STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY VOL. CXXl RULERS' DWELLINGS TO TEMPLES ARCHITECTURE, RELIGION AND SOCIETY IN EARLY ffiON AGE GREECE (1100-700 B.C.) by ALEXANDER MAZARAKIS AINIAN JONSERED 1997

MatarakisAinian.Alexander.FromRulers' Dwelling>toTemples: Architecture, ReliJ!icmand Socictv inEarly /roDAge Greece (c.1100-700 B.C.), SrudiesinMediterraneanArchaeologyVol.CXXJ. Jonsered1997.412 pp., 6Maps. XI Tables, 513 Figs.ISBN 91708 1 152 0. ABSTRACT This srudy constitutesathoroughtreaunentfromthe archaeologicalpoinlof viewof lhe ntlcrs'dwellings and lhe cult buildings of theProwgeometric and Geometric periods inGreece (roughly 1hc11th-8th centuries B.C.). Theemphasisliesinlllepossibleimeraclionsbetweenthe1woca1cgoricsof buildmgs,withthehopeof de1em1iningsome of llle reasons of the resurgence of the temple of the Greek polis. TheevidencefromeacbsiteisassembledinChapterI.TheextantElArulers'dwellingsandcull buildings are grouped together and are classified by 1wo criteria combined together: typology. and geographical distribution.Thispartof thestudyisnotalwaysameretranscriptionof existingviewpoints.butwhenever requiredacriticaldiscussionof these,oftenresultinginlhe adoptionof aviewopposedtolhecommonly accep1edone.Tntothediscussionhavealsobeenbroughldwellingsof ordinarypeopleandbuildingswhich served other domestic funclions,such asworkshops. granaries. storerooms. e1c. (Parts 4. 5 and 9).Another aim of this chapter (PartIO)is 10e>tamineinmore detailthe shapes of thefacadesof EIA apsidalandrec1angular buildings (especially of cullbuildings and rulers' dwellings). inconjunction wilh thearrangement of the interior space. The typology of oval and circular buildings isa much more simple 1ask and is discussed in lhe end of the relevant sections (PariS 4 and 5, respectively). The secondpari of thiss1udy(Chaplersn-VI)eumines thearchaeologicalevidence of thepossible linksbetweenrulers'dwellings.andcultpractices.Oneof themainproblemsencounteredbythescholar researching the subject of the genesis of Greek religious architecture has always been indislinguishing between sacred andprofane buildings. The aim of Chapter Tlistopresent briefly the criteria and the methodwhich may contribute indistinguishing a cult building or a ruler's dwcJJingfrornancdiil ce which would have served some other profane function. Chapter III investigales the con.nections be1weencull prac1ice and rulers' dwellings: in PartIthe entire body of evidence isanalysed. Part 2 is a brief reference 10the Mycenaean period and the function of the palatial megara.InPari3 one mayfinda ca1alogue of BIA sanctuaries; the statusof the earliest sancluaries (llth-early 8th c.B.C.), especially those inwhich cult buildings have been discovered.isdiscussed inmore detailinorder tounders1andlheirrelationshipwiththecontemporaryrulers'dwelliogs.Consequently,Pari4constilulesan a11emp1toclassifythe rulers' dwellingsinrelationto cult practices,sanc1uariesandcult buildings.Part 5 deals withthebuildingsassociatedwiththecultof anceslorsorheroesrutdinvcstigalesthepossibleconnections between rulers' dwellings and hero culL ChapterTVisanallempltocomparethe archaeological dalawiththe conlemporaryor laterwrillen sources.PariIinvestigatesthenatureofHomerickingship(A)andfocusesononeaspec1of theHomeric nobleman, hiscompetence in religious mallers (0). Inthe same section the controversial1opic of the identily of lheHomerichouse (B) andtemple(C) is brieOytreated. The post-Homericliteraryreferencesfor 1hcreligious role of ElA rulers are discussed inPart 2. The lasl section,ChapterVbrings IOgeth(;r 1heevidence analysedintheprevious chaplers.Part,!is a reao;sessmenlof the previous discussion,that is10say the role possiblyplayedbytherulersof the E[A .inthe religious affairs of the communities. The second and last section (Pari 2) deals withquestions relaled to the rise of thetemple of the Greek polis (from the archi!ectural andlhe functionalpoints of view) and tries to tacklethe reasons which diclated its creation. In order tofacilitale comparisons, aJJlhe buildings included in this study have been drawn al a uniform scale.Tables!- [)(mayserveasavisualguideofalargenumberofwellpreservedbuildings(mostly free-standing units) of the PG andGeometric periods. The illustrations are arranged to a geographical order, site by sile. The figures of building models are assembled separately. Cover. The so-called"Herol!n"alToumba,Lefkandi.AdapledfromJ.J.Coulton,Lclkandi II,Part 2,London 1993. pl. 28 (by permission). @Alexander Mazarak:isAinian199'7 ISBN9I708I1520. Printed in Sweden by Svenskl Tryck Surte Published by Paul Astr (crude wall) THE CYCLADES KanhaiaKeaSancruary of Apollo (walls) Dclion. Paros (walls) GyroulasNaxos. Sanctuary of Demeter and Apollo (post holes) Minoa. Amorgos. Lower Town (rectangular building and rcraining/peribolos wall) Ti lE EAST GREEK ISLANDS Ph3ll3l. Choos. Sancluary of Apollo (terrace/pcribolos wall) ASIAMlNOR CRETE Didyma. Sanctuary of Apollo (Sekos I) Erythrai (lcmple of Athena?) Oreino Kastn (building) Aplera (walls ncar the sancruary of Arlcmis) Sybrila (rectangular complex) 9OTHER DOMESTIC RECTANGULAR BUIWINGS AND MISCELLANEOUS WALLS AND CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS A. THE PROTOGEOMETR1C PERIOD (c.1100-900 B.C.) Thermon Kastanas Assiros Thcssalonike Toumba Volos (lolkos?) Ay.Andreas. Siphnos Zagora. Andros Koukounaries.Paros Grotta.Naxos Ltndos. Rhodes 8 239 239 241 242 242 242 242 242 242 243 243 243 244 245 245 245 246 246 246 246 247 247 247 247 248 248 248 248 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 250 251 251 251 251 251 COl\'TENTS Old Smyrna Crete B THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD (c.900-700 B C.) Ka.stana.s (La)ec 8) Acto.\ Yolo' (loll Archampolis A then; Plas LathouriLa Thorikos Oropos Mcgara Argo;, Corinth Nafplion Asine Zagora. Andros AyAndreas. Siphnos Kastro. Stphnos Koukounarics. Paros Grona. Naxos Vall1yLlmenan. Donousa Minoa. Amorgo> Empono. Chio' HcphmMia. Lcmnos Old Smyrna Mile to> Gonyna Pnn1as KastellChanion Eleuthcrna RECTA:-IGULAR BUILDfi\GS: CONCLUSIONS 10. THE TYPOLOGY OF FREE-STANDING ANTA AND OIKOS BUILDINGS AND A COMPARISON WITH MYC8NAEAN CULT BUILDINGS One-room building with open front(n andU-shaped) (Table I) Anta bulldmgs wuh porch andmamroom (Table II) Anta buldtngs with porch andtwo or more rooms (Table III) Anta bmldmgs w1thmainfrom room andmaller rear chamber (cf Table Vfll) One-roomoikoi(Table IV) 01kniwith porch andmamroom(Table V) 01k01 COOSISLingOflW(l roughly cqu.tlroom;, 01k01w1th porch and two or moreroom, (Table VI ) Oblong oikowith entrance inthelonger Mde(Table VII ) Oikos buildings withmain front roomand smaller rear chamber(;,) (Table VlO) Anta and oikos build111gs withprostylcporch CO:-ICLUSIONS 9 251 251 251 252 252 252 252 252 252 253 253 253 253 253 254 254 254 254 254 254 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 256 256 256 256 256 256 257 257 257 257 257 257 259 259 260 261 262 262 263 264 265 266 266 267 268 CONTENTS CHAPTER II CRJTERlAFOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CULT BUrLDINGS ANDRULERS' DWELLINGS IRUL.ERS' DWELLINGS210 A. Architectural features271 B. Location272 C. lntcnor tumshangs273 D. Theof the buildmgs274 2.CULT BUILDINGS216 A. Architectural features277 I. Groundplan277 2.D1mensons andinvestmem of wealth277 3.The peristyle278 B 279 I. AhnrsandrelatedstruciUres279 2.Hearths280 3.Benches280 4Free-standmg cuh bases281 5.Bothro. libation channels, basms andp1ts281 C. Locauon281 I. Bu1ldings detached froma settlement ("suburban" and "extraurban")281 2Prominentlocation282 3.Buildings located UJside a necropolis, or inthe vicinity of one or more tombs282 4Buildings locatedmside sanctuaries282 D. Orientauon283 E.Written '>Ources283 F. The cv1dencc for rituals and cultpracuce283 IAnimal sacriJice283 2. t:oodofferings284 3. Liquid offerings284 4.Ritual dining284 5.Foundauon sacrifices284 6.Manufactured ObJects285 aCult images285 b.Cult utensi l,285 c.Votive offerings285 CONCLUSIONS286 CHAPTERJU INTERACfl ONBETWEEN SACRED ANDPRm' ANE 1. RULERS' DWELLINGS AND CULT PRACTICE: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL E.VlDENCE281 A. ArchlleciUralfeatures287 I. Altars287 2.Hearths290 3. Benches292 B. The finds293 I . Animalbones293 2.Manufactured objects298 2.THE RELIGIOUS ROLE OF THEWANAX305 10 CONTENTS 3THE EMERGENCE OF SANCTUARTES,TEMPLES AND OTHER CULT BUJLDINGS Central Macedonia Chnlkldtke Eptrus loman Islands Corfu Ithaca Acarnanta Aetolia Thessaly Eal;tLo Phocts Boeoua Oropta Eubocll Attica Algin a Megaris Corinthiu Argo lid Porosisland Achaia Elis Messcnia !..acoma Arcadia Kynouria The Cycludes Kea Kythnos Siphnos Andros Tcnos Delos Paros Naxo Donousa Amorgos Thera The EastGreek tslands Samothrace Lemnos Le>bo> Chios Samos Kalymnos Kos Rhodes Asia Minor Crete SouthItaly-Sicily and Carthage CONCLUSIONS II 307 308 308 309 309 309 310 310 310 311 311 312 313 313 314 318 318 319 320 322 323 323 323 324 326 327 321! 