WK2 Four Qualitative - SFU.carwakkary/downloads/WK2_Four_Qualitative.pdf · IAT 801 Qualitative...
Transcript of WK2 Four Qualitative - SFU.carwakkary/downloads/WK2_Four_Qualitative.pdf · IAT 801 Qualitative...
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Four DifferentTraditions, Week 2
Instructor: Ron Wakkary ([email protected])
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
WK1: Introduction
• Review of Papers and Discussion• Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry• Exercise
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Review of Papers and Discussion
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Review of Papers and Discussion
• A Phenomenology (Rieman, 1986;Appendix C)• Study of the “caring interaction” between a
nurse and her patient• The design included interviewing 10
nonhospatilized adults who have had priorinteractions with a nurse and were able tocommunicate their feelings regarding theinteractions
• Question: “What is essential for theexperience to be described by the client asbeing a caring interaction?”
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Review of Papers and Discussion
• A Grounded Theory Study (Morrow &Smith, 1995; Appendix D)• Study about survival and coping strategies
of 11 women to childhood sexual abuse• Multiple data collection: one-on-one
interviews, focus group interviews, andparticipant observations
• Systematic analysis: forming of categoriesfor data, building a visual model for therelationships between categories. Model isfocused on the phenomenon and supportedby theory
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Review of Papers and Discussion
• An Ethnography (Wolcott, 1994; AppendixE)• Study of the hiring of a new principal• Details of the Principal Selection
Committee, candidates, and proceduralissues
• Author develops themes related to thephenomenon and then expands the themesto address the larger issue of “change”
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Review of Papers and Discussion
• A Case Study (Asmussen & Creswell, 1995;Appendix E)• Study of a campus reaction to a gunman
incident• The study focuses on a chronology of the
event and context (building, campus, city)• Multiple forms of data collection:
interviews, observations, documents andaudio-visual analysis
• Study provides a social-psychologicalaccount and practical concerns for campussecurity
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Review of Papers and Discussion
[insert figure 3.1]
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Review of Papers and Discussion
• Questions for Discussion• What experience is examined in a
phenomenological study?• What concept is the basis for a theory in a
grounded theory study?• What cultural group or people are being
studied in an ethnographic study?• What is the “case” being examined in a case
study?• How do the five traditions differ in the foci
of their study?
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
source: wikipedia commons
[insert Table 1.1]
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Phenomenological Study• Reports on the “lived experiences” of a
phenomenon• Roots in philosophy: Husserl, Heidegger,
Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty• Essentialist view: Researchers search for
“essential, invariant structure” or theunderlying “intentionality of consciousness”
• In analysis aims to reducephenomenological data
• Aims to “bracket” or “epoche” experiencesby suspending prejudgments
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Phenomenological Study - Principles• A return to the task of philosophy of
knowing before empirical sciences• A philosophy without assumptions:
bracketing or epoche to suspend alljudgments of what is real
• The intentionality of consciousness: anobject is inextricably linked to one’sconsciousness
• The refusal of the subject-objectdichotomy: disavowal of Cartesianism.Reality s perceived within the meaning ofexperience to an individual
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Phenomenological Study - Methods• The concept of epoche is central• Research questions explore the meaning of
lived experiences by indivduals• Phenomenological data is collected in long
interviews, researcher self-reflection, andexperiential techniques
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Phenomenological Study - Methods• Data analysis:
• Protocols are divided into statements orhorizontalization
• Data transformed into clusters of meanings• Resulting description is textural and structural• Personal meaning can also be incorporated
• Phenomenological report provides a betterunderstanding of the essential, invariantstructure (essence): “I understand betterwhat it is like for someone to experiencethat” (Polkinghorne, 1989)
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Phenomenological Study - Challenges• See Creswell’s challenges
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Grounded Theory Study• The aim is to generate an abstract analytical
schema or theory of a phenomenon thatrelates to a particular situation in whichindividuals interact in a process in responseto a phenomenon
• Reversal of traditional a priori hypothesesor proposition prior to study. Aim is toground theory in data
• Developed by sociologists Barry Glaser andAnselm Strauss
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Grounded Theory Study - Principles• Theory can be articulated in a number of
forms and emerges at the end of the study• Data is collected through interviews
(sometimes observations anddocumentation) until data is saturated (nofurther theory can be generated)
• Data is organized into categories thatrepresent events, happenings and instances
• Participants aim to represent a theoreticalsampling
