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WMWsou_wtrRM_121108 1 11/8/12 3:21 PM

WASTE M

ANAGEMENT W

ORLD

JULY-AUGUST 2013

TOXIC TANKERS

Why ship recycling needs to clean up in South Asia

Fire in the hole

Landfll fres are common, but what can you do

to minimise their impact on your bottom line?

WITH DIRECTORY OF SUPPLIERS

Having a gasover gasifcation

Opinions are divided on the need for waste

gasifcation. Find out what the experts think

With Directory of Suppliers

Fuel cells: coming to a landfll near you?

An innovative project in Vancouver will see a

carbonate fuel cell powered by biogas

Official Publication of:

1307wmw_C1 1 8/5/13 10:47 AM

january 2013

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or

ldja

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y 2013

AlgAe ActionADvancing Biogas in North America

Hybrid RCVsThe next generationntm and Volvo trucks have developed a new generation of hybrid refuse collection vehicle

Inc

lud

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wa

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Trash talkingA WEEE debateIndustry leaders discuss the options open to increase critical material recycling from e-waste

WMW SpecialBIowaste

World firstAutoclaving AD plant an facility in plymouth, uK is set to be the first worlds first full scale autoclaving ad plant


1301_WMW_C1_COVER.indd 1 18/03/2013 11:18

A quick start guide to MAXIMIZING our interactive features.Welcome to the Digital Edition of

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SeArch for specific articles or content.

View the table of coNteNtS and easily navigate directly to an article.

dowNloAd the issue to your desktop.

prINt any or all pages.ShAre an article via email.

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A4Transition_Template_spread.indd 1-2 3/19/13 6:21 PM

january 2013w

aste m

an

ag

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t wo

rld

jan

ua

ry

2013

AlgAe ActionADvancing Biogas in North America

Hybrid RCVsThe next generationntm and Volvo trucks have developed a new generation of hybrid refuse collection vehicle

Inc

lud

Ing

BIo

wa

ste spec

Ial

Trash talkingA WEEE debateIndustry leaders discuss the options open to increase critical material recycling from e-waste

WMW SpecialBIowaste

World firstAutoclaving AD plant an facility in plymouth, uK is set to be the first worlds first full scale autoclaving ad plant


1301_WMW_C1_COVER.indd 1 18/03/2013 11:18

A quick start guide to MAXIMIZING our interactive features.Welcome to the Digital Edition of

ShAre an article or page via social media.

Click pAGeS to view thumbnails of each page and browse

through the entire issue.

Easily browse all bAck ISSueS.

SeArch for specific articles or content.

View the table of coNteNtS and easily navigate directly to an article.

dowNloAd the issue to your desktop.

prINt any or all pages.ShAre an article via email.

Easily NAvIGAte through the issue.

Click directly on the page to ZooM in or out. Fit the issue to your screen.

A4Transition_Template_spread.indd 1-2 3/19/13 6:21 PM

WE CARE

SHRED IT

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1307wmw_C2 2 8/5/13 9:28 AM

CONTENTS JULY-AUGUST 2013

61

48

09

DIRECTORY OF SUPPLIERS

70 WMW Buyers Guide The one stop sourcing shop for all your recycling, compost-

ing, processing and energy recovery procurement needs.

If its used by the waste industry, you'll fnd a reputable

supplier, manufacturer or dealer right here.

TRASH TALKING

31 Debating Gasifcation The industry is divided as to whether the cost and

complexity of waste gasifcation is justifed when traditional

thermal treatment is proven. WMW asks the experts.

ANALYSIS

6 Big Apple Chows Down on Food Waste New York City's mayor, Michael Bloomberg has launched a

program to tackle food waste and 'recycle everything' as the

city aims for a 30% recycling rate.

REGULARS

3 From The Editor

4 ISWA Comments

6 News

64 ISWA Information

92 Diary

92 Index To Advertisers

FEATURES9 Rethinking Ship Recycling

Too many of Europe's giant ships are being sold for breaking

on the beaches of South Asia with dire consequences.

16 C&D Lessons from Hong Kong Managing construction waste in Hong Kong is a challenge.

As solutions are found there are plenty of lessons for others.

21 Tackling South Africa's E-Waste As the use of consumer goods grows, so too does South Af-

rica's e-waste challenge. But there are opportunities aplenty.

26 The Complexity of Metal Recycling As products become increasingly complex the world must

move from metal-centric to a product-centric recycling.

39 How WtE Could Cut U.S. Emissions Waste to energy has helped Europe's waste industry cut its

CO2 emissions. Can it do the same in the U.S.?

45 Australian MBT with a Sting in the Tail Veolia's planned 200,000 tpa MBT facility, dubbed the WASP,

could help Sydney meet its landfll diversion targets.

48 New Mercedes Euronic RCV Truck makers don't get much bigger than Mercedes Benz &

RCV launches don't get much bigger than a new Euronic.

54 When Two Become One In May Farid took control of the former Heil Europe

operation, but what does it mean and what can we

expect next?

58 Tri-generation LFG Fuel Cell A fuel cell project is being developed in Vancouver that will

produce power, heat and hydrogen from landfll gas.

61 Landfll Fires: Disaster Prevention Landfll sites are at extreme risk from fres. But proper

planning really can prevent a problem becoming a disaster.

1307wmw_1 1 8/5/13 9:33 AM

2 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD JULY-AUGUST 2013

Member, BPA Worldwide

Published by PennWell International Publications Ltd

The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane,

Waltham Abbey, Essex, EN9 1BN, UK.

Tel: +44 1992 656 600

Fax: +44 1992 656 700

e-mail: [email protected]

web: www.waste-management-world.com

SR. VP & Group Publisher: Tom Fowler

President/CEO: Robert F. Biolchini

Chairman: Frank T. Lauinger

Chief Financial Officer: Mark C. Wilmoth

Group Publisher: Timm Dower

Chief Editor: Tom Freyberg

Managing Editor: Ben Messenger

ISWA Editor: David Newman

Collection & Transport Correspondent: Malcolm Bates

Design: Kajal Patel

Production Coordinator: Kimberlee Smith

Marketing Manager: Tim Chambers

Advertising: for information, please see page 92

Editorial/News Contact: [email protected]

Editorial Correspondence/Press Releases:

Please send to Waste Management World at [email protected]

Published for the International Solid Waste Association: Auerspergstrasse 15, Top 41, 1080 Vienna, Austria. Tel: +43 1 25 36 001. Fax: +43 1 59 999 700. E-mail: [email protected] web: www.iswa.org

2011 International Solid Waste Association. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical or otherwise including

photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written consent of the Publishers. While every attempt is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in

this magazine, neither the Publishers, Editors nor the authors accept any liability for errors or omissions. Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Publishers or Editor.