328 328 328 329 329 329 330 330 330 331 331 331 331 331 331 332 332 332 332 333 337 338 CONTENTS 4INTERACTION BE1WEEN RULERS' DWELLTNGS AND TEMPLES Settlemems lackmg anurban temple Settlements wtthtemple>which succeeded earlier rulers dwellings Rulers' dwellingswluchcoexistedwithurbantemple; Rulers' dwell ings preserved after the construction of nnurbruttemple Rulers' dwellings andsuburban/extraurbnnsanctuaries Rulers' dwellings convened mto temple> 5RULERS' DWELUNGS AND HERO CULT IV THE LITERARY EVIVENCE I1/0MER/C QUESTIONS AThenature of Homeric kingship BThe Homenc houM: C. Homenc temple' and DThe priestly role of Homcnc rulers 2. POST-1/0MERlC EVfDF:NCE OF THE REUGlOUS FUNCTIONS OF EAR/, Y KINGS AND ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL BASfLETS CHAPTERV FROM RULERS' DWELLINGS TO TEMPLES ITHE RELIGIOUS COMPETENCE OF EARLY IRON AGE RULERS liND THE FUNCTION OF THEIRDWELLINGS 2.ff/E RULERS' DWELLINGS OF THE "DARK AGES" FOIale),Professor P. (Kallion.Eretria,Anavyssos).Dr.E.Touloupa(Lefkandi),thelate J. Travlos (Eieusis),Dr. A. Vlachopoulos (Groua) and Dr. Ph. Zapheiropoulou (Tsikalario, Donou. a). FromtheexcavatorsandmembersofforeignSchoolsandInstitutesspecialthanksaredueto ProfessorW. Alzmger (Aageira),Professor CAntonaee1o,Professor E.Akurgal (Erythrai),Professor C. (Eretria).Professor B.Bergquast,Professor L. (Hephnastia), Professor J.Boardman (Emporio andTarsus),Professor J.Bousquet(Oious),DrM.E.Caskey(Ay.lrini),Dr.NCucuzza ( Phabtos), Professor W.Coulson (Nichoria), Dr. J. Coulton(Lefkandi),Dr. J.P. Crielaard, Professor L.Day(Vronda).ProfessorR.Fetsch(Kalapodi).ProfessorR.Hiigg(Asi ne),Dr.BHayden (Vrol-astro),Mrs.S.Huber(Eretria),ProfessorD.O.Hughes,ProfessorE.Gebhard( lsthrrua). MJameson (Pono Cheli),Professor L. Kahil (Erctria), Dr.D.Keller (Archampoli s), Dr. II. Kienast (Samos),thelateK.Kalian (Tiryos),Professor V.LaRosa (Phaistos),ProfessorII.Lauter (Tourkovounia,Lathouri 7a),thelateA.Mallwitz(Samos),Dr.C.Morgan( lsthmi a),ProfessorI. Morris( Koukounanes),ProfessorS.Morris.Dr.RNicholls(OldSmyrna.Aetos),ProfessorG. Nordquist(Tegea),ProfessorE.0stby(Tcgea,Pallamion),ProfessorM.Popham(Lefkanda), Professor GRizza (Primas),Professor W. Schiering (Pyrrha).Professor JShaw ( Kommos). the late P. Spuacls(Thorikos).ProfessorH.VanEffenterre (Oious). Professor M.Voyatzis (Tegea),Dr.K. Wardle (Thermon) and Professor B. Wells (A sine). I am deeplyindebtedtovariousinstitutionswhichhavegreatly facilitatedandadvancedmy work.Firstof all10theGreekArchaeologicalSocietyandirssecretarygeneralDr.V.Petrakosfor allowmgmetostudyanduseunpublishedinformationfromthearchavesof theSociety,someof which thelateG.My Ionas hadgrantedme thepermassion10uscfor mythesis. Ihave thus been able 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS toreadtheexcavationdiariesdealingwithLathourizaandtheAcademy(Ph.Stavropoullos), Mycenae and Solygeia (N.Verdelis), Aulis (J. Tbrepsiades), Kos (J.Kontis) and Eleusis (J. Travlos). I owe aparticular depttoMrsR. Papantoniouwhowas eager toallowme to consult the excavation notebooksof N.Verdelis'excavationsatSolygeia.Dr.Petrakoshasalsokindlyconcededmethe rightof publicationof theexcavations of the2nd Ephoreia of AtticainbuildingplotsO.I:.K.and O.T.E. at Oropos (excavationsby thelateA.Dragona).I wouldalsolike tothank theBritish School atAthensand itsdirectoratthetime,Dr.H.Catling,forthepermission to consult thefragmentary notes of the excavations of Antissa (W. Lamb) and Perachora (H. Payne) in theBSA archives. The followingInstitutionshavegrantedme thepermissiontoreproduceplansanddrawings fromtheirexcavations:theGreekArchaeologicalSociety,individualmembersoftheGreek ArchaeologicalServiceandoftheDpt.ofArchaeologyoftheUniversityof Athens,theBritish School atAthens,theAmerican .Schoolof Classical Studies atAthens,theGermanArchaeological InstituteatAthens,theAustrianArchaeologicalInstituteatAthens,theFrenchArchaeological SchoolatAthens,the Swiss ArchaeologicalSchoolatAthens,theItalianArchaeologicalSchoolat Athens,the Swedish InstituteinAthens,theNorwegianInstitute inAthens. Tothe directorsof these institutionswhoissuedthenecessarypermitsandtothedirectorsof theexcavationsI expressmy warmestthanks(cf List of lllustrations). Specialthanksare duetoDr. G. Touchais (Argos),Dr.E. 0stby(TegeaandPallantion),Dr.R.V.Nicholls(OldSmyrna),ProfessorR.Tomlinson(Antissa drawingsof findsfromtheBSAArchives),Professor P.Themelis (Kallipolis,Eretria), andtoDr.V. Petrakos(OroposandEleusis),forprovidingmewithunpublishedplansanddrawings.Dr.Th. Spyropouloshadkindlyallowedmeseveralyears ago to draw andpublishtheplanof the temple he hadfoundatParalimni.I also thankDr. 1.Coultonwhoallowedmetousehisreconstructionof the "Hero6o" at Lefkandi inthefront cover of thisbookandI hopethat 1 havenot done injusticeto his excellentdrawingbyaddinganimaginative contextaroundit,despitehiskindauthorisationthat1 could do so. IhavebenefitedalotfromreadinginthelibrariesoftheBritish,American,Frenchand occasionallyGermanSchoolsinAthens,andofUniversityCollegeandtheHellenicSocietyin London. To allthepersonswho assistedme,especially thefriendlylibrarians of theBritish School, my sincere thanks. Likewise, I have received invaluable technical assistance in the preparation of this book bythepersonnelof theDepartmentof Historyof theUniversityof Corfu,whilethroughthe courses I have been offering thepast four years at thisinstitution I was able to continue and complete myresearch.Myparallelparttimeoccupationinthe2ndEphoreiaofAtticawhichhasbecome possiblethankstotheEphors of AntiquitiesDrs.V.Petrakos andG.Steinhauer, has alsogivenme the opportunity to study a highly significant site of the Early Iron Age, Oropos. I am deeplyindebtedtotheA.OnassisFoundationwhichhaspartlyfioancedand supported myresearchintheinitialstages andalsoto Professor P.Astriimfor accepting several yearsagothis workforpublication in the SIMA series. Last but notleast,I wouldliketothank myfriendsMarilenaDrosou, IsabelleDemolin, John TongasandDimitrisAvramidiswhohelpedme considerablywithpracticalmattersinthevarious editing stages of my book and Alexandros Gouoaris who has shared with me manyresults of his own relatedthesis,underpreparation,andhashelpedmeconsiderablyinupdatingmyownwork.My parents havenotceased to encouragemeandit isthanksto their support thatI wasableto carry out and complete mystudies.To mywifeatlast,mydeepest gratitude for her constant encouragement, help and understanding throughout these years. Professors J.N.Coldstream andP.O. Themelis, andDrs.H.Kienast andJ. VanLeuvenhave readdraftsof thisbook andhave madeusefulcomments andsavedme fromvariouserrors; forall remaining errors or omissions I amfullyresponsible. Athens, May1996 14 LIST AND SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS MapISites mentioned in the text. Key to MapI(Geographical).Keyto MapI(Alphabetical). Map 2.Dtstnbuuon of rulers' dwellings (c. 1100-700 B.C.). Map3.Sanctuariesandcultplaceswithtracesof humanactivitiesduringthePGandGeometricpenods, excludmgcasesof "tombcult"(c.1100-700B.C.).KeytoMap3(Nphabctical).KeytoMap3 (Geographical). Map 4. Distnbuuon of early temples and cult buildings (before c.750 B.C.). Map 5. Distribution of sanctuaries with architectural remains (c.1100-700 B.C.).Key to Map 5. Map 6. Distribution of apsidal and oval buildings (c.1100-700 B.C.). TABLES Table I.One-room buildings with open front (n and U-shaped). Table II. Anta buildings with porch and main room Table UI. Aota buildings with porch and two or more rooms. Table IV. One-room oikoi. Table V.Oikoi with porch and main room. Table Vl Olkoiwith porch and two or more rooms. Table vn. Oblong oikoi with entrance inthelonger side. Table V111. Anta and oikos bUildings with mam front room and smaller rear chamber(s) Table IX. Relationship between rulers' dwellings and hypaethralTable X. Rulersdwellings and other dwellings of the elite andKeyto Table X. Table XI. MycenaeanMegara.A:MenelaionI(LHLffiiiiiA).B:Mycenae. C:Pylos.D: Tiryns (allLHITIB). (A) Adapted from G. Hiesel, SpA't.helladiscbc