• Data analysis is iterative and seen asconstant comparative
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Grounded Theory Study - Methods• Systematic and complex coding of data
known as open coding:• Initial categories formed in which several
properties are found and the researcher looks fordata to dimensionalize to articulate thecontinuum
• Axial coding assemble data in new waysafter open coding following a codingparadigm or logic diagram that:• Identifies a central phenomenon• Explores causal conditions, specific strategies,
and outcomes• Context and intervening conditions
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Grounded Theory Study - Methods• In Selective coding the researcher identifies
a “storyline” that integrates the axial codingmodel by developing conditionalpropositions
• Finally, the researcher may develop andvisually portray a conditional matrix thatelucidates the social, historical andeconomic conditions of the phenomena(Creswell: does not typically happen instudies)
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Grounded Theory Study - Methods• Systematic and complex coding of data
known as open coding:• Initial categories formed in which several
properties are found and the researcher looks fordata to dimensionalize to articulate thecontinuum
• Axial coding assemble data in new waysafter open coding following a codingparadigm or logic diagram that:• Identifies a central phenomenon• Explores causal conditions, specific strategies,
and outcomes• Context and intervening conditions
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Grounded Theory Study - Challenges• See Creswell’s challenges
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
An Ethnography• An ethnography is a description and
interpretation of a cultural or social group orsystem
• Researchers examine observable and learnedpatterns of behaviour, customs and ways oflife
• Genesis in cultural anthropology includingBoas, Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown, Mead, Parkand Dewey
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
An Ethnography - Principles• Researcher is immersed in the day-to-day
lives of the participants, typically throughparticipant observation
• Researchers study the meanings of behaviour,language, artifacts and interactions of theculture sharing group
• Culture is bound and constructed by a group• Themes of structure and function can guide
the research of social organization:– Structure: kinship and political– Function: patterns of social relations
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
An Ethnography - Methods• Fieldwork is immersion into member culture to
gather data through observations, interviews,and materials to develop a portrait of culturalrules
• Key concepts:– Gatekeepers permit entry into membership– Key informants provide insightful information– Reciprocity awareness of involvement of participants– Reactivity awareness of the impact of the researcher– Deception is avoided in transparency in the role of
the researcher
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
An Ethnography - Methods• Aim of holistic cultural portrait:
– Thick description– Emic: participant’s view– Etic: researcher’s view
• “They [researchers] establish what a strangerwould have to know in order to understandwhat is going on here or, more challengingstill, what a stranger would have to know inorder to be able to participate in a meaningfulway” (Wolcott, 1996)
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
An Ethnography - Challenges• See Creswell’s challenges…
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Case Study• A case study is an exploration of a “bounded
system” or a case (multiple cases) over timethrough detailed, in-depth data collectioninvolving multiple forms of data
• Antecedents in cultural anthropology, I.eMalinowski’s Trobriand Islands, ChicagoSchool’s “One Corner” study.
• Familiar in psychoanalytic cases (Freud),medicine, law, business and political science
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Case Study - Methods• Yin (1989) describes qualitative and mixed
methods approaches: exploratory, descriptive,and explanatory case studies
• Single, multiple, comparative, multi-sited,within site case studies
• Purposeful sampling dependant on type ofcase study
• Multiple sources of data collection(observations, interviews, documents andaudio-video data)
• Triangulation: related analysis of data arounda central point or points
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Case Study - Methods• Holistic analysis across the entire case(s) or
embedded analysis of a specific aspect• Emergence of a detailed description for its
own purpose, validation, theory generationand theory validation
• Multiple design decisions, e.g. within-caseanalysis or cross-case analysis.
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Four Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry
A Case Study - Challenges• See Creswell’s challenges…
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Exercise
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Exercise
Identify two possible traditions of inqury for yourstudy
• 1200-1600 words• Submit to the Wiki by Jan. 14th• Write in summary form including:
– What is the issue, problem or phenomenonyou plan to study
– What is the major research question– What is the data you will collect and who are
participants in your study– What do you think is the importance of the
study– What is your relationship to the topic and the
participants in the study
Sept 4, 2007 IAT 334 Interface Design Instructor Ron Wakkary
Week 2 - Jan. 14, 2008
IAT 801 Qualitative Research Methods - Ron Wakkary
Questions?
Ron Wakkary ([email protected])