Subscriptions: Waste Management World is circulated free to professionals in the waste management industry. To start a free subscription visit www.wmw-subscribe.com

Professionals outside the waste management industry may start a paid subscription. For pricing information visit www.omeda.com/wmw or call +1 847-559-7330.

Waste Management World is published 6 times a year by PennWell Publications Ltd, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex, EN9 1BN, UK, and distributed in

the USA SPP at 75 Aberdeen Road, Emigsville, PA 17318-0437. Periodicals postage paid at Emigsville, PA.

Postmaster: Send address changes to Waste Management World, c/o P.O. Box 437, Emigsville, PA 17318.

Reprints: If you would like to have a recent article reprinted for an upcoming conference or for use as a marketing tool, contact Jill Kaletha, E-mail: [email protected]

Tel: +1-866-879-9144, ext. 168

Printed in the UK by Williams Press Ltd on elemental chlorine-free paper from sustainable forests.

Opsis AB Box 244 SE-244 02 Furulund, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +46 46 72 25 00 www.opsis.se

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1307wmw_2 2 8/5/13 9:34 AM


ISWA COMMENT

WASTEINFRASTRUCTURE

A Tale of Two Worlds Coming Apart

Three issues have struck me during a very busy few weeks travelling for

ISWA meetings worldwide. Firstly, economic models for waste infrastructure

in developing countries; secondly, austerity in Europe; thirdly, our ethical

obligations.

Let me take the first issue. In Jakarta, a rapidly growing city and capital of Indonesia,

one of the worlds most populous countries, one can eat in five star restaurants, sleep in

six star hotels and drive in the latest Mercedes; but waste services are Zero Star. I was quite

shocked to see canals and rivers in the city centre full of waste; landfills around the city

centre being burnt off; I of course expected such a situation outside of Jakarta but not

within its highly populated centre.

We can go through the whole reasoning on why this is happening but essentially

Indonesians pay 6 per annum for their waste services. Thats why this is happening.

Which brings me to my point: how can we get financial models to these countries to

transform their waste infrastructure?

This is not just a financial question, but an ethical matter. We know the consequences

of inaction. It means 10 (more or less) million tonnes of waste, above all plastics, leaking

into our oceans each year. Which is my third point: we have a duty as waste managers

to get all the attention and finance to these situations we possibly can as quickly as we

possibly can. It is an ethical as well as a business question.

Finally, austerity in Europe. The bubbling, effervescent development one feels in

the energy of countries like Indonesia and Singapore, contrasts so strikingly with the

depression many Europeans, and their governments, are living through. And this is having

a devastating effect on our industry, as investments planned over long periods unravel,

waste volumes fall, plants close, spare capacities put at risk our industrial development in

the waste to energy sector, communities question the logic of new plants (see Italy) when

underused plants are available elsewhere (see the Netherlands).

The consequences of this structural tsunami plays out in countries like Portugal,

forced into privatising its industry to attract private sector funding. While one part of the

world faces waste clogging up its rivers due to lack of infrastructure, another part is facing

closure of some of that infrastructure due to (we hope) a temporary over-capacity (see

Biffa UKs closure of a 200 million MRF facility opened in 2010).

Worlds seem to be both coming together and coming apart in different places at the

same time.

We are not alone working on these issues and I am proud for our Association to

inform you that I have been invited to attend, and speak, at two extremely important

events in the autumn; in Oslo in September to the Ministerial meeting of the Climate and

Clean Air Coalition of which ISWA is a leading partner and which specifically concentrates

on short term greenhouse gas emissions such as soot (from landfill burning), a well

financed group including the USA and the World Bank.

Then in November I will address the Opening Ceremony of the Green Climate Fund in

Korea to highlight the great benefits that can come from waste management to reduce

GHG emissions and create sustainable development. I will report back on these events

in due course.

Wishing you a restful summer holiday.

David Newman

President, ISWA

While one part of the world

faces waste clogging up

its rivers due to lack of

infrastructure, another part

is facing closure of some of

that infrastructure due to a

temporary over-capacity

David Newman President, ISWA

1307wmw_4 4 8/5/13 9:51 AM

Be part of it!INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTE

CONGRESS VIENNA 20137 11 October 2013, Vienna, Austria

www.iswa2013.org

Register now!

Five Congress Days: three days

of scienti c presentations and two

optional days of technical tours.

Sponsors: become a sponsor

and present your company and

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1,000+ participants: meet the

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1307wmw_5 5 8/5/13 9:51 AM

New York City has expanded its or-

ganic food waste recycling scheme

and launched a new Recycle Eve-

rything public information cam-

paign to promote recycling as part

of its plans to double its recycling

rate to 30% by 2017.

The latest initiatives, launched

by the Citys Mayor, Michael

Bloomberg, follow the largest ex-

pansion of the recycling program

in 25 years to incorporate the pro-

cessing of all rigid plastics.

The City expanded the plastics

recycling program to help meet

the overall goal to reduce the

amount of waste sent to landfill by

30% by 2017.

The plastics recycling program

alone is expected to divert around

50,000 tons (45,360 tonnes) of plas-

tic waste from landfill.

According to the Mayor, in

New York metal, glass, plastic, food

waste, textiles and electronics ac-

count for 80% of the total waste

stream, and the public information

and collection services will help di-

vert these materials, which can be

recycled, away from landfill.

The Recycle Everything ads

- created by advertising agency,

Grey New York - will be featured

throughout the city and highlight

the policies and investments that

will enable more waste to be recy-

cled. The ads are intended to dem-

onstrate that most materials can be

recycled and will be remade into

other products.