Hausarcbitektur, Mainz am Rhein1990,135, lig.10 Iand (B-D) fromG.E. Mylooas, Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age, Princeton1966,63, fig.16. FIGURES NORTH GREECE Fig.I . Thessalontke, Toumba. Topographicalplanwiththe excavatedarchitectural remams.S.Andreou &K Kotsaltis, AEM9 5 (1991) 210. fig.I. Fig. 2Thessalofllke, Toumba. Plan of buildings of Phase 3. Ibid.. 213, fig. 4 Fig. 3. Thessa.lonike, Toumba.Distribution of findsinthe rooms of the building of Phase 4. SealeI :200. Ibid., 216, fig6. Fig. 4. Thessalomk.c, Toumba.Plan of buildings of Phase 4.Seale1:200. S. Androou &K. Kotsaltis, AEM8 6 ( 1992) 262. fig3. Fig. 5. Thessalontk.e, Toumba.lsometnc rcconstrucuon of tlte butlding of Phase 4. Ibid , 264. fig. 4, Fig. 6Assiros.Planof the architecturalremainsinthelastLBAperiod(phase 5:c.1100B.C.).K.Wardle, BSA 83 (1988) 381, fig. 3. Fig. 7. Assiros. Plan of the architectural remains inthe beginning of t.hc Ell\ (phase 3:c.1050-950 B.C.).Ibid.. 379, fig. 2. Fig.8.Assiros.Planof thearchitecturalremainsintheEtA (phase 2:c.I 000.950B.C.).K.Wardle,BSA 84 (1989) 451, fig.I. Fig.9Assiros. Plan of the architectural remains inthelast E!Aperiod (phaseI:c.700 B.C.).K. Wardle, BSA 82( 1987) 316, fig.I Fig.10.Plan of House 5, phase 3 (c.1000 B.C.).K. Wardle, BSA 83 (1988) 379, fig. 2. Fig.II. AsstcOSPlan of the architectural remains of phase 2(c.1000-950 B.C.). ScaleI :200.AdaptedfromK. Wardle,BSA g4 ( 1989) 45 I, fig.I. Fig.12.Assl!osPlanof the two apsidalbuildings of phaseI(c.700B.C.).ScaleI :200.K. Wardle,BSA 1!2 (1987) 316, fig.I. Fig.13Kast.anas. Topographical plan of t11ehiU during phase 10 (PG).AdaptedfromB. Hllnsel,Kaswnas.Die Grabung und der Baubcfund(Prlibistoriscbc AtchJo/ogJe in Siidosteuropa Band 7, Teill) Berlin1989, 32, fig. 4 and 211, fig. 87. r:tg.14.Kastanas.Planof housesof Layer12(transitionfromLBAtoELA).ScaleI :200.Ibid..119f..figs 70-71. Fig.IS. KastanasIsometric reconstruction of Central Unit of Layer12 ( 12th c. B.C.). Ibid..189. fig.74. Fig16. Kastanas. Graphic reconstruction of CentralUnit of Layer12(12th c. B.C.). lbid. ,176,fig. 68 Ftg.17Kastanas.Plan of hoUM:sof LayerII(end of the LBA - lower chronological limit c.1000 B.C.). Scale 1:200. !bid.,196 & 205, figs. 79 &84. 15 .. UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig.18Kastanas. IsometricreconSirucuon of houses of Layerll. Ibid.,207, fig. 85. Fig.19KaslanaSIO(PGperiod). Scale1:200. /bld., 218&91&92 Fig20Kastana.slsomelnc rcconstrucuon ofof Layer 10. lb1d.. 211, f1g87 Fig. 21. Kill> tan as. Pl,;nof houses of Layer 9 (Geomelnc penod). Scalel :200fb1d,231. fig. 98. Fig. 22.Isometricreconstruction of house; of Layer 9. Ibid., 226,fig. 95. Fig23.KastanasPlanof housesof Layer8(c800B.Conwards).ScaleI :200./hid ,239f.&242,figs. 103-105. Fig. 24Kastanas. lsometnc rcconstrucuon of the "Mmlereof Layer 8. lb1d.,235, fig.100 F1g. 25. Kastanas. GraphiC reconstruction of the "M1tdcre Gro>shaus". /bld , 235.fig.100 Fig. 26.Poscidi(Chalkidike). Topographicalplanof thesanctuary of Poseidon. J.Vocotopoulou.inAEMf:J 5 (199 1) 304.fig.l. Fig. 27Poseidi (Chalkid1ke). Sanctuary of Pose1donPlan of Bmldings A.8.rand skct'h ofBuildingsETand E.Scale1:200.AdaptedfromJ.Vocotopoulou,AEM8 5(1991)305.fig2Thelocauonand dimension> of buildingsI:T andE areapproximateandbasedonthedescnpuonor thearclutectural remains andtwo photographs in AEMe 6 ( 1992) 448, figs. 2-3. Fig.28.Koukos(Chalkidike).Planof thesettlementandcemetery.AdaptedfromJCnnngton-Smith&J. Vocotopoulou, in AEM8 2 ( 1988) 358, fig.I. Fig29Koukos(Chalk1d1ke)Planof thesettlementandBu1ldmgBScalel 200.JCilnngton-Smlth&J. Vocotopoulou.m AEMJ 6 (1992) 496, fig.I. NWGREECE F1g.30Vitu ZagonouPlanof thesettlement(9th4th c.8 C)AdaptedfromJ.Vocotopoulou.Birua.Ta JllO., FD U, Paris1960, plan 24 Fig.68.Haliartos(KastriMaLiou).Topographicalplan.J.M.l'osscy,TopographylJJidPopulauonof Ancicm Botoua I. Ch1cago1988, 303. fig. 41. Fig. 69.Haliartos (KastriMa7iou).Plan of the architecturalre.mamsinthe sanctuary of Athena. A. Foundations of earber temple?BTheAthena temple. C:Temenoswall.0: Votive deposit.ScaleI :200.Adapted fromR.P.Austin,BSA 32 (193 1/32) 184, fig.3. Fag. 70KoronetaSanctuary of Athena ltonia (?).Findsfroml..Gcremationwarrior burialbeoeath Temple A a:Bron1e kmfc. b: 1ron spearhead. c:iron swordd:fragmentsfrombronLe urn (?). ThSpyTOpoulos, flAE ( 1975) 408. fig.7 17 UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS F1g7 1Parahmn1plan of EAlcmplc.Plan drawnm . ") wuh 7th cB.C. votive materialD: Foruficauonwallof thefirst quarter of the 7th c.. servmgalso to containthewater of thetorrentli: WaiJof the Geometncperiod. Scale1200.AdaptedfromC.Berard.EretrJolll,Bern1970.II and Ill. Fig.107Eretria.Heroon. Mycenaean spearhead from Tomb 6.Redrawn fromC.Berard,EretriaII.Bern1970, 16, fig. 3 Fig.108. Eretria (S Quarter).MG II(phase I) and LG2-3) curviline:ll' 111areaI(cf. Fig.101 ). PhaseI Walls1-3Phase 2Walls 4-6. Phase 3 (black):Walls 7-9. Wall 4 could representacircular buildingScale1200. AdaptedfromAAndreiomcnou,ASAtcne 59 (1981)208, fig45. Fig.109Eretria (S.Quarter). LG apsdaJ,oval, andrectangular buildtngs in area 3 (cl:Ftg.101).Scale1:200. Adapted fromL.Kahil.ASAtcne 59 (198 1) plan! opposi te p.172. Fig.110. Erctria (S.Quaner). MGIIoval(?) butldings111area 2(cf Fig.101).ScaleI200.AdaptedfromA Andreiomenou, ASAtcne 59 (1981) 215, fig. 60. Fig.Ill .Eretrin(S Quarter) . MGII curvilinear andrectangular buildings inttrea8 (cf.Fig.101). Scale1:200. Adapted from ibid.. 223. fig. 76. Fig.112.Eretna (S Quaner). Curved waJJIll area 20 (cf. Fig.101 ). Scale 1.200. AdaptedfromAUangouras. ALl 23 (1968) Xpov., 228. fig.I. Fig.113.Eretri a (SQuarter).Possible LG-EAfortificationwallinarea 2 1 (cf.Fig.10 1).Scale1:200. Adapted fromETouloupa,ALI33(1978)Xpov.,126,fig.2. Fig.114.Eretria(S. Quarter)LG curvedwallandrecuhnear wallsinMea 6(cf.Fig101).AdaptedfromA AndreiOtttcnou, ALl 29 (1973n4) Xpov., 471, fig. 6. Fig.115Eretria(N.Quarter).Planof ovalHouseA(c.725B.C.)inarea10119(cf.Fig.101). Scale1:200. Adapted fromP.G. Themelis. 'Epyov (1984) fig.84 and excavation d1ary (courtesy P.G. Themelis) I see also MaJarakis Aoman.G(1987)12, fig.61. Fig.116. Eretrin (NQuarter). Plan of oval(?) Bui ldingBand section of fortificntionwall (c.700 B.C.) (cf.Fig. 101).Scale1:100AdaptedfromP.G. Themelib.f/AE (1983)pl.Z'andexcavationdiary(courtesy P.GThemelis). Fig.117. Eretna (N Quarter).BwJdmgs Band Cor c. 700 B.C. marea12( (cf F1g.101)ScaleI200. Adapted fromP.Auberson &K..Schefold, FuhrerdurchEretria,Bern1972,108. fig.19. Fig.118Eretria (N. Quarter). Area10119 (cf.Fig.10 1). Imaginative restoration of phaseI : Walls1-2 and oval House A (c. 725 B C)A. M37.arakisAinian. Fig.119. Eretrin (N.Quarter).Area10119 (cf.Fig.101)lmagmat1ve restornuon of phase 2:Fortificationwall and oval I louseD (c. 700 B.C.).A. MatMakis AiniRn. F1g120Map of J.:-J. Coldstream, 10The Archaeology of Greek Co/onisatinn. Essays dcdicarcd to Sir JohnBoardman, ed. GRTsetskhladJ.e &FDe Angelis, Oxford1994. 51, fig. 4. 1. Fig.121.Topographicalplanof the excavauons.AdaptedfromD.Ridgway,L 'alba dellaMagna GrecitJ,Milano1984, 51, lig. S. Fig.122.Pithekoussai(Mcu.aviah1ll,areaM3U.Ola).PlanofLGmetalworkingquarter.ScaleI :200.G Buchner, AR ( 197on I) 65, fig. 5. ATTlCA Fig.123Alben;Map of Athens10theGeometricperiod.A.Ovalbuilding ontheN slopes of the Areopagus (9th c. B.C.); B:Acropolis. C. Olympteion area, temple of Apollo Dclphinios (c. 750 B.C.). The circles indicate Geometric tombs. Adapted from J.Travlos, ASAtene 61( 1983) 325. fig.I Fig.124AthensEarly bunals and wells inthe Greek Agora. J.Camp,The Athenian Agora.London1986. 28. ftg.II. Fig.125a-f.Dostnbution of EIAinAthens.a:SMyc.b:PG. c:EG-MG. d:LGI.c:LGII .f:Protoau1c and TransllionalMorris, Burial ( 1987) 64, lig.17. 66. fig18. 19 LIST OF lLLI..iSTRATIO:-IS Fig.126. Areopagus (Athens).Plan of the architectural remains around the oval building+Geometric graves. H A Hespcna31 (1968) 59. fig.8. f-1g.127Areopagus (Athens). Restored plan of theoval cult building (second half of 9th c. B.C.).ScaleI :200. AdaptedfromD.Burr.Hcspcna 2 ( 1933) 544.fig. 3. Fig.128.Olympicion(Athens).Areaof s:Uictuaryof ApolloDclphinios.AdaptedfromJ.Travlos,Pictorial Du:tionary ofAncient Athens. New York1980. 