, many of whom were former indentured servants, and attacked the colonial capital Jamestown.

Bacon's Rebellion or the Virginia Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in theVirginia Colony led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in theAmerican colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similaruprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protestagainst the governor of Jamestown. Nathaniel Bacon demanded aggressive NativeAmerican policy.

Bacon's Rebellion: This rebellion was led by Nathaniel Bacon, a gentlemen whogets in conflict with the elite of Virginia. The rebellion started in 1670 whenthe Virginia House of Burgesses limited voting priviliges to landowners only.This anger the freed white population with no land (farmers and indenturedservants). In 1676 Bacon allied himself with freed whites in merciless attackson locals. Impacts of this rebellion led planters to be paranoid, indenturedlabor gradually diminished, and the House of Burgesses restored the vote to allfree white men.

Bacons Rebellion: Led the rebellion of former indentured servants in an effort to gain more desirable farming land. They attacked local Indian natives. They challenged the elite planter figures of the area for land. This resulted in causing planter owners to have paranoia in indentured servants. Owners began to adapt black slave labor exclusively. This essentially diminished class distinctions and reinforced RACIAL distinctions.

Bacon’s rebellion-1676, Nathaniel Bacon led anti-aristocratic men (many former indenture servants) in merciless attacks on local natives

· Colonial Governor tried to stop them, they attacked Jamestown, the colonial capital

· A Challenge to the planter elitesImpact: increase in paranoia among planters

· VA began to gradually eliminate white indentured labor· Exclusive adoption of black slavery· House of Burgesses restored the vote to all free white men

o Diminish class/ wealth distinctions, reinforced racial ones.

Indigo: a popular cash crop (in 1740) that was a valuable plant dye. Itincreased the demand for slaves and land.

INDIGO- cash crop of the deep south used to die clothing. this crop increased the demand for slaves and caused a conflict with the native americans

Indigo – A cash crop grown in the South in the 1740’s which was used as a valuable plant dye.

Black majority – In South Carolina the majority of the population was African slaves.

M9/10: T he Middle Colonies: A Case Study in Religious Freedom

*For additional notes on this lecture, see end of document

William Penn lived from 1644 to 1718. He was born into an aristocratic Anglican family; however, he became a Quaker at the age of twenty two. The English government granted

Penn land in North America, and he promotes it by promising religious toleration. Pennsylvania is a success with tremendous population growth in short time.

The colony of Pennsylvania grew from two thousand people in 1682 to eight thousand people in 1685. This huge boom in population was due to the policy of religious toleration, and because land was cheap and fertile. In Pennsylvania more than other colonies it was easier for people to better their fortune. Because of religious toleration many persecuted groups came to live there.

William Penn: (1644-1718) A leading defender in religious freedom for England. Converted to Quakerism. Main point: Separation between religion and state. Created success in early Pennsylvania. Religious freedom, trade, fertile soil, social mobility, geographic mobility, government and legal codes.

William Penn Penn was born to a wealthy Anglican Family. He was a Aristocratic Quaker and converts to Quakerism 22. He also becomes a defender of religious liberty in England

Penn “Holy Experiment”: Granted land in North America that draws up fame of gov’t and legal codes. Penn promotes immigration to his colony and promises religious liberty and prosperity. They depart in 1682 and take three months to get to North America. The following people were onboard: Quakers, non Quakers, and indentured servants

Uniqueness of Pennsylvania: Middle colonies such as New Jersey, Delaware, New York created an area of prosperity. There was religious toleration, available/affordable/fertile farming land, ethnic and religious diversity, and opportunities for advancement. Liberty created a land of law and spirit which worked very well together.

W 9/12: New England

The town planning in Puritan New England was very unique. For the most part people had small lots of land in town where they had their house. On the outskirts of town was where the majority of farmland was located. There were also parcels of land set aside for public grazing, wood gathering, and future distribution.

Due to puritan doctrine all puritans were expected to be able to read the bible. Thus, communities were required to run schools, and consequently there was a very high literacy rate in New England colonies. This is contrasted with many southern colonies whose main goals were to make money.

Plymouth: 102 Pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, England on the Mayflower to the new world in Sept. 1620. They arrived in a village called Patuxet, which the English renamed Plymouth. Plymouth colony was never a financial success. Pilgrims succeeded however in establishing a self-sufficient community. By mid-century, Plymouth had dispersed into eleven separate communities.