Our goal is simple: Recycle Eve-

rything, explained Deputy Mayor

for Operations, Cas Holloway. All

rigid plastics can now be collected

and re-used rather than rotting

away in a landfill.

Food waste

The City has also expanded its food

waste recycling pilot programs

in select high-rises in Manhattan,

with neighbourhoods in Brooklyn

and the Bronx to follow this fall. Ad-

ditional communities in those bor-

oughs, as well as others in Queens

and Staten Island, will begin or-

ganics recycling in the spring and

the program will reach more than

100,000 residences by 2014.

According to the Mayor, organ-

ic waste accounts for more than

35% of the total waste stream in

New York. Collecting it for recycling

will divert it from landfill to be com-

posted or converted into energy.

The program expanded to

residents in the Westerleigh neigh-

bourhood on Staten Island in late

May. Since then, the Department

of Sanitation said that it has already

measured a voluntary participation

rate of more than 50%.

Organic waste collections be-

gan in Manhattan at the Helena

and Morningside Gardens apart-

ment high rises. In Morningside

Gardens the total weight of waste

collected has fallen by 35% since

the collection program was intro-

duced and households are recy-

cling about one pound (0.45 kg) of

food scraps each day.

Households that choose to

compost but are not in the Depart-

ment of Sanitation pilot areas for

collection can bring food waste to

sites across the city, where it will

used for composting at commu-

nity gardens and for other environ-

mental programs.

Partnership

In addition to the voluntary resi-

dential food waste recycling pilot,

the City has also partnered with

GrowNYC, an not-for-profit organi-

sation to begin food scrap collec-

tion at green markers throughout

the five boroughs.

The GrowNYC collection pro-

gram is on track to divert more

than one million pounds (454,000

kg) from landfill this year.

In addition to plastics and or-

ganics, the City is also targeting the

200,000 tonnes of textiles thrown

out by residents each year. As

such it has developed Re-Fashion,

a program for clothing and textile

collection service in more than 280

buildings city-wide.

Further to this, in September,

the City will begin e-cycle, which it

claimed will be the most expansive

electronics waste recycling collec-

tion service in the U.S.

Together, these initiatives will

help us double our recycling rate

by 2017 and reduce the amount

of trash sent to landfill, explained

Bloomberg.

These ambitious policies will

save at least $60 million in taxpayer

dollars and have a significant envi-

ronmental impact, making them

the type of investments we need to

secure the Citys future, he added.

NEW YORK RAMPS UP RECYCLING EFFORTS

NEWS


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In 2012 more than 1300

ocean-going ships were

sold for breaking. Only a

minority of these end-of-

life vessels were handled

in a safe, sustainable

manner. About two

thirds of the ships were

simply run ashore on

tidal beaches in India,

Bangladesh and Pakistan.

A look at how ship

recycling can become

cleaner and safer.by Patrizia Heidegger

Holding the Shipping Industry to Account

EUROPES TOXIC SHIPS

T he fatal accident on board of the

Union Brave, a tanker beached in

Alang in India last year is a tragic

example of ship disposal malpractise.

The vessel belonged to the London-based

company Union Maritime, an owner and

operator of chemical tankers, which promotes

its expertise in clean petroleum products trade.

On 6 October, an explosion shook the ship lying

on the tidal flats.

Most probably, explosive gases inside the

tanks were not properly detected before the

workers started to cut the ship apart.

Since 2007, India requires all imported

scrap vessels to carry a Gas Free for Hot Work

certificate. Either the Union Brave was never

tested, or the certificate was not based on

proper testing. Six workers died instantly, one

more seriously injured man succumbed to his

injuries after a long journey to hospital. There are

no adequate medical facilities in Alang.

NO SAFETY FOR WORKERSIn the South Asian shipbreaking countries,

authorities do not strictly enforce existing

environmental and safety rules. Only after

campaigns by non-governmental organisations

(NGOs) in Europe, North America and South

Asia, did the responsible governments start

to seek regulation for the yards. Still, the day

labourers who cut the ships apart are usually

unskilled and often not trained to properly use

personal protective equipment (PPE).

With regards to hazardous materials, not

enough care is given to the protection of

workers health and safety. In short, due to the

lack of heavy lifting equipment, poor training

of workers and foremen, inadequate measures

to prevent falls from heights and the disregard

for PPEs, accidents and exposure to hazardous

substances are a major threat to workers.

Although there is no official documentation

of injuries and fatalities in the yards and

information is restricted, our local contact in

Bangladesh counted at least 22 deaths last year

alone in accidents in which workers fell from

great heights, were crushed under metal plates

or killed in explosions. Taking into consideration

that the Chittagong shipbreaking yards in

Bangladesh directly employ up to20,000 workers

and that many more workers die in accidents

and as a result of occupational diseases, the

death toll makes it one of the most dangerous

jobs in Bangladesh.

Safety standards vary enormously between

the shipbreaking yards in South Asia and ship

SHIP RECYCLING RECYCLING

9JULY-AUGUST 2013 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD

A shipbreaking yeard in Gadani, Pakistan

where vessles are beached for recycling

Credit: Shipbreaking Platform 2012

1307wmw_9 9 8/5/13 9:51 AM

recycling facilities elsewhere in the world, where adequate PPEs are provided,

their use is enforced, workers are trained and their health regularly checked.

The situation is better in ship recycling yards in China and Turkey, the two

other major destinations for end-of-life vessels. Both countries have prohibited

the beaching method and display a higher grade of mechanisation. Working

conditions are therefore less dangerous.

ASBESTOS REMOVAL

A major challenge in shipbreaking operations is the removal of asbestos.

Asbestos was used widely in shipbuilding and can be found in different parts of


the structure on board a ship. Ship recycling experts report that even

newly built ships are still not 100% asbestos-free, even if the use of

the material is outlawed in ship building. According to the standards

of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), workers need to be

fully protected with the use of masks and protective respiratory

equipment.

However, in many shipbreaking yards in South Asia, workers

remove asbestos with their hands and are only protected with gloves,

as we witnessed in Pakistan last December. They are totally unaware

of the dangers of asbestos and are unable to distinguish it from other

insulation material. As a consequence, they breathe in asbestos fibres,

carry them away in their clothes and even into their homes. Studies

have shown that high numbers of workers suffer from asbestos-

related diseases and respiratory problems.