292.fig.380. Fig.129Topograplucalmap of NWAthensby J. Travlos.R.E.Wycherley,The Stones of Athens,Pnncetoo 1978,223. fig64. Fig.130.Academy (Athens).LGSacredHouse and Bu1ldingV.Ellhouse andLO graves. Adaptedfromibid., 50, fig.62 and Ph. Stavropoullos.flAE ( 1958) 9, fig.I and (I 961) 6, lig.I. Fig.131Academy (Athens). Sect1onthroughLO tOmbs.pns andEHhouse to the N of the SacredHousePh Stavropoullo>, flA(1956) 48, fig. 3. Pig.132.Academy (Athens). Plan of the LO SacredHouse. ScaleI :200. Comhinauon of 17AE ( 1958) 6.fig. 2 and '/:,pyov( 1961)6.fig3 andtakinginto account anunpublishedplaninthe Archives of the Greek Archaeolog1cul Society (w1ththe perm1ssion nlDrVPetrakos). F1g133Tourkovouma(Athen>Restoredplanof Sacred (ropoullnplan. Scale 1200. Adapted fromILJtbult'.sa(l9!15) 44,fig.6,md addiuons based ondetailsandplans inPh.Stavropoullos'excavauondiary(councsyGreekArchaeological Society). Fig.145nfLathouri1.lla-d:stonebaseswithcavity111themiddledascoveredantheVICinatyandmMdethe "Tholos. e-f;parastade blocks d1scovered to the entrance of the "l'holos"DrawangbyFSeller F. Sealer.Du: gricchJschcTho/os, Mamt1986.13, fig.7. Fig.146.Lathouriza.Restored drawing of one of thebases of Fig.14Sa-d and wooden poM with tenonfittingin the mortise of the base. Drawing by F.Seiler. FSeiler.Die gricchischc Tholos.M:unt1986.14, fig. 9. f'1g.147Lathour11.aRough ofthe"TholosbyPh.StavropoullosFromStavropoullo.1nformal notebook. (coune.y Greek Archaeological Socacty). Fig.148.Lathouriza. Gmphicrestoration of the"Tholos"by F.Seiler.F.Seiler,Dte gncchisd1cTholo.s.Maint 1986. 15.1ig.10. F1g149. LathouriaPlan of UnitI-IV accordang to H. Lauter, wuh mmor addit1ons (c. 700 B.C.). Scale 1:200. AdaptedfromLauter.Lathuresa(1985)16,fig.2andaddmonsba.,cdondetailstnPh. Stavropoullos'daary(courtesy Greek Archaeolog1cal Society). Fig.150. Lathouriza.Graphic restoration of Unit I-IV by H.Lauter. Lauter, Lathurt:li.l ( 1985) 2 1, fig.3. Fig.151Lathouriza.Isometric rcMoration of UnitI-IVaccording to the authorScaleI :200. AdaptedfromFig. 149 Fig.152.LathouriLaPlanof HouseXVIIIbyH.Lauter(late7thor early7thc.B.C.?).Scale1:200.Lauter, LJtthuresa ( 1985) 35. fig. 4 Fig.153.Lathouria.Plan of "suburban" ch:apelbyH.Lauter (c.700 B C.?)Scale1:200Adaptedfromtbid., 58.fig.8(seealsoAMaLarak.isAmaan,antnHonour of J.NColdstn:J.lTI,edCh Morris, 8/CSSuppl. 63 (1995)154, fig.17]. Fig.154. Anavyssos.Plan of LOnecropolis.Inblack: chthonian chapel {1-3) :andperiboloswall.1-nJ:wealthy LG tombs. Adnpted fromP.G. Tbemelis, ALl 29 ( 1973n4) Xpov..folding plan r. Fig.155.AnavyssosRestoredplan of LG chthonian ch.lpelScale1.200.Stippled: andbase. Tombs XXII, XVIII. LG Jla and LG lib. respective!) . Adapted fromFig.154. 20 LIST OF ll.LUSTRATIONS Fig.I 56a andb.Anavyssos. The necropoli;dunng (n) theLGUaand(b)theLGlfb penh. accordmg10I. Mom\Morr1s,Buna/ (1987) 84. fig26. Fig.157Soumon.Terneno.2:-lecropoh>"West4"(D52)3.5Gcometnc6:SGHou>eHll.J.G.7 Mycenaeanromb Ill W1th EAcull. Morris,Buna/ ( 1987) 70.fi g.20a. Fig.159Thorikos.Restoredplanof llouscIVL.J.GontheVclatourilull(SG).ScaleI :200.Adap1eufromJ. Scrva1s,Thonkos Ill1965.1967. plan ll Fig.160.Thonkos.Pl.u1of buildi ngs.UidtombsinNccropoh;WeM4.Inblack:building>andl.G tombsScaleI :200.Adapted from JBingen,Thoriko. Vlll .1972r76. Gem1984. 72. fig.34 Fig161. Thonkos.Tentauvercs1on111onof theplan ultheEGbudding accordmg10theauthorScaleI :2()() AdaptedlrornJ.Bingen, Thonkos Ill , 1965, Bruxellcs1967, plan ITTand !V ( 1966/67) pl. 6. Fig.162Thorikos.Planof the LGbuilding (inblack) and extcm of MG necropoli,ScaleI :200. Adapted fromJBmgen,Thonko>Ill1965.Bruxellcs1967.planliJ1bid,IV(1960167)pi6andMorm, Burwl ( 1987) 7 1, fig. 20b. Fig163. Elcu\is.Planof the area of thesanctuary in1l1eprehistoric periodaccording10 J. Travlos. JTravlo>. 81/d/e;"'kon 7ur Topographic des AntJkcn Atlllal, Tubmgen191!1!.106. fig.108. F1g164. Elcus1s.Plan of the area of the sanctuary c.700 B.C. accordmg 10 JTravlos (the archnectuml remrun\ ontheSslopesoftheacropolishavebeenaddedfromO.E.Mylonns.Elc:usis1mdcl1e11/cu.simtm Mym:ncs,Pnn,eton1961, pi5).AdaptedfmmJTravlo.,B1/d/e(1ktm zur TopographiC de\ Antikcr1 Alflk,l. Tiib111gcn1988,I H), hg.115 Fig.165.Thesanctuaryintheeraof SolemJ.Travlos,81/dlcxikcm/tlfTopogmpllicdesAn11k1:11 AttJ!J. Tiib1ngcn19l!N115. hg125. Fig.166. Elcu>IS.LH undGeomctnc tlrchilecturaltheTclcstenaCombmauon ulG.E. E/eu.,is and t11c Princewn1961,pl.6,1'.Dnrcquc.BC/1105(1981)603.tig. 4 and JTravlo,, ASAtcne 61( 1983) 326. fig.2 Fg.167.Elcusis(Tclcstenon).I. Restoredplunof McgaronB(LHII)Scale1:200.G.EMylonas. Eleu.* and the EleusinianPrinceton1961, pl.II, left. F1g. 168Eleus1s (Telestcrion)Phase 2Restoredplan of Building BIB 13 (LH IIIB)ScaleI 200. JTravlos. m Tempel und Still/en dcr Goller Griechc:nhmds. cd. E.Koln1970. 59, fig.5 Fig.169.Elcus1s Resl(lrcdplanof Bui luingBIBI -3according10Travlo,theory(c.750B.C.). Scale1:200Combmnuon of J ASAtcne6l ( 1983)326. fig.2. 331, li!l7 andFig.170 Fig. 170.Sketch of the Telc.tcrion m the8th c. B.C. accordmg 10 J.Tr;wlos.lb1d.. 331.llg. 7 Fig.171Elcusis.lsomctric rcMornuonofLG Telcstcrion bytheauthor. based on Travlos' rough sketch.SCemthepenod>Scale1200.AdaptedfromJ.Travlos, Bildlexikon /ur Topogrophir Anllkcn Auiku. Tilhingcn1988,112,fig.119. Fig174AreJofSa"cdHousePlanof"Megamn"mlronlof SacredbyJTravlo\. Unpublishedplanfromthearchives ol Trnvlo,mtheGreekArchaeologicalSoc1el)'(councsyGreek Archaeologieill Society). Scalel : 100. The origmalin pencil. ink bythll author. Fig175Elcus1s.Areaof SacredHou;,c.SecuonAAmtheareaofthe"MeJlarOn"andthe1ombncarthe SacredHouse.byJ. Travlos.NWtowards the ngh1.lJnpubl l\hed penc1ldrawmgfromthearch1vesol Travlosinll1eGreekArchaeologicnlSociety(courtesyGreekArchucologicalSoc1cly).Inkbythe author Fig.176.Eleuw.Areaof SacredSccuon r-r m the area of the "VIegaron" and the 1omb near the Sacred House, by JTravlosSW towards lhc lef1.Unpublishedpenc1ldrawingfromthearch1vcs of Travlos 111 the GreekSociety (courtc.y Greek Archaeological Soc1c1y).lnl. by the autho1 F1g.177. Grave of c.700B.C.d1scovcrcdm the vicimty of ll1c SacredHouse.J. Travlos. A SArene 61 (19R1)335,11g.12. F1g.178Elcu\is. Houo;e.Long1tudmal;ectionthroughRoomIll byJTravlosSW:left."'Eright pencildrawmglromthearch1vesofTravlosmtheGreekArchaeologicalSoc1ety Greek Archacolog1col Society).Inkby the autl10r. Fig179. EleuM., Hem-elsometncrcconstrucllonacconlmg10theauthor.Scale1.200Adaptedfrom F1gs. 173-174. FigIMU.SacrccJHouo.c.Graphicrestorationby II. Lauter. Lauter.Turkovuni(l\IH5)167.1ig. 22. F1g181Elcu.\1s.Arch1tcc1Uralremams at theE corner of the ;toa of Ph1lo.Inblackthe .Mycenaean "SacredHouse"anc.JCl>theKaU1choronwellScaleI :200.AdaptedIromG\1ylonas&J Travlos.flA[;" { 1952) pl.I. Fig182 We1 CemeteryTheHcro(>noftheSevenagamslTI1cbes"Scale1:200.O.E. Mylonru..To .:1 urtKOV NtlcporarpciovuJc;EJ.cvoivoc;f , Athens1975, pl. /\, 21 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS h g.183l:.lcusis.Area of templeofand of cschara by JTravlo)Curvedwallof theLG-I:.Apenod (Anemson)ScaleI :200.Unpublishedpenc1ldruw111ginthearchive>ofTravlos111theGreek Ar,haeologcal Soc1ct)(councsy GreekArchacOtructionor roofrevetmentof templeof Apollo(c.61!0 B C.).b: Method of liftmg ol Mone of thetempleof ApolloH.SHcspcrut45 (1976) 232. fig.9 and226. fig. 7. respect!\ ely. h g.194.lsthmia.Restoredplan of EAtemple of Poseidon.E.R. Gebhard&F.P.Heman.J./espem 61(1992) 12.fig. 8. r1g195lsthm1a. Topographical plan of the )Unctuary of Poseidon 10thelate 8th c. B.C. lhtd., 4,lig.I Fig.196.lsthrninSanctuaryof Posctdon.Ea,t TermccI.Trench8966.Planof hulortent(?).ScaleI100. /hid. 14,Itg.4. 197Solygeia (Galatakl)Plan of so-calledapsidal templePha.cl : ,.700 B C. phase 2 6th c.B.C.Scale I :200Adapted fromN. Verdelis,(1958)11 7.hg123. h g.198. Solygeia (Galatal..i). Sectionthrough !he w1dthof the structure.I. Surface layer.2 oft layer.3:hard layerN. Vcrdelis. Dinry.ligntp.2 1 (counesy Greek Archaeological Society). 199.Mycenae.Topogmphicalplanof acropolis andenvironsIEIAbuildmgsand'anctuary2Apsid.tl bmlding.3Paving; above chamber tomb 220. 