Massachusetts Bay Company: An enterprise created in 1629 by wealthy Puritans to protect their congregations by emigration. The emigration was later known as the Great Migration. It led to 20,000 people relocating to Massachusetts.

infant depravity: Puritans viewed children as evil, deformed, and swaddling;sought to remove natural pride and willfulness; instill humility and goodnature.

sexual double standard: Chesapeake men were free to experiment sexually, whilewomen's chastity was closely watched.

Selectmen: They were a group of leaders who made the decisions on behalf of the community. Since the town meetings rarely met, these guys did most of the deciding. TheSelectmen were also in the General Court or the colonial legislature.

The Selectmen is a group of leaders, acting as an authority, making ordinary decisions on behalf of the community to administrate the local government. This group was elected in town meetings in many New England communities around the 1630s. In general, selectmen were responsible for local licensing, the town watch, and poor relief. In addition, this group made up the general Court, or colonial legislature.

commonwealth- governing body organized for the common good

COMMONWEALTH- a political community,# a political unit founded in law by agreement of the people for the common good;# a federated union of constituent states;# a community of sovereign states;# a republic;# a democratic constitutional monarchy

Predestination- only some people the elite have already been chosen for admission to paradise

1) worldly acts of good works do not influence whether one is destined for heaven or hell

PREDESTINATION- religious concept, which involves the relationship between the beginning of things and their destinies. Predestination in its religious nature, distinguishes it from other ideas concerning determinism, free will, and related concepts. In particular, predestination concerns God's decision to determine ahead of time what the destiny of groups and/or individuals will be and also includes all of Creation.

M 9/17: Women and the Family in the Colonial World

Women during the colonial times were expected to follow the head of the household which was usually the husband or father. They didnt have many rights andwere not protected by law. Husbands were able to beat them but only to the

standars that were held by the society at the time. Children were viewed asworkers and were put to work for the family to bring more income. They werealso unprotected by law and were even though of being evil.

rule of thumb - husbands were allowed to beat their wives with objects no largerthan their thumb

rule of thumb: Colonial common law, men could hit their wives and children with an object as long as it was it was thinner than the width of their thumb.

Rule of thumb- Men could beat their spouse or children with anything as long as it was narrower than their thumb.

Rule of Thumb: a rule that is derived from old English law which stated that men are allowed to beat their wives as long as the stick was so wider than their thumb. This law was kept in the colonies which allowed men to control their wives, while still requiring them to show restraint.

widows' thirds: In the Chesapeake a widow would receive one third of her husband's estate. However, more often she would get full estate and act as executor for their children.

widows' thirds - refers to the third of the man's personal property that a widowwas entitled to

Widow’s thirds: a law that grew out of English common law which stated that a widow would receive upon her husband’s death one third of all of his property and the other two thirds would be divided amongst his children. In the Chesapeake, where in the beginning of the colony women wielded more power due to their small numbers, women often got all of the estate and acted as executors’ of the will.

Sexual Double Standard: basically means men were free to experiment with other women, while women’s chastity were closely watched, but it varied by colonies.

Sexual Double Standard: The concept that men are free to experiment but awomen's chastity is closely watched.

sexual double standard - men could be sexually deviant, but women were to remainproper and chaste

Infant Depravity: The idea that children are not innocent, and that lovingtreatment will interfer with discipline.

Bundling: A practice used in New England where a couple slept in the same bed to insure physical compatibility with out sexual intercourse.

Bundling - the traditional practice of wrapping one person in a bed accompaniedby his/her courtier, usually as a part of courting behavior.

Bundling- Men and women would sleep together wrapped in a blanket or sleeping bag without having sex, to see if they were compatible for marriage.

Swaddling - an age-old practice of wrapping infants snugly in swaddling cloths,blankets or similar cloth so that movement of the limbs is tightly restricted

W 9/21: The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening: The time were colonist found their own way of lookins at religion and found a new perpecrtive to view God as well as the arrival of new ideas of religion,cultures and social perpectives.

declension: A decline in the purity of a church. Around 1700, Puritan ministers feared declension. They calling parishioners sinful, few members had conversion experiences, and there were few full members.