Doctors in Bangladesh are not trained to recognise asbestos-

related diseases. A recent pilot study in Bangladesh has shown that

it is nearly impossible to measure the impact of the deadly fibre.

Workers are not registered and cannot be found after they have

left a yard. There are neither regular health checks nor any other

documentation and yard owners were reluctant to cooperate with

the medical researchers.

GET OFF THE BEACH!

Shipbreaking should not take place directly on beaches. As long

as shipbreaking is practiced on the sandy or muddy beaches,

full containment of pollutants and the adequate management of

hazardous wastes will not be possible.

Moreover, the beaches prevent the use of heavy lifting gear in

order to make work safer and less laborious for the workers. Finally,

the beaching method does not allow for adequate emergency

response as vehicles cannot reach a vessel stuck in mud or sand.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary

Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, particularly its

guidelines on ship dismantling, has proposed a move away from the

beach to stabile structures. Nearly all major ship owning countries,

as well as the shipbreaking countries in South Asia, have ratified the

treaty. However, we do not see any structural change, even if some

minor improvements haven been achieved.

There are other cleaner and safer methods for ship recycling.

Turkey practices the landing method, where ships are partly pulled

ashore and then dismantled both from floating and land-based

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The shipbreaking yards of Chittagong, Bangladesh are among the most dan-

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cranes. Smaller metal pieces are cut down on an

impermeable floor in order to avoid the leakage

of pollutants into the water and the sediments.

A second method practiced in China is the

pier-side method. The vessel is moored along

a quay and dismantled by cranes from top to

bottom. Once only the lower part of the hull is

left, it is torn onto a slipway, which can be closed

off from the waterside in order to prevent spills.

This method is used by most of the modern

yards.

Finally, there is the possibility to use a dry

dock for ship recycling. Some Chinese and

British facilities use this method, which is the

safest and cleanest. However, ship owners

mainly choose the most lucrative methods in

order to retrieve the biggest possible profit from

the sale of their end-of-life vessel - beaching.

WHY SHIPS ARE HAZARDOUS

The ships structures contain toxic materials

such as asbestos, heavy metals, organotins,

the extremely toxic organic tin compound

tributyltin (TBT) used in anti-fouling paints,

polychlorinated organic compounds (PCBs),

by-products of combustion such as polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins and

furans. A lot of these hazardous substances

can be released into the environment,

contaminating seawater, sediments and the air.

A 2010 World Bank report titled The Ship

Breaking and Recycling Industry in Bangladesh

and Pakistan described widespread soil

contamination in Bangladesh and Pakistan with

deposits of cadmium, chromium, lead, and

mercury. Asbestos erspecially would remain a

significant long-term problem and PCBs would

still occur in older vessels and naval vessels, the

report argued. It found that heavy metals in

paints pollute the work environment and that

large volumes of oil and oily water should be

properly managed.

Apart from contamination, shipbreaking

causes further environmental damage. In

Bangladesh, 10,000 mangrove trees - planted

with the help of the international community

to protect the coast from cyclones - were

cut down illegally to make space for the

yards. Studies have shown that biodiversity

has decreased sharply along the Chittagong

coast in Bangladesh, risking the livelihoods of

fishermen.

Moreover, researchers estimate that Bangladesh

would accumulate millions of tonnes of

hazardous waste from shipbreaking between

2010 and 2013, including 79,000 tonnes of

asbestos, 240,000 tonnes of PCBs, mainly from

cables, 210,000 tonnes of ozone-depleting

substances, 69,200 tonnes of paints containing

heavy metals, TBT and PCBs, 678 tonnes of

heavy metals, nearly two million cubic meters

of liquid organic waste and a million tonnes of

other hazardous wastes.

INTERNATIONAL WASTE LAW

In international environmental law, especially

under the waste law regime of the Basel

Convention, end-of-life vessels are considered

hazardous waste. Their transboundary

movement therefore falls under the obligation

of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and should be

reduced between developed and developing

countries.

The European Union has even transposed

the Basel Ban Amendment, which prohibits any

export to developing countries, into community

law. As a consequence, no end-of-life vessels

from Europe should reach a beach in South Asia.

However, shipowners circumvent the law by not

informing authorities about their intent to sell a

vessel, but handing it over once they are outside

the EU or on the high seas.

In some cases, even if ships are directly

exported from an EU port, the responsible

authorities do not intervene to stop the export.

As the Basel Convention and law derived

from it, is regularly circumvented by ship owners,

the state parties to the Convention asked the

International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to

develop a new international treaty focussing on

ship recycling. States adopted the Hong Kong

Convention for the Safe and Environmentally

Sound Recycling of Ships in 2009, which will be

a legally binding treaty. The IMO has developed

further guidance, such as the 2012 Guidelines

for ship recycling facilities.


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However, the Convention has not yet

entered into force, as it has not been ratified

by the required number of States, and will

most probably not do so in the next decade.

Therefore, the Convention does little to change

the situation in a reasonable time span. Even

worse, ship owners have found a fig leaf to hide

behind.

IMPOTENT EU REGULATORS

Despite international law, most end-of-life

vessels still end up in substandard facilities.

The EU has long recognised its responsibility

to contribute to change. Former Environment

Commissioner Stavros Dimas announced in

April 2006 that the EU had an important role

to play in finding solutions for responsible

ship recycling. The European Commission

(EC) published a promising Green Paper and a

Strategy and the European Parliament urged

the Commission to act.

In March 2012, the EC finally published a

proposal for a new regulation on ship recycling.

The regulation seeks to implement the Hong

Kong Convention and to add several higher

standards for EU-flagged vessels. Recycling

facilities that intend to take in EU-flagged

vessels have to be listed by the EU as being

compliant. The Shipbreaking Platform sharply

criticised the draft as it did not introduce any

economic incentive to choose responsible ship

recycling. Without any financial mechanism, the

regulation will have little impact.

The proposed ship recycling fund,

introduced by the European Parliaments

rapporteur on the issue, Carl Schlyter offered

the potential to address this situation. However,

despite a clear majority in the Environment

Committee, the Parliament voted down the

fund in plenary after heavy lobbying both from

the shipowners associations and EU ports.