4.Agamcmnone10n. The tombs wHiunthe CltJdelSM andPOAdapted fromE.French, BSA Suppl12 ( 1979) viti RndAntonncc1o, Am:cstor.v ( 1995) 31. hg3 fbased ooHagg. Grobcrdcr Argo/Js(l')14) 67. fig10). F1g.200.MycenaeA'ropoh;Sanctuaryupontherum'of theMycenaeanmegaton.AdaptedfrumM P Nilsson.TheMimlllliMyccmJctmRcltgwnilnd tiSSurvivulm GreekRcltgwa, Lund19501,474,fig. 202[from ChTsountru..flAE (1886) pilV) F1g.201.Mycenae.AcropohPlanof archllcciUralremainsol theGcx1mctric(?)periodScaleI :200.Ch !fA E ( 1886) pl. IV. Fit!202.MycenaeIsometricre!itorat1on(cut-away) ol.tpsidalhulldingaccordingtotheautltor.ScaleI :200. Adaptedtmm F1g204 F1g203a-bMycenae.Groundplan (a) and ground plan (b) ol ap"dal cult (") bu1ldmgE of the of the otlmcrcham". Scale1200NVcrdclis,IIAE ( 1962) 87. lig.lO anllIt g.9,respect1vcly. F1g204Mycenae. Restored ground plan of cuh bu1ldingScaleI .200.Adapted fromh g.203a. F1g. 205.Mycenae.Planof the Agamemnone10n. Scale1:200. JM. Cool...BSA 48(1953) pi136. Fig206.ArgosinthePGperiod.Adrotonotariou-Del laki,OtTVJt{JotTOO PhDdJ.SS,Athens1980. fig.I r.g. 208.Argos.Planshowmg rclntonsh1pof Geometricgrave; totheEGapsidalhousePCourhm. d'Argos I, Pari s1974, pl. 2. F1g209.ArgosPlan of EGapsidalbUilding. ScaleI ;200. Counc;yFrenchSchool of ArchaeologyatAthens (G. Touchais). Fig.210.Argos.Piliosproperty.Planof Geometriccult(?)building. ScaleI :200.AdaptedfromE.Dcilaki, ASAtcne60 (1982) 34. figI. F1g. 211Argos (Hcraon). Topographical planAdapted fromCBlegen, Prosymn11,Cambndgc1937, pl. I andAntonaccio, A11c:escors ( 1995) 55,Jig. 6. 22 LIST OF ILLUSTRATlONS Ftg. 212(Hermott).Plan of Old Temple Terrace (c.700 8C'I) and stylobatcof the fm.ttemple of Hera (ftrSIhalf of 7thc.B.C.'I).Adoptedfrom C.Waldl>tcincr al..The Argive Hcmcum l, Cambridge 1902, plVlll and1 Stmm. Acta.Arch 59 ( 1988) 179. llg. 3. Ftg213.Argo\(Heraton).Reconsuucuonof theroof oltheArgt'e buoldtngmodelbyHPayne.HPayne. Perochora I.Oxford1940, 46. fig. 8. Ftg214.(Hera ion).Planof thesouthern sty lobate of the EAtemple. Scale1200.I. Str0n1.Actnl\rch 59 (1988)181. fig.6. Ftg. 215. (Henuon).Suggested rcconsltltcuon of theEA temple by I. Strpm.f btd..183, fig.7. Fig. 2 16.TirynsintheEIAandlocationoftombsof theSMyc-LGperiods(afterHllgg) .ABuildtngT.B: or ovalPG buildtnginTrenchLVIll41AdaptedfromHfigg.Gr/JbcrdcrArgolis(l914) 77, fig12. Fig. 2 17a-b. Tiryns. Mudbrick or ovalof thePGperiod (a: I: 100.b:scale1200).KKilian, AA {1988) fig.5 between pp.108- 109. Fig218.Tiryns.Upper CitadelPlanof ButldtngTandof alwrlbolhrosandlocattonofvouvedeposit{c. 750-650 B.C.) of Hera. Adapted fromFuhrerdurdt Tlf'yns, ed. U.JaniLen, Athens1975.96, fig.24. Fig2 19. UpperCiwdcl.Planof Building T(LHIIIC)andLHliiB2mcgaron.Scale1:200.Adapted from CBlegen,Kor.lkou. BoMon &New York1921.131 , hg.135 Ftg220. MapI.Bnrbounah1ll :sanctuaryof Apollo.B.2.Gogonasplot.3.Kapsoraclmplot4 Levcndisplot .5.Samarasplot.6.LowerTown.7.'GeometricTerrace".8.Kannaniolaarea.a-c. Sacnficial depositsbytheLGfortilicauonwall.AdaptedfromS.Diet.Asmc 11.I.Stockholm1982, 10, lig2, B. Welb, tn &Jrly Grc:v:kCult PrJctJcc { 1988) 260. (og.I. Fig. 22 1.Asine. Tombs of thePGand Geometric periods (a her Hagg). Hugg.Gro'bcr clcr Afgolts ( 1974) 48.fig. 7 Fg222.A\me(Karmanolaplot).Combmedplanof I.HIIJC-LGarchuecturalandPG-Geomeuic CombmauonotS.Dctt.,Ash1e II.I. Stockholm19112.plansII,rv andV andB.Well;,Asmc U. 4: I, Stockholm1976. 8.lig.I and 1\.\mc 11.4:2. Stockholm1983. 27. fig. 8. Fig.223.Asme(Karmaniolaplot).BulldmgsBmd C,PGtombsandcultareaaroundpothos.ScaleI :200 Adapted frornB. Well&.Asinc II , 4:2, Stockholm 1983,21, fig. 2. 27. fig.8, and 29, figII. Pig.224. Asine (Karmaniola plot). The "sacrificial area"in Trench12. fbid., 29,fi g.I I. Fig225. Asme (Karmaruola plot). One-handled jug from"foundauon sacrifice" assocmted withBuildingC.B. Wells. Asine II. 4:3. Stockholm1983. 230. fig.173. no. 524 Fig. 226.Asinc(Karmamola plot).plan of BuildingB (earlylOthc.13.C.).Scale1.200. Adapted from S.Dtel7.Asinc II.I. Stockholm1982,57, tig. 56 Fig227A$mc ( Karrnamola plot)Plan of Build inC(lOth c.B.C) andPGScale1200Adapted from S. Doct.t.Asmc 11,I. Stockholm1982.52,1ig. 53 and B.Wells. Atd.ll),Stntctures 0. P.Q,PavingR andcirculruSuucture1-2.(LG)BSI,1354:LGtombs.ScaleI :200.Adaptedfroml.andR.Hiigg, Boreru 4:4 {1980)24,fig.13andJ.MFosscy.mncl.onovvqulaKiJ.14(1989)llapi.tpt111JU,60, fig.I. Fig. 232. Asine (Barbouna, Gogonas property).Plan of circular pavings inside the necropolis(LG). ScaleI :200. I. andR.Hfigg,ALl 27 (1972) Xpov., 232, fig.I. Fig.233.Asme (Bnrbouna, Samarasplot)BuildmgsU and T. B24andA73.93.Scale1200Adapted froml.HUgg,inExcavmionsmrl1cBmbounuArea1111,ed.I.andR.Hagg.Uppsala (Bore.t>4J{1973)]16, ftg. 3. Ftg234{Barbouna, Levendts plot). Plan ot LG ap"daJ bUJidmg.B2. PG bunal, B3-4LG chtld burials ScaleI :200.Adaptedfromib1d..30, fig.6 and 34, hg.12. Fig.235.Asme(Kastrakihill).Rectangularhouseof theLGperiod.ScaleI :200.Adaptedfrom0. Fr(ldin& A.W. Persson, Asioe. Stockholm1938, 39.1ig. 20. Fig. 236. A \Inc. "Lower Town' .PGbunah { 1-2.1-42, 45-46), Mycenaean (3) and Geometnc walls (4).Hagg.Grh'bcr(l974) 50. fi g. 8. Fig.237Astne (Barbouna summu).Plan of sanctuaryonthe summitof the hill . Acurvedfoundation(8thc. B.C.),Btempleol Apollo(l.ttc8thc.B.C.);Ctemenoswall{late8thc.B.C.?)0FrOdm&A Per>son,Asinc, Stockholnl1938.150,ltg.130. Fig. 238.Asi ne(Barbouna summit).Plru1of curvedfoundmion(B. 1mddle of the 8thc.B.C.) nndof temple of Apollo (A, last quarter of 8th c.B C.?). Scale 1:200. Adapted fromFig. 237 Fig. 239.Asine(Bnrbouna>ununu)Jsometncreconstntction(cutnway) of temple of Apollonccordtngto the authorScale1200Adaptedfrom Fig. 2311. 23 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Ftg240.Kynoruon htll. anctenl Eptdauros. Plan of !he Geometnc altarScaleI :200VLambnnoudalos.flA ( 1976). fig.I Ftg241.Kynoruoo h1LI,anctcnt Eptdauros. Plan of the sanctuary of Apollo in !heperiod.I: Hou;es. 2:Altarterrace(shaded:altaroftbcGeometricpcnod).3:GremTerwce.4Terraceofsacred buildings. AdaptedfromV.l-ambrinoudakis, MtvrwpI(1988)14. fig.Iand15.hg2. Fig. 242. Troilen.Plan of the sanctuary in the Geometric(?) period (after N.Farnklas).I: Geometric(?) temple. 2.Temenos.ScaleI :200.AdaptedfromG.Welter,Troilcnw1dK.11iwrcit1,Berlin1941.pl.ll :N. Faraklas,Tp01(1/via,Ka).aupia,MtOava, Ancu:nt Grec/. Cities X, Athens1972, 39, plan 25. Fig. 243Halieis (Porto Cheli)Site plan. AdaptedfromMJameson. Scientific Amcric.m234 (1974) plan atp. 13.down Ftg244tlalieis (Porto Chch)Sanctuary of Apollo. Orawmg by FCooperAdapted from1bid. plan p.115. Fig.245Hahets (Pono Cheh)Plan of the temple of Apollo byF. Cooper (themtcnor featuresof !he temple, wtththeexcepuonolthetwonor!hernba;e\tnRoom4arepost-c.700B C.).ScaleI :200B BergqUist, OpA rh18 ( 1990) 26, Jig.3. Pig.246ab.Aigion.Street 4.a:Plannnd of excavatedarcnbCut vet!wal l:T3(black). Scale 1:200.Adapted froml-.Papakosta,A140 (19!.!5)Xpov.,122, fig.10 Pig.247Aigeira.Planof thearclutecturalremainsofthel-HlllCandEIApcriodbontltesummitof the acropolis.A: ruler's dwelling? (10tb8thc.B.C.):B.EA temple.W.Al11nger.0Jh 54 ( 1983)Beiblau, 37,1ig. 2a. Ftg241!Atgetra(Acropohs).Pl.mof !heEIArem:unsARuler's dwelling'/B. OutlineolEAtemple.IU3 Anne' of BUtldmgA'' Scale1.200.AdaptedfromWAl11nger,Kho 61(1985)lig.24betweenpp 416-417 Pig.249Atgetra(Acropohs) reconstrucuonolButldingAbyEGrubmScaleI :200.Kl1061 (1985)429,fig.25b Pig.250.Aigeira(Acropohs).IsometricreconstntctionolOutldmgAaccordmgtotheauthor.ScaleI :200. Adapted fromFig. 249. Ptg. IAtgetra.Graphicrestorationof fragmentarybrontetripodof !he 9thc.O.C ..discoveredon alower terrace of the WAltinger,KllCJ 67 ( 1985) 449, fig.43. f'tg. Ralota (A noMa7.araki )Restored plan of the ap;,ltlalhck:uompc:don. Scale1200Combinationof M. Petropoulos,mnpaKrrl(111hlacl.)inMdc the LBAtemple (in outlane). ScaleI :200.CombinationofJ.L.Hesperia31( 1962)21!2,fig.4andMErvmCaskey. atJd ( 1981)128. fig.I. Fag. 285. Ay. lrini(Kca). Temple.RoomI. LM113/LIIIIA terracouastatue1- 1. The headwasreu;edinthe LG period. MErvin Caskey,Keos ll. I. Princeton1986. pl.69. Fig. 286. Ay. lnm (Kca). Temple. Room6 and ChapelBB. Composale sectionNW-SE. Ibid.,13, fig. 5 Fig. 287. Ay. lnm ( Kca)Temple. RoomI. Composttc section NW-SE.lb1d. 9, fig.I. Ftg. 288. Aylnm ( Kca)'fcmplc. Room3 and Structure CComposne -.ecuonNW -SE. Jb1d..II , fig3. Fag289Kasaro (Saphnos).Topographacal planAdapted from J.KBrock,BSA 44(1949) pl. I Fag. 290I).Graphic restoration of lhe gaac: afler J_Coultonlbtcl, fig7 Fig.301. Zagora (Andros).Isometric rcconstrucuon (CUhl"ay) oftorulic.uaon wall by J. Coultonfh1d . lig. 6 Ftg.302. Zagora (Andros)Gmphic restorauon otthc fortificationwalland .adJacent house< byJ. Coultonfbtd . fig5 Ftg303. Zagora (Andros). Section through a typacal house ofZagora byJ. Coulton.Ibid.. fig. 8 25 LIST OF [LLUSTRATIONS Fig. 304. Zagora (Andros). Isometric reconsU'Uctionof House DD6-8127byJ.Coulton. Jbid. , fig.10. Fig.305a-b.Zagora(Andros).Pla.nof thetwobuildingpha..wsof thehousesattheSWsideof thecentral quarter.Drawing by J. Coulton. ScaleI :200. Ibid. , lig.9. Fig. 306.Zagora(Andros).BuildingH 19and dependenciesandlocationof altar(LG) . ScaleI :200.Adapted from ACambnoglouct a/.,Z.1gora 2, Athens1988, pis. 9 und17. Fig.307a-c.Zagora(Andros}.ArchitecturalphasesofBmldingHl9anddependencies,accordingtoA. Cambitoglou. Jbid., pl.12. Fig. 308. Zagora (Andros). Planof the area of thetemple. ScaleI :200.Ibid. , pl.17. F1g.309.Zagora(Andros).Planof theareaofthet.crnple.ScaleI :200.A.Cambiwglou,ApxatoAoyuco Movacio :A vopou.OotfyOr;, Athen;1981,fig.II. Fig.310.Xobourgo(Tcnos).Mnpof area outsideEAfort ificationwall.Themelis,Grabbautcn(1976)planI between pp. 6-7. F1g.311.Xobourgo(Tcnos).PlanofBuilding1-VI(c.700B.C.