Declension: a decline in the purity of the church

Arminianism: instead of predestination, this practice maintained the possibility of salvation by faith alone

Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought in Protestant Christiantheology

Arminianism: Belief that God has given people the freedom to earn salvation through good works and faith. It replaced the idea of predestination. Predestination means that only some, the Elect, have been chosen for Paradise and worldly acts have no effect on whether one is destined for Heaven or Hell. Arminianism is more favorable in that you can control your future.

Arminianism: Belief in which eighteenth century Puritans turned to the idea that God had given people the freedom to choose salvation by developing their faith and by doing good works. It was in harmony with the Enlightenment view that men and women were not helpless pawns but rational beings who could actively shape their own destinies.

Arminianism: Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought in Protestant Christian theology founded by the Dutch theologian Jacob Hermann, who was best known by the Latin form of his name, Jacobus Arminius. Its acceptance stretches through much of mainstream Protestantism. Due to the influence of John Wesley, Arminianism is perhaps most prominent in the Methodist movement.

Arminianism can be defined as a belief that human free will is compatible with God's control. It appeared in the early 1740s as an engagement of the Puritan reliance. The ministers addressed the major focuses of Jonathan Edwards's preaching and of the entire Great Awakening, leading to some puritans moved toward Arminianism. Furthermore, its notion of salvation is based on faith alone, instead of predestination.

Arminianism-Arminianism is merely the teachings of one man to counter the errorsof another. To base a theology on any one sided argument is to miss the point ofunity. Basically, Arminianism is the belief that God has given man the choice toaccept Him or reject Him. Most Christians now accept the view but many hard-coreCalvinists still consider Arminianism heretical. For the most part Protestantsand Pentecostals now accept the tenets and it conforms to the Catholicpositions of the Council of Trent.--http://latter-rain.com/theology/armen.htm

George Whitefield: An evangelical Anglican minister from England, who in 1738, made the first of several tours of the colonies. His preaching had a very powerful effect on the colonists. He chastised his followers as ôhalf animals, half devilsË but left them hopeful that God would be responsive to their desire for salvation.

George Whitefield: (December 16, 1714 - September 30, 1770), was a cleric in theChurch of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement.Whitefieldwas part of the an 18th century movement of Christian revivals, sometimescalled "The Great Awakening."

George Whitefield: English preacher who sparked and forged patterns of the Awakening. Ordained as a minister in the Church of England, but allied himself with other Anglican dissidents. movement to reform the Church of England. Whitefield and his fellow dissidents downplayed the importance of liturgy (set ceremonies of worship) and ritual. They favored and immediate experience of salvation. By the end of the 18th century, their efforts resulte in the founding of the Methodist Church

Jonathan Edwards: was a colonial American Congregational preacher, theologian,and missionary to Native Americans. Edwards "is widely acknowledged to beAmerica's most important and original philosophical theologian. Edwardspreaching sometimes resulted in members of the audience fainting, swooning, andother more obtrusive reactions. The swooning and other behaviors in his audiencecaught him up in a controversy over "bodily effects" of the Holy Spirit'spresence.

Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial AmericanCongregational preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. Hiswork is very broad in scope, but he is often associated with his defense ofCalvinist theology, the metaphysics of theological determinism, and the Puritanheritage. His fire-and-brimstone sermon "Sinners in the hands of an angry God,"emphasized the just wrath of God against sin and contrasted it with theprovision of God for salvation; the intensity of his preaching sometimesresulted in members of the audience fainting, swooning, and other moreobtrusive reactions. The swooning and other behaviors in his audience caughthim up in a controversy over "bodily effects" of the Holy Spirit's presence.

Deism- God did not intervene in the affairs of this world. God created theworld, but then left it alone.

Deism is a religious philosophy and movement that derives the existence andnature of God from reason and personal experience, in contrast to theism (withreligions like Judaism, Christianity and Islam) which relies on revelation insacred scriptures or the testimony of other people. Deism became prominent in Great Britain, France, and the United States in the 17th and 18th centuries and continues to this day in the form of Classical Deism and Modern Deism.