Instead of including the mechanism

in the regulation, the Parliament asked the

Commission to develop a model to internalise

costs for clean and safe ship recycling. That is,

there will be further delays of many years.

The regulation will only put obligations

on EU-flagged ships - a small percentage of

all EU-owned ships as most ships fly flags of

convenience (FOC) during their last voyage.

NGOs are afraid that the regulation will be a

further invitation for ship owners to use FOCs.

AN ECONOMIC INCENTIVE FOR

REAL CHANGE

NGOs have been promoting a mandatory



Day labourers who cut the ships apart are usually unskilled

and often not trained to properly use personal protective equipment Credit YPSA 2009

1307wmw_14 14 8/5/13 9:51 AM


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economic incentive for clean and safe ship recycling for years to

internalise the costs, to discourage the reflagging of end-of-life vessels to

avoid European regulations and to implement an individual ship owner

responsibility scheme which encourages green ship design.

The Polluter-Pays Principle or cost internalisation is at the core of

environmental policies on waste management of the EU, the Organisation

for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United

Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

Under a financial mechanism the costs of proper management of

hazardous wastes will be borne by those profiting from ships during

their lifecycle instead of externalising them to vulnerable countries. Even

if the EU needs to take further measures to prevent the out-flagging of

European-owned ships, a financial mechanism covering all ships calling at

EU ports would discourage re-flagging.

The polluter pays principle should not be seen as a polluter pollutes

and then pays to pollute principle. In this case, the pollution stems from

the original decisions to produce ships using toxic materials. Therefore, an

effective solution needs a driver to prevent the use of hazardous materials

in new ship design or for those ships already made, a driver to have them

pre-cleaned during their useful life.

While the Hong Kong Convention in its Preamble cites the Substitution

Principle, which requires alternatives to hazardous substances to be

used where possible, the Convention contains no actual measures to

implement this. If financial burdens are decreased for ships containing less

hazardous materials and for those that are designed for ease of recycling,

it would drive green design and pre-cleaning.

A study published in January this year by the Dutch economic

consultancy Profundo argued that different models for such a mechanism

were economically and legally feasible..

THE SHIP RECYCLING FUND

The European Parliament has mainly discussed the model of a ship

recycling fund. All ships calling at EU ports would need to pay a fee into

the fund, which would then disburse premiums for safe and sound ship

recycling in carefully vetted EU-listed facilities. This should eliminate the

price gap where ship owners obtain the highest prices for their end-of-life

ships. The model also foresaw annual fees for ships with regular port calls

such as ferries.

The Parliament commissioned an impact assessment, which indicated

that a levy on all ships calling at EU ports, had the potential to meet the

three objectives. The assessment estimated that a fund would need to

pay between 20 and 50 per light displacement tonne to cover the price

gap for safe recycling and that the levy on ships calling at EU ports to

support such a fund would need to be in a range of 0.01 to 0.025 per

gross tonne.

It concluded that the levy would have a very limited impact on the

price of goods. As European lawmakers were afraid to implement such

a mechanism, and were strongly pressurised by the maritime sector to

vote the idea down, all eyes are now on the European Commission, which

has been tasked with developing a more detailed model for a financial

mechanism to enable the clean and safe recycling of ships.

Patrizia Heidegger is executive director of the NGO Shipbreaking

Platform, an NGO which seeks to prevent shipbreaking on tidal

beaches and promotes clean and safe ship recycling.

web: www.shipbreakingplatform.org

email: [email protected]

This article is on-line.

Please visit www.waste-management-world.com

SHIP RECYCLING RECYCLING


1307wmw_15 15 8/5/13 9:51 AM

With its dense population and tightly packed skyscrapers, construction in Hong

Kong presents many challenges, not least managing waste. Having implemented a

new construction waste management policy in 2006, waste generated by the sector

has fallen significantly. What can others learn from Hong Kongs experience?by Dr Wilson W.S. Lu

Solid waste arising from construction

activities is a grave concern in Hong

Kong. The latest figures show that

in 2011 some 13,458 tonnes of

municipal solid waste was landfilled every day,

and that construction and demolition (C&D)

waste accounted for around a quarter of that.

In addition to the environmental impacts,

construction waste places tremendous pressure

on valuable landfill space in the compact city.

CHANGING BEHAVIOURTo tackle the issue, a series of construction

waste management (CWM) policies have been

introduced by the Hong Kong Government.

Based on the polluter pays principle, the Hong

Kong government implemented a Construction

Waste Disposal Charging Scheme (CWDCS) in

2006. In line with the CWDCS, a levy of HK$125

($16) is imposed for every tonne of construction

waste a contractor disposes of in landfill.

However, the levy will be HK$100 ($13)

per tonne if the waste has first been processed

at off-site sorting facilities. Further, waste will

be charged at just HK$27 ($3.5) per tonne if it

consists of inert materials which are accepted

by Public Fill Reception Facilities. It is envisaged

that this will alter contractors behaviour.

C&D WASTE COMPOSITIONConstruction waste is often a mixture of inert

and non-inert construction materials. In Hong

Kong, for example, the inert material, which

comprise predominantly sand, bricks, and

concrete, is deposited at Public Fill Reception

Facilities for use in land reclamation. The non-

inert portion which consists of materials such as

bamboo, plastics, glass, wood, paper, vegetation

and other organic materials, is buried in landfills

as solid waste. It is important therefore, that the

two should be properly sorted. To this end both

on-site and off-site Construction Waste Sorting

(CWS) are the two favoured options.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE

HONG KONGSTYLE

Photo by DAVID ILIFF. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0

HONG KONGS CONSTRUCTION WASTERECYCLING


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However, it is all well-known that construction

sites are very compact in Hong Kong and

construction works are very demanding. Without

enough space and time, contractors were

mostly reluctant to conduct on-site sorting, and

simply sent waste directly to landfills or public

fill reception facilities for disposal.

To counter this, an off-site CWS program

was introduced and two off-site waste sorting

facilities were set up. Between from commencing

operations in 2006 to February 2012, the two

off-site CWS facilities have handled a total of

5.11 million tonnes of C&D waste.

SORTING PRACTICES

Owing to the price difference, there has been a

significant shift in the behaviour of construction

contractors, who now usually send all waste to

off-site CWS facilities, or preferably to Public Fill

Reception Facilities.