-Classicai/Hcllcnistic).ScaleI :200.N. Konaoleon, flAE ( 1952) 531 f.,fig.I. Fig. 312. Delos. Plan of the Mycenaean and EIA remains in the central area of the sanctuary.AdaptedfromH. Gallet de Santerre,Delos primicivc et arcflaiquc, Paris1958, plan D. Fig. 313.Delos.Planof Templer (Sthc. B.C.'?)anditsrelationshipwiththePre-oikos of the Naxians.Scale 1:200.P. Courbin, Delos X.XXlll,Paris1980,16, fig.3. Fig.314.Delos.Planof Pre-oikosof theNaxian;, (firsthalf of 7thc.B.C.?). Shaded:8thc. B.C.wall?Scale I :200. Adaptedfromibid.,fig.J. Fig.315.Delos.Restoredplanof Pre-oikos of the Naxians according tothe author. Scale1:200.Adaptedfrom Fig. 3 14. Fig.316a-b.Delos.Cro;,s-scct ionsof thePrc-oi kosof theNaxians.a.E-Wsection:b:N-Ssection.Adapted fromP.Courbin,DCio< XXXIII, Paris1980.27, fig. 4-5. Fig.317.Delos.Artemision.Plan of successive bui lding phases.Stippled:Art.C (LH Jll):black:Art.E(c.700 orearly7thc.B.C.):shaded:Art.D(Hellenistic).ScaleI :200.Ph.Bruneau&J.Ducal,Guidede Paris1983,154. fig. 33. Fig.318. Delos. Restored plan of temple of Artemis (Art. E)according to the author. ScaleI :200.Adaptedfrom Fig. 317. Fig.319.Delos.Mt.Kynthos.Planof firstHeraion(c. 700 or early7thc.B.C.).ScaleI :200.Adaptedfrom De/o.sX,Parts1928, 151,fig.104. Fig.320.Koukounruics(Paros).Topographicalplanof thesiteduringtheElA.AdaptedtUtdrevisedfrom Morris,Burial (1987)147,fig.5 1 (planby P.and S.Jona),D.Schilardi,llAE (1983) pl.[.', opposite p.272andriA ( 1991)224,fig.Iandthemostrecentunpublishedtopographicalplanof the site ( 1994). Courtesy D. Schilardi. Fig.321.Koukounaries (Paros). Tcmativcrestoredplanof theEIAbui ldings on tlte summitof theacropolis. Scale1:200.AdaptedfromD. Schilardi,inThe Prehistoric Cyclades,cd.J. A.MacGillivray&R.L.N. Barber, Edinburgh1984,185,fig.I. Fig.322.Koukounruics (Paros). Acropolis.Restoredplan of BuildingsAC.A:c.900 B.C.; B:c.750 B.C.; C: c. 725n20 B.C. Scale 1:200.Adapted fromFig. 321. Fig.323.Koukounarics(Paros).Area of sanctuaryof Athena.Plan of the'Houseof theSeals''. ScaleI :200. AdaptedfromD. Schilardi.flAE (1987) 229,fig.3. Fig.324.Koukounaries(Paros).Area of sanctuary of Athena.A: Tcmcnos andaltar.B:Temple. C:"House of theSeals".AdaptedfromD. Schilardi,JJAE ( 1985)planonp.J 18;( 1987)229,lig.3.Locationof votive deposit17AE ( 1984) 287, fig. 7. Fig.325.Koukounarics(Paros).TempleofALhcna.ScaleI :200.D.Schilardi.in&riy GreekCultPractice ( 1988) 43, fig.2. Sec also id.. 17AE (1986)183, fig.6. Fig. 326. Oi.konomos lsi. (Paros).Plan ofEA seulemem. Adapted fromD. Schilardi, llA(1975) 206, fig. 3. Fig. 327.Oikonomoslsi.(Paros).Planof possibletemple(c.700 or 7thc.B.C.?).Scale1:200.Adaptedfrom Fig. 326. Fig.328.Del ion(Paros).Planof the sanctuary of Artemis.ScaleI :200.0 . Rubensohn, Dns DclionVOIIParos, Wiesbaden1962, foldingplanI. Fig. 329.Naxos. Map of lhe city of Naxos andsurroundings. V. Lambrinoudakis & G. Gruben, Apxa10yvwaia 5(1987188)pl.18. Fig.330.Grotta(Naxos).TopographicalplanofEJAarchitecturalremainsbythesea(1,Ia.2)andat Mitropolis Square (3).AdaptedfromV. Larnbrinoudalos, Early G1cckCult Practice(l986) 236,fig.I and combined withV. L:unbrinoudak.Js &Ph. ZapheiropNIou, 17AE ( 1985) pl.Z'. Fig.331. Groua (Naxos).Planof PG and Geometric inthe areilby the sea ( 1- 1A). Shaded:walls of the Geometric period excavated by N.Kontolcon. Tt(l Curved peribolos wall of thePGperiod; Tt5-TI6: Funeraryenclosureof theEGperiod(V.Lambrindak.is).1-5:PG 10mbs( J-4:Lambrinoudak.is;5: Kontolcon).A:"Paving".B:Pyrelinedwithstones.Scale1:200.AdaptedfmmN.Kontoleon,11AE (1963)150, fig. 21:V. Lambrinoudakls.flA ( 1984) 302,lig.1: (1985)146.1ig.I andpl.E'between pp.145- 146. 26 LIST OF iLLUSTRATIONS F1g3J2Naxos.squarePlanolexcavated architectural ScaleI :200VLambnnoudakis, pyov (1994) 63, llg50 hg333Mltroj)(lhS SquareFunerary'cnclo:.ure:. and ctrcular(EG-LG)ScaleI 200. Adapted fromV.EJI/y Gred. Cult 1'1--JCticc( 1986) 241, fig.12 F1g.334.Ina(Naxos).SanctuaryolDionysus.Combinedplanof1-WScaleI :200.V Larnbrinoudalm, A(1992) 210.hg. 10. F1g.335lna (Naxos).ResroredplanolTemple I. ScaleI :200.G.Gruben.grandsateliers d'archirecrure danslernonde egeen duVfsicde uv.J.CActes du colloquc tl' fsr.mbul.23-25 mw1991, ed. J.des Courtils &J.-Ch. Morcui, Pari'1993. 98, fig.I. Fig. 336.lria (Naxos).plan of TempleII. ScaleI :200. Adaptedfromibid.,I()(),Jig. 2. Fig. 337.lria(Naxos).Restored plan of TempleIll. Scale1:200. Ibid.,10 1,lig. J. Fig.338.T:.ikalario (Naxos).Topographicalplanof Geometric-Archaicnecropoli'and of Bujldings A B (MG-LG) and C(EA?). Adapted fromPh. Zapheiropoulou, Mngtw Grccitt18:5/6 (1983) 3. F1g.339Tsikalario(Naxos).PlanofBuildmgC.Scale1:200.AdaptedfromPh.Zapheuopoulou,Ad21 (1966) Xpov.. 390. fig3 figl40. T>llalario C'laxos).Plan olBuildmg AScale 1:200. Stateofpha.e 2Ad.lptcd fromtbtd. 396. fig. 8 F1g341Ts1kalario (Naxos).Building ARcsroredplan of phase I. ScaleI200Adapted fromFig. 340. h g342Tsikalario(Naxos).Planof Comple'BScale1:200.AdaptedfromPhZapheu-opoulou.Ad21 (1966) Xpov.. 394, ftg7 F1g3-13Vath}Limcnari(Donouoa)Plan of theMG >etllement.AdaptedfromPhZaphc1ropoulou, ' llipupa N.Tou).av6prt.MouoctoKudalitKrtt;TCXVIJt;. 19861989,Athens1990.45,fig.3 (plan by M. Chalkoutsal1s-J.Kostopoulos). Ftg344.VathyLimenari(Donou;a)Planof l louoeX6.ScaleI :200. AdaptedfromPh.Zapheiropoulou, Ad 25 (1970) Xpov. 427,fig. 2. F1g. 345.VathyLimenari (Donousa).Plan of llouse X7.Scale I :200. /bid. Fig.346.Minoa(Amorgos).ImaginativegraphicteconstructionofMinoa,byM.Korres.L.Marangou, Mi;vrwp 3 ( 1989)II . fig. 2. F1g.147Minoa (Amorgos)Topographic01lplan of acropolis. L. Marangou,IIA E ( 191!5)pl.I' after p. 200. Ftg.348Minoa (Amorgos).Acropoli;,.Plan of tower and postern gme of the LG wall on the acropolis (drawing by A.Gounaris). ScaleI :200. L.Marangou. flA ( 1992)192, fig. 2. hg349.Mmoa(Amorgos)AeropohsPlanofBwlrungK(drawmgbyA.Gounaris)Scale1:200L Marangou,'Epyov (1991) 96, fig.145. Ftg.350Minoa(Amorgos).Planof SPGHouse A Al onthe Sslopes of theh1llScaleI ;200.L.Marangou, flAE (1984) 370, fig. 8. Other stmtlar hou>es on the SW (flAE ( 1985)197,fig. 9)aodW (td.,flAE ( 1989) 279. fig. 2)of the h1ll F1g351. Minoa (Amorgos).Lower Town. Rock cutungs inthe spot of theHcllemsue temple aod cull area w1th Geometric build mg.penboloowallanda.h deposit funher 10theWe\t ScaleI :200.AdaptedfromL. Marangou,flAE (1984)pl.0' betweenpp.354-355,( 1985)181 .fig2,(1986) 220f..fig.2, ( 1989) 269. fig.I. THEEAST GREEK ISLANDS Fig. 352. Hcphai;,r ia (Lcmnos).Planof area of sanctuary. G.Messi neo, A SArene 66/67 (1988/89) 382, fig.I F1g. 353.Kabemon (Lcmnos).Planof lheK.1beinonby S.Martelli. The fiN Telcslc11on 111Squares L-0119-20. Adapred fromL.Bc!>Chi,ApxwoAoyia 50 ( 1994) 34, fig. 4 Fig.354.Mylileoc (Lesbos)Epano Skala.Achillco:. Street Planof the area cxeavaredInblack: ovalbuildmg aodwall (c.700-500B C.)AdaptedfromD.Cham.Ad 28(1973)Xpov ..fig.10 between pp. 516-517. Fig355a-bMylilcoe (Lcsbos).Epano SkalaAchtUcos Street. a. Tcnrauve res1ora11on of lite ground plao of the ovalbwlding(phase2:c600B.C.).b.Arclutccturalphasesaccordmgtot\.Spencer.ScaleI :200 Adapted fromFig354. Sec Alman. ARG(I985) 29, fig.12 and KSpencer, BSA 90 (1995) 297, lig.II. respccuvely. ftg356Antissa Map of rhcureaoceuptedby the ancient >elllcmcnlIlocauonof BuildingsIII-IV. 2:approximatelocauonof LGcurvilinearbuilding.3:locationof opsidulbui ldingof unknowndate. W. Lamb, BSA 32 ( 1931/32) pl.17. Fig. 357. Antissa(Lesbos).Plan of curvedwallof theLG period excavatedE of Bui ldings Jll. fV (area 2). Scale 1:200. Adapted fromD. Chatli,Ad 28 (1973) Xpov. , 519,lig.13. Fig.358.Anlissa (Lcsbos).Plan of superimposedcurvilinear bui ldings of theGcomctric-EA periods.Building Ul : unshaded.Butlding IV: blippled. ScaleI :200. W. Lamb. BSA 32 ( 1931/32) pi18. F1g.359. Antissa (Lcsbos). Buildmgs 1!1-lV. Cross-sections CD. AB andXV (d Fag.358).fbtd ..43, fig. 2. Fig360.Anussa (Lesbos) .Resroredplanof BuildingW(8thc.B.C.'l).Pha..eI. shaded.phase2(Wallsllld and g): unshadedWalllllc wa oppressed dunng phase 2. ScaleI :200. AdaptedfromFtg. 358. F1g361a-b.Anussa (Lesbos)Restored plan of B01ldmg IV. (a) pha>eI(c. 700 B C.)