Wolfe Coal Combustion by-Products

7/27/2019 Wolfe Coal Combustion by-Products

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Rehabilitation of Failed Asphalt Pavements

am o e, arun t uta a, aro a er

Alexis Semach, James Howdyshell, Rachael Pasini

The Ohio State University


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iviv

Demonstrate effective use of Class F flDemonstrate effective use of Class F fl

ash in combination with lime or limeash in combination with lime or lime

kiln dust LKD in Full De thkiln dust LKD in Full De thReclamation of asphalt pavements.Reclamation of asphalt pavements.

Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions


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Full Depth Reclamation (FDR)

FDR is a flexible pavement reclamation process. The full pavement section(wearing surface, base / subbase, and a pre-determined portion of

underlying soil) is uniformly pulverized, blended with chemical additives(e.g. cement, fly ash, lime, emulsion) and compacted to construct a newstabilized base. An asphalt overlay can then be placed.

or o conven ona re-cons

ruc on, s ony cos -e ec ve pavemenrehabilitation procedure that corrects base and subbase problems.



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Coal Use FactsNationally:

52% of Electricity is Generated by Combustion of Coal

1.1 Billion Tons were consumed in 2005.

State of Ohio:

90% of Ohios Electricity is Generated by Combustion of Coal

Coal Use: 30 Million Tons/Yr. (Ohio Coal)

30 Million Tons/Yr. (Non-Ohio Coal)

1.5 Tons of Coal Combustion By-products generated in Ohio /

Person / Yr.



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25 mile radius


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Fly ash provides Silica and Alumina needed for

,

stiffness, and durability of stabilized base layer.

Fly ash act as mineral fillerto fill the voids in the

granular pulverized pavement mix, thus reducing

permeability of the FDR stabilized layer.



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Section Line Rd. Station Layout

e aware oun y



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Delaware County Pavement Sections

(4.1 miles)Nine sections constructed using the following six mixes:Nine sections constructed using the following six mixes:

.. ,,stabilization depth (0.3 mile)stabilization depth (0.3 mile)

Station 2:Station 2: 5%5% CementCement, 12 inch stabilization depth (0.8 mile), 12 inch stabilization depth (0.8 mile)

Station 3:Station 3: 3%3% Lime Kiln DustLime Kiln Dust with 1.4 gallons per square yardwith 1.4 gallons per square yard emulsionemulsion,,8 inch stabilization depth (0.7 mile)8 inch stabilization depth (0.7 mile)

a on :a on : ncnc anan wo . m e sec ons a e nor anwo . m e sec ons a e nor ansouth ends of the project, and a 0.7 mile as well as 0.1 mile sectionssouth ends of the project, and a 0.7 mile as well as 0.1 mile sectionsnear the middle of the project)near the middle of the project)

:: uu ww yy , z, z(0.6 mile)(0.6 mile)

Station 6:Station 6: 4%4% LimeLime with 6%with 6% Fly AshFly Ash, 8 inch stabilization depth (0.7 mile), 8 inch stabilization depth (0.7 mile)



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Long Spurling Rd. Station Layout

N



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Warren County Pavement Sections (0.4 miles)

Station 1:Station 1: 5 inch5 inch Mill and FillMill and Fill (0.08 mile)(0.08 mile)

Station 2:Station 2: 4%4% LimeLime with 6%with 6% Fly AshFly Ash, 12 inch stabilization depth (0.32 mile), 12 inch stabilization depth (0.32 mile)



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Pavement Instrumentation Plan



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Asphalt overlaying on South bound lanes of Section Line Road



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Delaware Pavements February 12, 2009

Section 1:

Cement + Emulsion

Section 2:

Cement

Section 3:

LKD + Emulsion

Section 4:Control (Mill & Fill)

Section 5:Fly Ash + LKD

Section 6:Fly Ash + Lime


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Delaware Pavements February 12, 2009

Section 1:

Cement + Emulsion

Section 2:

Cement

Section 3:

LKD + Emulsion

Section 4:

Control (Mill & Fill)

Section 5:

Fly Ash + LKD

Section 6:

Fly Ash + Lime


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Fallin Wei ht Deflectometer FWD Testin b Ohio DOT

Delaware site before FDR



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Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) Testing Dates

. J uly 10, 2006 Pre-Reclamation October 26, 2006 April 25, 2007 J ul 30, 2007 October 22, 2007

April 9, 2008 J uly 21, 2008 September 25, 2008

Warren County Long Spurling Rd. , - September 5, 2006 November 21, 2006 April 17, 2007 ul 3 2007

October 16, 2007 April 8, 2008 J uly 22, 2008 September 16, 2008

Introduction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions


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Sensor Data Collection Dates Delaware County Section Line Rd.