The first challenge was to make sure that the

mixed waste received at the off-site CWS facilities

is acceptable for sorting. To determine this there

are a number of criteria which are applied.

Furthermore, the off-site sorting facilities only

accept construction waste containing more

than 50% by weight of inert materials.

The qualified construction waste will then

enter the first process of sorting (known as

Process 1), which is performed by using a

Vibratory Grizzly Feeder (VGF). In this process

waste which has a radius greater than 250 mm

is segregated. Further to this, mobile plant and/

or handpicking is also used at this stage.

Following this, in Process 2 magnetic

separators remove metals for recycling.

In the third process the waste is passed

through a heavy duty scalping screen, which is

filled with holes with the radius of 150 mm. With

this screening process, waste with radii ranging

from 150 mm to 250 mm can be separated. This

is further separated by handpicking and the use

of air blowers to remove non-inert materials.

Waste with radii less than 150 mm will

enter Process 4, in which it is filtered by a

rotary trommel screen. Similar to the scalping

screen this piece of equipment is bestrewn with

hollows of radii from 50 mm to 150 mm. The

separated waste is further be processed by a

density separator, handpicking and air blowers

to sort non-inert materials.

Finally the residual construction waste from

Process 4 will pass through a conveyor belt

so that non-inert materials can be sorted by

handpicking. It should be noted that having

gone through all four sorting processes, the

mixed construction waste is eventually sorted

into two piles - inert materials and non-inert.

Inert materials will be sent to the public fill

reception facilities and the non-inert to landfill.

The two major public fill reception facilities

for receiving inert fill materials for reuse currently

operate in Tseung Kwan O and Tuen Mun. They

are managed by Hong Kongs Civil Engineering

and Development Department (CEDD) and

have been deliberately located next to landfills.

However, in the future the adverse effects

resulting from CWS processes should be

investigated and corresponding mitigation

measures ought to be taken.

ILLEGAL DUMPING

To prevent illegal dumping, which had been

envisaged to increase following the enactment

of the CWDCS, in 1999 a Trip Ticket System

(TTS) was introduced. The system consists of a

form which is completed by contractors and

details the load of waste for disposal. This in

turn generates a receipt from the sorting facility

to ensure contractors comply with policy. The

system ensures construction waste is properly

disposed of through tracking its destination.

The system, which was enhanced in 2004,

keeps track of not only the destination of the


HONG KONGS CONSTRUCTION WASTERECYCLING


1307wmw_18 18 8/5/13 9:52 AM

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waste generated by a particular construction

project, but also of the route it travelled to reach

its destination.

In addition to the TTS system, policies

such as the Country Parks and Special Areas

Regulation and the Dumping at Sea Ordinance

are in place to prevent that construction waste

is illegally dumped in undesignated places.

RESULTS & RECOMMENDATIONS

On the face of it the changes to the management

of C&D wastes in Hong Kong would seem to be

a major success. In 1999 the city sent on average

7890 tonnes of C&D waste to landfill every day

- accounting for 21% of total arisings, with the

remainder being sent to public filling areas. In

2011 it sent just 6% of its C&D waste to landfill,

or 3331 tonnes per day.

There has also been a significant drop in the

total amount of waste generated from 40 to

70 tonnes of non-inert waste per million HK$

of construction work between 2000 and 2005,

to around 20 tonnes between 2008 and 2011.

The ratio of inert to non-inert waste also fell

significantly.

However, while the inert materials can be

used for land reclamation, over recent years

there have been fewer land reclamation projects

in Hong Kong. Hence, the materials received at

the public filling facilities have been transported

to the cities such as Huizhou or Taishan.

Promoting environment awareness

amongst the whole of society as a long-

term strategy has also contributed to the

implementation of the off-site CWS program.

Societys awareness toward construction waste

management has been significantly promoted

and enhanced over recent years.

This forms a favourable institutional

environment for improving the management of

construction. For example, the CWDCS as well as

the off-site CWS program were not introduced

overnight, or without resistance. Rather, there

has been a relatively long period before these

regulations were accepted by stakeholders.

The limination of loopholes is one

contributor, while the increasingly improved

societal environment, in particular the

environment awareness, is another factor that

cannot be ignored.

The CWDCS has been effective at

stimulating both on-site and off-site CWS.

However, with C&D waste accounting for

around a quarter of total MSW generation, it still

presents a significant challenge in Hong Kong.

In the future, efforts should be made to increase

C&D waste recycling to maximise its value and

provide incentives to CWS contractors.

Dr Wilson W.S. Lu is assistant professor of real

estate and construction at The University of

Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

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With its rapidly growing

appetite for electrical

and electronic devices,

the tide of domestically

produced e-waste is set

to rise significantly in

South Africa. But with a

number of incoming laws,

regulations and voluntary

agreements, the e-waste

recycling industry has a

golden opportunity to

protect the environment

and prosper.by Dr Koebu Khalema

In 2008, an assessment published by

the e-Waste Association of South Africa

(eWASA) noted concerning statistics on

the state of e-waste in the country. Less

than three-years later, however, the country

implemented a new law and a technical strategy

for dealing with the issue, and is now advising its

African neighbours on best practice principles

One of the most exciting developments has

been the promulgation of the Waste Act, 59 of

2008, and Notice GN 718 of 3 July 2009. It is now

illegal for individuals or companies to throw

away anything that constitutes e-waste.

Whether a light bulb, hairdryer, or computer

- these appliances now need to be recycled in a

responsible way. Both government and Section

21 companies (not for profit service providers)

such as the e-Waste Association of South Africa

(eWASA) have developed guidelines to ensure

safe and sustainable recycling processes.

As has been accepted, the global

consumption of electronics and the trade

of e-waste inextricably link First and Third

World countries together through economic

development and environmental degradation.

South Africa, like most of modern society,

has come to rely heavily on IT and computers

for everything from work and production, to

information and entertainment.

THE RISING TIDE OF E-WASTEThe increased production and consumption of

electronic equipment has led to a rapid growth

in e-waste. When improperly disposed of, this

can be associated with health risks and toxic

environmental pollution from lead, mercury

and other toxic compounds found in most

computers and monitors.