(b) phase 2 (7th c. B.C.) ScaleI :200. Adapted fromF1g358. 27 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS F1g362Antissa (Lesbos)Isometricof BuildingIV-I, accordmgto theauthor (cf F1g361a) ScaleI :200. F1g.363.AntiNI (Lesbos). A selecuon of find\ fromBlllldmg Ill (rough drnwmgs b) thea.phiale (d1am13,3c:m).b-dday(bd1an132c:m. c:7.3cm. d22.5,m). epyram1dalloom we1ghts (left h.8.1cm. right 6.8cm).fbron1cpm(L7.2cm). g-h: bronze fibulae(gBhnkenbcrg Type IVIO.W,2.5cm.h.Blinkenbcrg TypeIV:3,W.3.7cm).I:decoratedbonepin(Incm). J' octagonal bone obJeCtw1thincised decoration(IS.8cm)k. boneobject Withtnc1sed111frunlandridge at the back (I. 5,3cm). Depth from sea level: a.b,f,g (+1,75- l,SOm above sea level), c (+ I ,25), d (+2,25). c (+1.251,50), h (+2,25). i (+1.75), k (+0,751,00). jfromthedump andmaynotbelong tOthe apsidal bu1ldmg.Courtesy British School otAthensArchives. Fig.364.Anti!ISA(Lcsbos).AselectionoffindsnsstlCiatedwithBui ldingIV(roughdrawingsbythe excavator'/).a-c:bronze fibulae,w. 1.0. 4,2 and1,5crn, respectively(a-b:Blinkcnberg Type Xll :S).d: 1ron withhollow >haft.I.l 5cm.fromthe 11 11above Building IV(+3.25m).e:iron spcarheall fromabovethepaving.I.16.001:m(f.Rhodian(?)lampofthe6thcB CfromthetiLl ( t3,50m), diam. 9.5cm. CourtesySchool at A then:.Archive>. F1g165PyrrhJ (l...:,bm). Plan of archlleciUralremainsScale1.300.WSduenng. AA ( 1989) 349, fig.II Fig366Pyrrha (Lesbos).Plan of UnnI-IV and curvtlincar buildmgbeneathRoomIScale1200.fbtd..350, fig12. F1g;167P)rrha Po.sible reMorauun of the ground plan of the LGIEA bwldmgScaleI :200Adapted fromF1g366 F1g.168Emponu (ChiOS).Plan of the 7thc.B C'culcment onthe Wslopes of Prophete.' l'ha.'JBoardman, Fmp)Empono m the 7th c. B.CM;lp/hid , p.xiv.tlg. 3 hg.370.t'mpono(CIHos).Restoreddra,.ingofthe,culcmentHe1lmeyer,FGK ( 191!2)9H,tig.1!2[seealso M.l.Fmley (cd.),Atlas ofCI:ts.,ic.Jl Ardwculugy. London1977,fig. onp.146). Fig.371.l::mporio(CIIIOS)Acropolis.Plan of thetemple of AthenaScaleI :200.Ai.laptcdI romJ.Bo:trdman. Grttk Rmporio, BSA Suppl. vol. 6 ( 1967) 6,lig. 5. Fig172Empono (Chios). Acropolis. Planof the Mcgaronll.tll (c. 700 B.C.). ibid., 32. hg16. Fig.373.Empono(Chios).AcropolisIsometriCrcconmuctionof theMegaronHall.nccordingtothenuthor. Ad.1ptcdfromFig. 378. F1g374Empono(Ch1os).Possiblerestorationof planof firstphase of theLowa Mcgaron(c700B.C.). Adapte-dfrom J.Boardman, Greek Emporio.BSA Suppl. vol. 6 ( 1967) fig.18between pp40-41 F1g375Fmpono (Ch10s).Planof House A andLower Megaronlbtd F1g.376Empono (Ch10s).Planof Houses U andVIbid. 50. fig. 27. F1g.377Fmpono (Ch1os).Plan of House Glbtd..45, fig22. Fig.378.Empono (Ch1os).Plan of House 1::.lbtd. 44, ftg.21 Fig379.Empono (Chios). Plan of House H. JbuJ.,46, fig23. F1g.380. l:mpono (Chio:.)Planof House 0. Jbtd.,HI,fig26. F1g.381. l'mpono (Chios).Planof House I. Jbtd.,fig. 24betweenpp. 46-47. Fig.382.Empono (Ciuos). Harbour sanctuary.Plan of architectural remains. Scale 1200.!Ind., 54,tlg29 Fig.381. Phona1(ChiO>).Planof sanctuary.W. Lomb.BSA35( 1934/35) pl. 27. Fig. 384.l lcraion (Samos).Restoredplan of hckmumpcdon andAltars 1-VII (10th-7thc.B.C.). Combination of E.Ouschor,AM 55(1930)BeilagcII ;icJ.&H.Schleif.AM 58(1933)1521'.fig>3-4andBcilage XLVII , 3 F1g385llera10n(Samos).Viewof WextremityolSwall>of Hekatompcd:1Iand2E.Buschor.AM 55 ( 1930) 35, fig.13. Fig.386Hera10n(Samos).CrosssectionoftheWendofHekJtompedaIand2.Inblact...theremains tradlllonall:rannbutedtoHI ,theto H2E.Buschor &HSchleif,AM 58 ( 1913) Be1lage XLVll, 3. Fig.1K7llcr.uon(Samos).ArelutecturalremrunstradmonallyascribedtoHebwmped11nIScale1.200. Adapted fromF1g. 384. F1g388a-b.Hcra1on(Samos).Plans showmgnrchllecturalremrunsattributedto 1 and2.Scale I :200. Combmation of A.J\155(1930) Beilagc IIandAM 58 (1933)152f. figs3 4 F1g.389. Vroulia (Rhodes). Graphic recons!I11Ction of the settlement Heilmeyer, FGK ( 1982) 95. fig.80. Fig.390.Vroulia(Rhodes).Planof the sett lementAdaptedfromSmos,Hnusf'urmtn( 1971) II g.274(after F. Kinch,Vrouli:1,Berlin1914). Fig.391.Vroulia (Rhodes). "Suburban" chapel (late 7th c.B.C.).P.Kinch,Vrouli:J.Berhn1914, pl.I. Fig. 392. (Rhodes). Plan of Protogeometric hm"c. C.l.llinkenbcrg. I, Berlin1931, 5l!.fig. 7. ASIA MINOR 393JbTroyPlan of Circular pa,ing>Scale 1.200('Blegen.Tro;IV, Pnnceton19511.hg'369370. Ftg394Erythra1TopographicalplanlAPod tumotAthenatemple('1).I B"MegaronllallEAkurgal. Eothr.u.lmur 1979.2-3. fig. 2 28 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig.395.OldSmyrna.Topographicalplanof lhetown,showingthearchitecturalremains of theLGandEA periods.I:AreaofsanctuaryofAthena.2:TrenchH.3:TrenchB.4:TowerandNEgate.5: Fortificationwall2/3.AdaptedfromR.V.Nicholls, BSA 53154( 1958/59) pl.I andfoldingplanat the back of the volume and E. Akurgal,Alt-Smyma I,Ankara1983, fig. 2. Fig. 396. OldSmyrna.Imaginative reconstruction of the city inthelate 7th c.B.C.. according to R.V.Nicholls. R.V. Nicholls, BSA 53154 ( 1958/59)15, fig.3. Fig.397a-b:OldSmyrna.Sectionandgraphicrestorationof thefortificationwallintheGeometricperiod, according to R.V. Nicholls. WallI: c.850 B.C.Wa11 2:c.750 B.C. Ibid., from 51.fig.7. Fig. 398. Old Smyrna.Plan of the area of the sanctuary of Athena according to R.V.Nicholls (c. 740-650 B.C.). Inner Defense Platform:c. 740 B.C. First Ramp: end of 8th c.B.C.; Temple lA period:c.690 B.C.; lB periodmodifications:first half of 7th c.B.C. Scale I :200.R.V. Nicholls,inNew Perspectives in Early Greek Art,cd. D. Buitron-Oii ver. Hanover &London1991 .152,fig.I. Fig.399.OldSmyrna.Res10redplanoflheInnerDefensePlmform(c.740-690B.C.)accordingtoR.V. Nicholls. ibid.,152, fig.2. Fig.400.OldSmyrna.Graphicrestorationof lheInnerDefensePlatfom1,fromtheSouthaccording10R. V. Nicholls. !bid.,153, fig.3. Fig.401.Old Smyrna. Restored plan of thesanctuary of Athena (c. 690-630B.C.) according 10 R.V.Nicholls. !bid..154. fig. 4. Fig.402. OldSmyrna. Graphic restoration of thesanctuary of Athena (c. 690 B.C.) according to R.V. Nicholls. Ibid..I 55, fig.5. Fig. 403. Old Smyrna. Trench H.Plan of oval house after R.V. Nicholls (c. 900 B.C.).ScaleI :200. E. Akurgal, Die Kunst Anatoliens, Berlin1961. 30 I, fig.I. Fig. 404. Old Smyrna. Trench H. Graphic restoration of oval building by R.V.Nicholls. Ibid.,fig.I. Fig. 405. Old Smyrna. Trench H. Plan of House LV-LVI (first half of lOth c.B.C.?). ScaleI :200. Adaptedfrom E.Akurgal.Alt-Smyma l,Ankara1983, fig.3. Fig.406.OldSmyrna. TrenchH.Planof HouseLllJ-LIV(endoflOthc.-beginningof 9thc.B.C.?).Scale 1:200.Adaptedfromibid.,fig.3. Fig.407.OldSmyrna. Trench H.Planof XU, XLVI&XLVII(EG-MG).Scale1:200.Adaptedfrom BSA 53154(1958159)fig. 24 and by referring to E. Akurgal,All-Smyrna 1, Ankara1983, figs.12- 13. Fig.408. OldSmyrna.TrenchH.Plan of houses of thethird quarter of the8th c.B.C. ScaleI :200.E.Akurgal, Alt-Smyma l, Ankara1983, fig.14. Fig.409. OldSmyrna. Trench H.Plan of houses of the last quarter of the 8th c.B.C. (the two round pavings in Squnre El -2 date inthe 7th c.). ScaleI :200. Adapted from ibid.,fig.15. Fig.4 1Oa-b.OldSmyrna.PlanofarchitecmralremainsinTrenchB.(a)"Tholos",circularpavingand curvilinear houses of theGeometric period.(b)Reused"Tholos"and curvilincnt buildingof the early 7th c.B.C. Scale1:200. Courtesy R.V.Nicholls. Fig.411.Old Smyrna.Restored drawing of grannry byR.V. Nicholls (combi nation of' tbe "Tholoi"inTrenches Hand B).E.Akurgal, Die Kunst Anatoliens, Berlin1961. 301, fig. 2. Fig. 4 12. Old Smyrna. Restored drawing of House XXXVI! (cf Fig. 407) by R.V.Nicholls. Ibid..301, fig. 3. Fig.413.OldSmyma.GraphicrestorationbyR.V.Nichollsof early7thc.B.C.apsidalhouse.Imaginative drawingcombini ngfeaturesof the"Priestess'shouse"(Fig.402)andthehouseinTrerlchB(Fig. 410b).ibid.. fig. 5. Fig.4 14a-b.OldSmyrna.Restoreddrawingof HousedinTrenchHbyR.V.Nicholls.(a)Firstphase.(b) Secondphase (enclosure "c"represent.sa subsequent modificauon). (a) AdaptedfromE.Akurgal,Die Kunst AlJatolicns,Berlin1961.301,fig.4and (b)fromJ.M. Cook.TheGreeks in Ioniaand the East, London1962, 32. fig. 5. Fig.4 15.Miletos.Topographicalplan.I :Kalabaktepe.2:AreaSoffortificationwall(oval Buildings A-C). 