Deism-Deism is the belief that by rational methods alone mencan know all the true propositions of theology whichit is possible, necessary, or desirable for men to know.--http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-77

Old Lights and New Lights - used in Christian circles to distinguish between twogroups who were initially the same, but have come to a disagreement. Typically,if a denomination is changing, and some refuse to change, and the denominationsplits, those who did not change are referred to as the "Old Lights", and theones who changed are referred to as the "New Lights".

M 9/24: The Rhetoric of Liberty and the Causes of the American Revolution

The French and Indian war: Also was known as the seven years war and Great War for empire, this war accelerated the tension between the British and colonies, this war bought all the colonies together against a common enemy. At the end of this war, it pushed the French out of Canada and Spain out of Florida. This war also put Britain in a financial and physical bind, because now they had overstretched themselves in both these departments.

The French and Indian War (7 year war, Great War for Empire): exacerbated tensions between British and colonials, and cemented relationships among colonies. This war pushed colonists closer to rebellion.

French and Indian War: · 1754-1763· AKA 7 years war, Great war for Empire· Exacerbated tensions between British and Colonists· Pushed French out of Canada, Spanish out of Florida

British were overstretched in funds after the war.

French and Indian War – (1754-1763) Also known as the Seven Years War and the Great War for Empire, English/Colonies vs. French/Spanish/Indians. England/Colonies won, pushed France out of Canada, Spain out of Florida. Britain needed to compensate for war-time expenses so they taxed the colonies. Exacerbated tension between British and Colonies and also cemented relations between colonies, pushed colonies closer to rebellion.

Sugar Act:

· 1764 British tax all sugar, use new authority to enforce.· Stamp Act: Paid royal stamp for all published documents. (1765)

Sugar Act (1764): Tax placed on colonies by British, who strictly enforced it. Currency Act: British put a law on the colonies that they couldn’t issue paper money or credit

The Sugar Act imposed taxes on all sugar and there was a new authority toenforce it.

Sugar Act- Placed a duty on sugar imported into the colonies in 1764. Stricterregisteration procedures for ships and an addition of more officers were madeto obtain the needed revenue from America. Lead to boycotts of certain Englishimports.

Sugar Act: The Sugar Act placed a duty on sugar imported into the colonies and revitalized the customs service, introducing stricter registration procedures for ships and adding more officers. It passed on April 5, 1764, was a revenue-raising Act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. It revised the earlier Sugar and Molasses Act.

Sugar Act- passed on April 5, 1764, was a revenue-raising Act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. It revised the earlier Sugar and Molasses Act, which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on molasses in order to make English products cheaper than those from the French West Indies.

Stamp Act (1765): Colonists had to pay royal stamp for all published documents (newspapers, legal documents, etc.)

Stamp Act – 1765 – Britain required a paid royal stamp on all published documents (newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, etc.)

The Stamp Act paid royal stamp for all published documents.

Stamp Act (1765): This is one of the main measures taken by the British government that led to the American Revolution. This act required all colonists to have paid stamps forevery published document including newspapers, legal documents, and evenplaying cards. This was seen as an opportunity for the colonists to pay theirshare for the British armyÆsÆ support in the French and Indian war. Thisact was later repealed in 1766.

Stamp Act- Stamp act riot August 14, 1765· October 1765: NYC Stamp act Congress

o Argued that taxation requires representation· All paper goods were taxed

o Includes legal documents and playing cards· 1766 Stamp act repealed

Stamp Act: After incurring a huge debt after the Seven Years War, British parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765 which required all colonists to pay a tax on all published documents including legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, wills, pamphlets and playing cards. Opposition to the stamp act was not limited to the colonists. Even British merchants and manufacturers were opposed to the stamp act because colonial exports were threatened by the tax.

Townshend Revenue Acts: British placed on colonies new taxes on common items when imported. This led to boycotts and bans by colonial legislatures.

Townshend Revenue Acts: There started to be new taxes on common items when they were imported. There were new customs offices for strong enforcement. This prevented the colonials to run things how they wanted. They didn’t have the freedom to do whateverthey wanted to anymore. So because of these new rules, people started boycottsand bans by colonial legislatures.

Boston Massacre (1770): The accepted story is that a British officer ordered a well-trained regiment to shoot down unarmed innocent colonials at close range. The real story is that it was more like a drunken brawl.