Owing to several factors, such as the

identification of e-waste as a life threatening

issue, and the lack of regulation at ground level,

the management of e-waste in South Africa is

in its infancy.

The most popular methods for managing of

e-waste are led by the industry itself. They involve

extending the lifecycle of electronic products

in order to reduce e-waste and the hazards

associated with recycling and disposal. Thus

refurbishment and reuse have gained popularity

in the sector. The fact is that e-waste recycling

is expensive and the costs are not necessarily

recovered by the sale of the recovered materials.

E-waste is a particularly difficult issue to

deal with as it contains many different materials

and lots of extremely hazardous substances.

Incorrect disposal can result in many dangerous

chemicals damaging the air, the ground and the

water. However South Africa currently has no

legal framework which deals specifically with

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e-waste. Unlike the EUs RoHS (Restriction of

Hazardous Substances) directive, there are no

laws to govern the materials used in products

that are manufactured. For example, there are

manufacturers of printed circuit boards and

assembly houses that still offer leaded products

- because people are still using them.

It is a fact that the quantity of e-waste to

be disposed of is growing rapidly throughout

the world and developing countries contribute

a sizeable share. E-waste volumes are expected

to increase significantly in South Africa in the

near future.

Many citizens and organisations believe

that Africa is becoming a dumping ground

for America and Europe under the guise of

donations, and that there is a close connection

between the dumping of e-waste and poverty.

RISING TO THE CHALLENGE

In 2008 eWASA was established to help establish

an sustainable environmentally sound e-waste

management system for the country.

Since then the non-profit organisation has

been working with manufactures, vendors and

distributors of electronic and electrical goods

and e-waste handlers to manage e-waste

effectively.

As proposed by Anahide Bondolfi as early

as 2007 in The Green e-Waste Channel: model for

a reuse and recycling system of electronic waste in

South Africa, it is necessary to define the roles of

possible stakeholders.

The Channel is defined as the infrastructure

and the processes needed to reuse and recycle

e-waste. The main stakeholders are refurbishers,

collectors and processors. Producers, the

government and NGOs can support the Green

e-Waste Channel through a management,

legislative and facilitative process.

Analysis shows that the model reveals

many opportunities with advantages for all

stakeholders: a) Sufficient material can be

provided to processors and refurbishers; b) Safe

jobs can be created; c) A convenient solution

can be provided for the consumers; d) A solution

for end-of-life equipment can be offered for the

producers and e) The channel helps respecting

national and international regulations.

Furthermore, the current situation in

South Africa is favourable for the successful

introduction of a Green e-Waste Channel -

the e-waste situation is relatively clean, with

limited import and informal recycling, and there

Public awareness campaigns that spell out the hazards of e-waste should be scaled up, according

to an assessment of previous grass roots projects

E-WASTE IN SOUTH AFRICARECYCLING


1307wmw_22 22 8/5/13 9:52 AM

is a general move towards more sustainable

management.

OPPORTUNITY KNOCKS

The good news is that some corporations in

the country are already embarking on their

own programs to curb the problem of e-waste,

and these initiatives are opening opportunities

for a wider economic activity in this high

unemployment condition.

According to a survey run by ITWeb in

partnership with Africa e-Waste, almost half of

South African organisations are unaware that

the country has legislation that criminalises the

dumping of e-waste. The survey investigated

whether South African organisations understand

the nature of e-waste, the laws regarding the

dumping of e-waste, and whether they know of

the legislation that has been passed.

With a strong public education program,

many South Africans would appreciate the

contribution e-waste can make to their lives,

while they in turn contribute to improving their

environment. Examples have been seen with

can and metal collection schemes. As long as

there is money that an ordinary person can

make, many will make efforts to deliver waste

electronics to processors. The results of some

studies suggest that white goods are likely to

become a major feature of e-waste volumes

in the future - even surpassing IT as a tonnage

percentage of the waste stream. For example, it

is likely that microwaves will rival printers in the

number of units entering the waste stream in

the next five years.

However, despite e-waste initiatives

elsewhere in the world, white goods vendors

have so far not actively engaged in attempts

to develop an industry-led e-waste solution in

South Africa.

According to estimates, white goods,

consumer electronics and IT in South African

homes amount to between one million and two

million tonnes, most of which is likely to enter

the waste stream in the next five to 10 years.

While the storage of e-waste in institutions

such as government departments and

universities is reported to be high, the domestic

storage of e-waste is also substantial the

amount of e-waste found at 358 middle-class

households by one survey would fill two-thirds

of a 20 foot shipping container.

TECHNICAL CHALLENGES

South Africas problem in managing e-waste

is getting worse because of a lack of recycling

infrastructure, poor legislation and ignorance,

according to industry commentators. The

authorities are thought to consider general

waste as a bigger priority than IT wastes still.

Processors maintain that the biggest challenge

facing the country at the moment is that there

is no dedicated legislation to deal with the

problem. However, the introduction of the new

National Environmental Management Waste Bill

has direct implications for e-waste management.

The bill effectively places the onus on industry

to develop an e-waste management system.

If the government can dedicate efforts to the

regulation of the waste stream some incentives

may be added and the collection would be

more efficient.

South Africa faces a number of technical

challenges when it comes to e-waste. These

include dealing with hazardous fraction,

such as Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass, and

finding markets for flame-retardant plastics.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors are also

likely to present a key challenge in the future,

while the technology does not currently

exist in the country for the environmentally

friendly recycling of rechargeable batteries or

refrigerators.

At the same time, basic environmental

precautions are absent at some recyclers,

and health and safety regulations are loosely

enforced. Most refurbishes and recyclers are not

ISO compliant. Furthermore, the cost of logistics

remains a major cost challenge for recyclers. It

is possible through the manual dismantling of

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1307wmw_23 23 8/5/13 9:52 AM

discarded technology for people to earn at least

a minimum wage, and this is preventing the

flow of waste volumes regionally and nationally.

This has been demonstrated by grassroots

e-waste pilot projects. The assessment of these

projects suggests that more new PCs are sold

into the market each year than are recycled,

which illustrates the opportunity for job creation

and economic development presented by

e-waste.

Finally, informal e-waste recycling usually

only includes the early stages of recycling -

collection, crude dismantling and sorting.