November, 2006 December, 2006 J anuary, 2007 March, 2007 May, 2007 J une, 2007

J uly, 2007 October, 2007 April, 2008 J uly, 2008 September, 2008

Warren Count Lon S urlin Rd. December, 2006 J anuary, 2007 March, 2007 April, 2007 June 2007

J uly, 2007 October, 2007 April, 2008 J uly, 2008 Se tember 2008

Introduction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions


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Average Backcalculated Moduli of FDR Layer from FWD Testing

1400

160007/06 - Before FDR

10/06 - 3 Weeks

04/07 - 7 Months

1000

1200

layer(ks

i)07/07 - 10 Months

10/07 - 13 Months

04/08 - 19 Months

07/08 - 22 Months

09/08 - 24 Months

Open graded cementstabilized aggregate

600

800

lus

ofbase

Soil cement

200

400

lasticMod

Lime stabilized soils orunstabilized dense

0

S1, Cement +Emulsion

S2, Cement S3, LKD + Emulsion S4, Control S5, LKD + fly ash S6, Lime + f ly ash

Typical Resilient Modulus values (Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide 2004, FHWA)

Outlying data points removed

ec on


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Average Backcalculated Moduli of FDR Layer from FWD Testing

(Warren County)

1400

1600

(ksi)

07/06 - Before FDR

09/06 - 3 Weeks after FDR

11/06 -3 Months

04/07 - 8 Months

1000

1200

baselaye

-

10/07 - 14 Months

04/08 - 20 Months07/08 - 23 Months

09/08 - 25 Months

Open graded cement

stabilized aggregate

600

Mo

duluso

Soil cement

0

200Elastic Lime stabilized soils or unstabilized dense graded

aggregate

S2, fly ash and lime S1, control

Section

Typical Resilient Modulus values (Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide 2004, FHWA)

Outlying data points were removed


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Longitudinal Strain Data from Delaware County 12/06 45 mph

0.00008Station 1 - Cement &Emulsion

Station 2 -Cement

0.00005

0.00006

.Station 3 - LKD & Emulsion

Station 4 - Control

Station 5 - LKD & Fly Ash

0.00003

0.00004

tudinalStrain

-

0.00001

0.00002Longi

-0.00001

0

0 850


me - sec


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Transverse Strain Data from Delaware County 12/06 45 mph

0.00009Station 1 - Cement & Emulsion

Station 2 - Cement

0.00005

0.00007Station 3 - LKD & Emulsion

Station 4 - ControlStation 5 - LKD & Fly Ash

Station 6 - Lime & Fly Ash

0.00003

sve

rseStrain

-0.00001

0.00001

0 700

Tra

-0.00003

Time (10-2 sec)



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Structural Layer Coefficients

e aware oun y - ec on ne .

Section

1 2 3 4 5 6Cement & Emulsion Cement LKD & Emulsion Mill & Fill LKD & Fly Ash Lime & Fly Ash

07/06

Before FDR10/06

3 Weeks04/07

0.09 0.12

0.270.35

0.13 0.11

0.18 205,180

0.10

0.32

0.08

0.41

17,785

0.28

14,174

61,306

9,029

477,772

5,900

755,692

22,598

251,896

10,173

364,033

7 months07/07

10 months

10/07

13 months

0.41

0.47

.

0.44

0.42

..

0.43 0.35 1,154,670

,. .

767,85711,5590.28

.