Boston Massacre – 1770 – 7 colonists killed by British soldiers. Accepted story is that a British officer ordered a well-trained regiment to open fire on unarmed colonists. Real story is closer to a drunken brawl.

Boston Massacre: On the night of March 5, 1770, a crowd gathered at the Custons House in Boston, MA. The crowd began taunting a guard when a captain and seven other soldiers came to his rescue. The crowd began throwing snowballs and stones at the soldiers. In a sudden panic, (without orders) the frightened soldiers began to fire at the crowd. Five civilians fell dead while another six were wounded, two of which died later. The soldiers escaped to their barracks, but the mob of a crowd rampaged through the streets demanding vengeance. Fearing for the safety of his men and the security of his state, Governor Thomas Hutchinson ordered the British troops out of Boston. The Boston Massacre became infamous throughout the colonies, in part because of an inflammatory print produced by the Boston engraver Paul Revere.

Boston Massacre (1770): The accepted story is that a British officer orders an open fire on unarmed men at close range which left 7 colonists dead and several others injured. Inreality this incident can be compared to "drunken brawl". The Britishofficers were provoked to take the action they did. This is one of the directforms of violence that leads to the American Revolution.

Boston Massacre: On March 5th, 1770 a drunken brawl between colonists and British troops broke out in front of the Boston Custom House. Angered by the British crown, a group of unarmed colonists began to throw snowballs at the soldiers. In retaliation, the British soldiers began to fire into the crowd. The end result was 7 dead colonists and more hatred towards the British crown.

Boston Massacre-The Boston Massacre was an incident involving the deaths of fiveAmerican civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legalaftermath of which helped spark the American Revolutionary War. A tensesituation due to a heavy British military presence in Boston boiled over toincite brawls between soldiers and civilians, and eventually led to troopsdischarging their muskets after being attacked by a rioting crowd, 4 civilianswere killed at the scene, and one died after the incident.--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre

Tea Act- Parliament passed the act and colonists were major consumers of tea.The tax brought the East India Company close to the brink of bankruptcy. Agroup of 50 or 60 men marched to the wharf diguised as Indians and they dumpedinto the harbor 45 tons of tea. Boston was the first tea party, but othersimilar incidents followed.

Tea Act – December 1773 – Parliament lowered tax on tea, Boston Tea Party was a result of this act.

Tea Act-1773 Act that gave a monopoly on tea sales to the East India Company. Inother words, American colonists could buy no tea unless it came from thatcompany. Why? Well, the East Indian Company wasn't doing so well, and theBritish wanted to give it some more business. The Tea Act lowered the price onthis East India tea so much that it was way below tea from other suppliers. Butthe American colonists saw this law as yet another means of "taxation withoutrepresentation" because it meant that they couldn't buy tea from anyone else(including other colonial merchants) without spending a lot more money. Theirresponse was to refuse to unload the tea from the ships. This was the situationin Boston that led to the Boston Tea Party.--http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/wwww/us/teaactdef.htm

Boston Tea Party (1773): Response to tea act of Parliament that actually lowered tea taxes. Radicals argued that this was a ploy to make taxes palatable. At the Boston Tea Party they held a meeting, gathered a group, and threw the tea in harbor.

Boston Tea Party (1773): This was a form of rebellion against the Tea Act imposed on the colonies by the British government. A group of 50 or 60 colonists disguised as Indians from all classes in society boarded a British ship carrying tea, and dumped 45 tons of tea into the sea as a form of rebellion against the Tea Act.

Boston Port Bill: British closed Boston port to colonials

W 9/26: The Loyalist Experience: American Rebellion

Drafting during the war: During the war, both the colonies and the British forces enlisted people by drafting them. These was a good way of getting their ‘draft quotas’, but alas, many people found ways around being drafted if they did not want to go. Such as: paying

others to go in their place, promising slaves freedom if the enlisted in their masters place, and also bribing the draft officials so they did not have to go.

Tory: · Otherwise known as loyalists.· Conserving to the British government· Conservative party

Tory: Another term for a loyalist. During the revolutionary period these people were loyal to the Britain and did not wish to go to war. They saw themselves as moderates looking for another option besides war. They also did not see themselves as Americans, but rather as Englishmen living in America.