Informal recyclers are vulnerable, often deal

with e-waste in a hazardous way, and are open

to exploitation.

Among other things, an assessment of

previous grass roots projects recommended

the scaling up of public awareness campaigns

that spell out the hazards of e-waste. It also

recommended the active engagement of all

stakeholders in the current drive by eWASA to

establish an e-waste management system, the

support of small business start-ups and informal

recyclers, and support for investment in new

recycling technology through incentives.

Current waste management legislation in

South Africa does not require landfill owners

or recyclers to keep accurate records regarding

e-waste volumes. Therefore accurate figures

on volumes and the recycling of e-waste

are currently unknown, according to Keith

Anderson, chairman of eWASA.

Anderson believes that e-waste recycling

rates in South Africa are improving but are

not at an international standard yet due to

poor education and the high cost of e-waste

recycling plants.

EWASAS PLAN

eWASA has prepared an Industry Waste

Management Plan, which was submitted to the

Department of Environmental Affairs in 2010.

The high costs to set up recycling plants

for e-waste are posing a major challenge to the

industry, according to Anderson. The eWASA

draft plan proposes that a small green fee be

paid by consumers when purchasing electronic

products and that this fee be used to assist with

the setting up of suitable recycling facilities.

The document contains practical examples

of good waste management practices in

various municipalities in South Africa. The focus

is specically on good practice for domestic

and commercial waste. There are always

opportunities for improving the way waste is

managed, and as such, the plan encourages

the sharing of good management ideas. The

purpose of the document is to share examples,

without being prescriptive, and in so doing

stimulate creative thinking and encourage good

practices. Several municipalities contributed and

these were identified from a list of cleanest town

competition winners and by word-of-mouth.

ICT PRODUCERS GROUP

Since August 2010 ICT producers Acer, Cisco,

Dell, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Microsoft and Nokia

have been working together as a producers

forum on the topic of e-waste management.

In 2011 these companies formalised their

structure under the IT Association of South

Africa and go by the new name of the forum ITA

PEG (Producer Environmental Group).

The ITA PEG has developed a voluntary

Waste Management Plan for the industry under

the umbrella of the IT Association of South

Africa. The plan describes the waste related

issues within the ICT industry sector and

specifies how industry will address these issues,

giving specific actions, targets and time frames.

The Plan was built on the overarching

principles that e-waste is an opportunity to

recover valuable materials, to create jobs and

to grow the recycling industry in South Africa.

The plan takes care of the entire ICT e-waste

stream and seeks to harness existing recycling

infrastructure and encourage industry growth

and job creation through an effective structure.

The plan calls on all manufacturers and

IARC

2014

14 th International Automobile

Recycling Congress IARC 2014

March 19 21, 2014

Brussels, Belgium

IERC

2014

13 th International Electronics

Recycling Congress IERC 2014

January 22 24, 2014

Salzburg, Austria

WRF

2013

Electronics Recycling Asia

November 12 15, 2013, Singapore

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organized by World Recycling Forum

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1307wmw_24 24 8/5/13 9:52 AM

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importers of new and used Electrical and

Electronic Equipment (EEE) in South Africa

to maintain a registry of e-waste and set up

collective schemes. The Registry would cover

elements of Producer Registration and also

calculate Producer Obligation using data from

Producers and Compliance Schemes.

Compliance Schemes on the other hand, as

registered by the E-Waste Registry will endevour

to drive the fulfilment of Producer Obligation

by contracting with recyclers that can meet

standards set by registry, and by ensuring

proper logistics from collectors to recyclers.

Furthermore, they will report the actual

collected and treated weights per category

and by fraction into the Registry and thereby

invoice members based on current market

share calculations from the Registry.

However, for full and effective

implementation of the plan, the government

needs to level the playing field with legislation

and regulation that will drive role players to act.

NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES

South Africa has at least six direct neighbours,

which depend largely on its trade. These are

Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia,

Swaziland and Zimbabwe.

This trade not only involves goods for

sale and consumption but also the trade in

wastes. Because of lack of infrastructure in these

countries, most of their hazardous waste is

exported into South Africa, where possible for

recycling.

CONCLUSIONS

In 1886 the Witwatersrand Gold Rush led to the

establishment of Johannesburg. For years South

Africas mining industry has exported huge

quantities of precious materials. Now, growing

volumes of e-waste offer a new economic and

environmental opportunity.

It is often said that there is more gold in

a tonne of e-waste than in a tonne of good

quality ore. That being the case, if South Africa

can grasp the nettle, in the coming years it

could be in for a gold rush of a different kind.

Dr Koebu Khalema is a program officer at the

Africa Institute-for the Environmentally Sound

Management of Hazardous and Other Wastes,

an intergovernmental organisation housed in

the Department of Environmental Affairs of the

Government of South Africa.



Recycling e-waste can be expensive and the market price of the materials recovered does not

necessarily cover the costs, hence refurbishment and reuse is popular in South Africa



1307wmw_25 25 8/5/13 9:52 AM

Products are becoming increasingly complex. It is now possible for any one metal to

be found alongside almost any other, or any number of other materials in a single,

difficult to dismantle product. For this reason a recent report by the United Nations

Environment Programmes International Resource Panel has called for a far more

sophisticated Product-Centric approach to recycling.

METAL RECYCLING COPING WITH COMPLEXITY

The increasing complexity of products is making the metal-centric approach to recycling increasingly

obselete. Instead there needs to be a shift to product-centric approach

If populations in emerging economies

adopt similar technologies and lifestyles

as currently found in OECD countries, it

is estimated that the amount of metal

needed would be three to nine times larger

than all of the metal currently used in the world.

If long-term growth trends in population

and prosperity are factored in, the global stock

of metals in-use by 2050 could be equivalent

to five to 10 times todays level - supplies

permitting. And as societies and technologies

are changing, the demand for some metals is

growing much faster than for others.

On average, the metal stocks used in more

developed countries equate to between ten

and fifteen tonnes per person. Of that five

metals - iron, aluminium, copper, zinc, and

manganese - make up more than 98%.

Despite the vast available reserves of several

industrially important metals, it is clear that the

growing world population cannot continue to

consume metals at the

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