948,722

,

0.10

0.18

,

810,037

,

247,354

,

0.44

,

188,288 922,125

375,183 886,315 459,375 58,785

0.26

0.32

19 months07/08

22 months09/08

24 months0.42 1,014,972 0.45834,750309,406 0.30 1,232,625 0.48 310,292 0.31 70,803 0.19

0.37

0.430.14 0.36

0.40699,1520.44

0.44 0.26

0.32 536,025

187,438 935,938 194,027 27,529 517,047 854,833

0.29

0.26

0.17272,050 937,500 343,125 51,809

AASHTO: ai = 0.14*(MR/30,000)1/3



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Source: Pavement Analysis and Design, 2nd ed., Yang H. Huang



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Warren County - Long Spurling Rd.

1 2

Section

Mill & Fill Lime & Fly Ash

Date MR (psi) ai MR (psi) ai

07/06Before FDR

09/060.36

0.07

4,966 0.08 494,545

3,1247,408 0.09

11/06

3 months

04/07

8 months AASHTO: ai = 0.14*(MR/30,000)1/30.27

0.41

0.12

24,063

16,725

744,513

223,695

0.13

07/07

11 months

10/07

14 months

04/08

0.54

0.370.08

0.08

4,827

6,331 1,742,470

564,059

20 months07/08

23 months

09/08

25 months

.

0.09

0.12 0.43

0.37

.

17,416 898,196

, ,

7,789 546,037



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Delaware County - Structural Layer Coefficients

0.5

0.4

ient(ai)

-0.3

La

yerCoeffi

.

Sec. 2 - Cement

Sec. 3 - LKD & Emulsion

Sec. 4 - Mill & Fill

Sec. 5 - LKD & Fly Ash

0.1

.

Structural

Sec. 6 - Lime & Fly Ash

0


Months After Construction


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Warren County - Structural Layer Coefficients

0.6

0.4

0.5

ient(ai)

0.3

La

yerCoeffi

Sec. 1 - Mill & Fill

Sec. 2 - Lime & Fly Ash

0.2

Structura

0

.


Months After Construction


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Environmental Ob ectives

Demonstrate CCPs can be incorporated into FDR mixes in.

Characterize environmental properties for various mixes Elemental composition

TCLP/SPLP Leachate

Field Monitoring Warren County

Delaware County



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Anal sis Techni ues Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emissions Spectrometry

(ICP)

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Sr, S, Zn Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS)

,

Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS)

Analyte: Hg Ion Chromatography IC

Analytes: SO42-, Cl- and NO3

-



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Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure Data

Warren County Delaware County

Analyte CCP Control Section 1 Section 3 Section 5 Section 6

Arsenic

(Limit=5.0 mg/L) 0.015 0.002 0.003 0.014 0.004 0.006

Cadmium

m = . mg BDL BDL

Chromium(Limit=5.0 mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

(Limit=5.0 mg/L) 0.028 0.045 ND ND ND ND

Mercury

(Limit=0.2 mg/L)


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Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure Data

Warren County Delaware County

Analyte CCP Control Section 1 Section 6

Arsenic

(Limit=5.0 mg/L)


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Field Sampling Results

Site Samples Obtained Trips

arren on ro

Warren CCP Section 1 12

Delaware #1 3 13

Delaware #2 0 7

Delaware #3 3 13

Delaware #4 2 13

Delaware #5 0 7



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Warren County Sampling Data

Analyte EPA MCL CCP Section Control

Arsenic 0.010 0.002


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Delaware County Sampling Data

Analyte EPA MCL Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6

Arsenic 0.010 0.020 - 0.003


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Runoff Data: Warren/Delaware CountyWarren County Delaware County

Anal te EPA MCL CCP Control Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6

Arsenic 0.010 - 0.001 - - 0.001


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Pavement sections stabilized with fly ash (+LKD/lime)showed comparable stiffness and strength to the cement

stabilized sections after 2 years of monitoring.

The use of fly ash (with LKD or lime) as substitute for

as well as additional significant environmental benefits

Fly ash can be easily mixed and compacted using

Longer-term testing data are still necessary



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Acknowledgements

Ohio Coal Development Office / Ohio Air Quality Development Authority

e aware oun y ng neer s ce

Warren County Engineer's Office

Ohio DOT

Base Construction

Fly Ash Direct

Carmeuse NA

Mintek Resources

EDP Consultants

Asphalt Recycling and Reclamation Association

Wolfe Coal Combustion by-Products

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