Tory- is a word that describes a person who is still loyal to the British Crown

Loyalists: These were the group of people who were loyal to Britain, contrary to thePatriots. They considered themselves continually as Englishmen in America. Theybelieved that over time, the colonies and England would continually grow closerto each other culturally. They felt that the British constitution guaranteedthe best possible rights and that conforming to an existing good system wasbetter than starting all over.

Lexington- The town is famous for being the site of the opening shots of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the first engagement of the American Revolution.

Lexington: Other words known as the location of “The Shot Heard Around the World.” This was the location of the first shots fired between the minutemen and the British redcoats, and marked the beginning of the revolutionary war.

Lexington- On April 18, 1775 General Gage ordered 700 men to retrieve the storeof American ammunition at Concord. Learning of the operation, the Bostoncommittee released Paul Revere and William Dawes to alert the militia of thecountryside. Eight Americans were killed and ten others were wounded.

Lexington – On April 19th, 1775, the town of Lexington, Massachusetts was the site of the first battle of the American Revolution. 77 minute men emerged from the local tavern and stood their ground, defending their town from a group of British soldiers who marched through the town looking for weaponry.

Lord Dunmore: Lord Dunmore was the Royal Governor of Virginia. In November of 1775, he promised to free any slave belonging to rebelling colonials who would fight for the British. As soon as he made this statement, hundreds of African American slaves joined the war in support of the British.

Declaration of Independence: · John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and

Robert Livingston prepared draft of the declaration.· Public vote taken on July 1.

· Approved July 4, 1776

Declaration of Independence- A committee composed of John Adams, ThomasJefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston was asked toprepare a draft of the declaration. Jefferson was later assigned to write thedeclaration. A debate was brought up with the large majority of theContinental Congress for the side of independence. A number of changes weremade to the draft. On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence wasapproved and signed.

ADDITIONAL NOTES FOR 9/5 American Slavery, American Freedom

-Origins of SlaveryRacism: Winthrop Jordan, foundations for racist ideas in English cultural

attitudes, darkness leads to evil.Slavery: racism grew out of labor system and conditionsRace: a social construction, produced by human ideas

-Colonies need Workers3 ingredients of success in the colonies

1) Staying alive2) Land3) Labor (key to working land)

-Indentured ServantsWhite people with few prospects in Europe, fewer resourcesContracts: “sold” their labor for ship passageUsually between 4-7 years

-Toward Racism, Toward SlaveryProblems with Indian slavery

1) Hostility with neighbors caused by unscrupulous raiders2) Locals who knew land could run away

-Bacon’s Rebellion and its effects1670’s ,VA tobacco planters taking over native landsAvailable land went downPopulation of single, landless young white men went upImpact: increase in paranoia among planters

-Regional Cultures in British America: Deep SouthSouth Carolina:1670Much racial violence, slavery centralIntended as a colony of a colonyStrategic location: barrier to protect Chesapeake from Spanish and French

-Deep South ProsperityCharleston: only large port city in the southChesapeake: needed indigo and rice

-Deep South: Massive SlaveryMany slaves less susceptible to malaria (sickle cell)By 1720 some areas more than 70% African decended

ADDITIONAL NOTES FOR 9/10 Middle Colonies

Why did Europeans come to the New World -Spain in 1490’s

Enlarge its empireGain wealthSpread Christianity

-England in 1607Compete with the SpanishGet rid of criminals and the poorFind Northwest Passage

-George Fox, found the Quakers (1624-1691)Quakers: social and religious rebels

1) Simple worship2) Social equity3) Defiance and protest

-William Penn (1644-1718) an Aristocratic QuakerBorn into a wealthy Anglican familyIs a religious seekerConverts to Quaker at age 22Arrested several timesBecomes leading defender of religious liberty in England

-Penn’s “Holy Experiment”Granted land in North America, draws up frame of government and legal codesPromotes immigration to his colony

-Success in early PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia: booming commercial center, trades with Boston, New York and

CaribbeanFertile soil, land at modest pricesPopulation growth: 2,000 in 1682, 8,000 in 1655

-Religious Tolerance Brings Religious DiversityUniqueness of Pennsylvania and other Middle ColoniesReligious tolerationFertile and affordable landEthnic and religious diversityOpportunity for advancement(both individual and communal)