5: Sanctuary of Athena.W. MUller-Wiener, /MBeiheft 31( 1986) 97, fig. 24. Fig.416.Miletos.Areaof templeof Athena.Circularpaving(shaded)of theLGperiodlocatedabovethe Mycenaeanforti.Jicationwall.Inoutline:EAshrine.Scale1:200.AdaptedfromR.H:igg,inGreek Rcnaissnncc(l983)191, fig.3. Fig.417.Miletos.Planof LGhouse inthebillof Kalabaktcpe.Inoutline:latermodification.stillof lheLG period. ScaleI :200. A. von Gerkan,inMiletl, 8, Berlin1925, pl. m. Fig.4 18. Miletos. Planof house on the bill of Kalabaktepe (c. 700-650B.C.). ScaleI :200.V.v.Graeve cuJJ., 1M 40 ( 1990) 44,fig.3. Fig.419.Miletos.Planof LGovalhouses(A-C) inthe area Southof theHellenisticfortificationwall . Scale I :200.Adapted from J. Kleine, IM29 (1979) vol.I,117, fig. 4. Fig.420.Miletos.Plan of "Altarbeurk" and partly reusedBuildingB (7th c.B.C.). ScaleI :200. Combination of V. vonGraeve,/M23/24 ( 1973n4) 72.fi g.2 and J. Kleine,/M29 ( 1979) 119, fig. 5. Fig.421.Miletos.1'wo terracoua horses fromHouse B.a:No. 81.L. 0,14m. b:No. 82. L.0,12m.Adaptedfrom JM29( 1979) pl.44. Fig. 422a-b. Ephesos. a:Curvedwallinthe Agora.b:Artemision. Ap>idalbui lding.ScaleI :200. Adaptedfrom F.Lang,ArchaischeSicdlu!lgcninGriechcnland,Berlin1996,fig.67andA.Bammer,AnatSt 32 (1982) fig. 3a and pl.Xlb [Fagerstrom, GIAA ( 1988) fig.lOll, respectively. 29 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 423Artem1S10nS.Artcmis1on. Plan of lirs1building pha:.cScaleI :200. Adapted from1h1d..149, lig.22. Fig.426a-b.Ephesos. Artem1sion solutionsfor the roof of the peripteros byA.Bammer.a: sekosand baldachin. b:the hyp:lethralsolution. Ibid.. 160,fi g.30. Fig.427.Didyma.SanctuaryofApollo.SekosI.Scalel :200.K.Tuchcll.Bronchidai-Didyma,A W Sondcrnummer22 (1991)19,1ig. 27 [cf. Drerup.Baukuns/ ( 1969) 60, fig491. Fig.428Tar>us.Planof Uni tU.phase 2(10th-9thc.B.C.)Scale1:200.H.Goldman,TarsusIll, Princeton 1963, plan I. F1g. 429. TarsusPlanof UmtU.phasesI (black) and2 (in outline). ScaleI :200.Combma11onof ibid., plans I and II CRETE Fig. 430.Praises. Map of the site.I:"Farmstead". 2:EIA sunctuaryonl11eThirdAcropolis. R.C.Bosanquet & HI. Marshall,BSA 8 (1901/02) pl.VU. Fig. 431.Praisos. Plan of Geometric "farmstead" or palace. Scale1:200. Adapted from1bid.. 238, fig. 7. Fig 432. Map of the Kavousi area.W.D E. Coulson, L. PrestonDay &G.C. Gesell.Hcspcrw 55 (1983) 392. fig. 2 Fig.433PachliLSaniAgriada(Kavousi).Planof ruralchapelafterSAlexiou(PGArchrucpenods).Scale I200.Drerup. B;wkuast ( 1969) 8, fig4 Fig. 434Vronda (Kavousi).Planof the selllemcnt.G.C.Gesell.L. Preston-Day &W. D.E.Coulson,Hespcn11 64 (1995)69, fig.I Fig. 435Vronda ( Kavousi).Restoredplan of Building A-B. ScaleI :200.Combination of W.D.E. Coulson. L. Preston-Day&G.C.Gesell,Hesperia55(1986)356.fig.I,358,fig.2andtakingintoaccount Hayden's planin Crctw1All'hirccrure ( 1981) fig. 52. Fig. 436.Vronda (Kavousi).Planof Building G. ScaleI :200. G.C. Gesell,L.Preston-Day &W.D.E.Coulson. Hesperia 64 ( 1995) 78, fi g.3. Fig. 437.Kastro(Kavousi).Planof Buildmgs A (Rooms 4144) andB (Rooms 45-48))ScaleI :200. Adapted fromFig. 438. F1g. 438.Kasuo (Kavousi).Plan of the senlement.AdaptedfromL.Preston-Day &W D. E. Coulson. Hespena 64 ( 1995) 93, fig. 8. Fig439.Kastro(Kavousi). Restoredplan of Building 9- 11112- 13. ScaleI :200.Adapted fromG.C. Gesell, L.P. Day &W.D.E. Coulson, Hesperia 54 (1985) 339, fig. 7. F1g.440.OreinoKastri.ImaginativerestorationofLMIIIC-PGsettlement.K.Nowicki,inFortificationcs Antlquac, cd. S. Van de Mucic &J.M. Fossey. Amsterdam1992, 63, fig.3.4. Fig. 441.Vrolcastro.Mapof thesite.E. Hall,Vrokastro.Philadelphia1914, map.Cf.also B. Hayden, Hesperia 52( 1983) 368, fig.I. Fig.442Vrolmsuo(Karakov11ia)Planof chapel(firsthalfof 8thc.B.C.).OrientationunspetoratJonof sectlement by K.NowcltiK.Nowicki, JbZMusMain7 341(1987) 220, fig.s F1g. 463.Karp hiPlan of the Temple. Scale1:200.B. Rutkowski,The Cult Places ofthe Aegean, New Haven & London1986.166, fig. 242. Fig. 464Karplu. Oraph1c restorauon of the temple according toB. Rutkowski.Ibid ..166, fig.243. F1g.465.Karph1Plan of Unit11-9/11- 17("GreatHouse"). Scale1200.AdaptedfromJPcodlebury.BSA38 (1937138) plIX. F1g. 466. Karphi.Plan of Unit135-144Scale 1:200.Adapted from 1b1d Fig. 467. Karphi. BronLc tripod fragment fromRoom137. Adapted from1bid.,pl.XXIX, no. 638. Fig. 468.KatoSymc.Sanctuary ofHermes andAphrodite.Plan of architectural remams (MMfl -th1rdc.A.D.). Squares 0 - 1/50-5 1: WestRoom (LMIIIC). Squares H-0/ 50: tripartite building? (late LMliiC-PO). SquareK 50PO and LG altars. SquaresK-A/49: straight wall (c. 700 B C.).Square V52: PG hearth. A (1985) fig. 86 [cf.latest updating of the plan in 'Epyov (1993) 102-103, fig. 97). Fag. 469. Kato Syme. Sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodnc. StruCtures and terraces of the Geometric andArchruc periods. A. U:bessi, A(1981) pl. A opposite p.I I. Fig.470.Smari.Planof fortifiedacropolisonthesummitof thehillofProphetcsElias(MMIIandEIA periods). Combinationoi' D. Chatzi, Lyktos I( 1984}10, fig.2and13,fig. 3. Fig.471.Smnri.PlanofBuildingA(SMin?-EO).Scale1:200.Adaptedfromib1d.,13,fig.3andid., J:uvrqpquq pvqptiwv TtxvrKi; nooc16olthecity ulMende,foundedby the Lrctrwns.Mtuatedc. 4kmtntheE. ConccrmngthentMendeo;ecAEMeI(1987)280-21!2.2 (198!\)331-337; 3 (1989)409-415, 4(1990)W9401(anlhclah:>treportv.earc aboutthedt-.covcry olthree ,upenmpo..:d ctrcular \tone platforms dated mthethardquarter of the8th cB C , towhtch a domestic funcuon assigned) "M.Robertson.BSA43(1948)IOif.,Drerup,BauJ.un.,f( 1969)74and11 9,R.M.Cook,"The Archetypal Done Temple',BSA 65 ( 1970)17,n.I ; R.V.Nocholls I Gnomon 44 (1972) 703undletter of Mnrcb28,1986) thatonlythefragmentsof theroofIBSA43( 1948)pl.45.no.600a-blandsome l'rogmcnt.'ishouldbeascrihcdtothemodel.whichwouldhuvcbeenc.0,45-0.SOmlong.AsDr.Nicholls informedme,the other fragment;(ibid.,no.600 c-1andpos'1bly g) are different m fabricandscale andbelong tovariousvessels. onequestionthevahduyofI.Beyer'srccnomructionandconcernongthemodel(Drr:M\und Pnmil5A,rretburg1976.26.J9f..n.84andpl.25.hereFig. 495);fora correct restoration see Schatmer, ( 1990) 29,tog.4,hereFig. 496. ExcavatiOns:GreekArchaeologicalSenoce.1898 1908(G. 191214(K..Rhom:UO>) Bohliography: G.A(1900) 179-181,KALlI (1915) 232-237, \lluarakts Atman, ROT ( 1987)263-265,761,768.id,BSA84(1989)273275(withfurtherbobhography).Lately,scholarstendto lower the daungof McgaronA to the LH Ill periodbu1thereasonsarcnol>pectlicdCf for instance B. Wells, II,4;2,Stockh11lm1981,118,R.HopeSunpson.Myccn.1CIIIIGreece.P:orkRidge1981.97andK. Werner,The Mcg11ronrlurinsthe Acgc.w and Anmolmn 8rtmn Age, Jon;,crcd1991 (SIMA108) 93,122. 1nR. HopeSompson &O.T.P.K.Dockinson,AG-.ueueer olAcg('M Ciilisation intlu:!)run--eAge I.TIJcMainltmd Jlld theIslands.SIMA52(1979)104onereads"Annpsidalmegaronand\omcrectangularstructure.arc apparently later straugrnphocally andmay be associated " oththe considerable quanuties of LHIll pouery f11und dtvt>ionas byKWardle)"Hov.cver.theremu.,tbea misunden.tandmgtorWardle ("Cultural Group'of theLateBron1eandEarlyIronAgem:'llonhWestGreece". IS(1977)1591conMdcr:. \1eg.lfOnA contemporary or ;,hghtly earlier thanthenctghbouronghouses whochwere de\t.royedinLH IIi\ GSotcriades,Ta cJ.)J;rli'Ot:r6qKTIOJJararou 0Cp1JOU,Athens1909,19: uJIIAE(1906) 136. 44 PARTIAPSIDAL.BUILDINGS whenLHIIA potterywas imponed.'3 Soteriades believed thatIt was a heroon,for he claimed to have foundm theapsidalcompartmenttwocremationbunals.oneof achild,theotherof awoman." however,refutedthisclaimandarguedthattheso-calledburialshaftscouldhave belongedtoahutpartlydugintotheeartJ1.1'Today,aftertl1epublicationofSoteriades' correspondenceby JPapapostolou,itseernsmorehkelythattombswereindeeddiscoveredmthe apsidalcompartment(Fig.46a-b),oneof whichcontained ashe\, charcoal. humanbones, fragments of bronzeobeloiandagold

Anothertombwhichcont:unedburntbones.fiveverylongiron swordsandafragmentfrom11''Geomctnc"vasewasdiscoveredbySoteriadesnexttotheW \tylobatcof Temple C.1.e. infrontof MegaronA"Inthe centr.tlcompartmeDLof Megaron/1.,next 10theaps1dalend,therewerenumeroussmallp1tho1andamphorae,placedupsidedownandfilled with ashes and animalbones (Figs. 45a, 46:1-b).The factthat these vaseswere inverted couldind1cate n cultof chthonian nature.perhaps associatedwiththe dead.' One wholepol, a kyathos (Fig.

wluchwasapparentlyfoundm MegaronA.hasbeen ascribedto theEIAbyK.A.Wardle,whohas Mudiedm detailthepotteryof Therrnon.2"It seems thatthisvasewas contamedinside agrave in the apse of the building.11 Therefore.thefirst conclusiontobedrawnisthatMegaronAwas either built or perhapl>more probably Stillstanding 10tbe EIA CENTRAL GREECE /1.curved Willint Delphi maybe ass1gnedto a humble apsidal(?) thoughitis equally possible that thiswaba nonnalhouseWithintheLGsettlement. The wallwasfoundbelow the small aps1daltrea;,ury(Bui ldingXXIX),Sof thetemple of Apollo(Fig.64: 1).11 Unfortunately,neither a descripuonnoraplanoftheedificehavebeenpublishedyet.theonlyphotograph publishedisnOt 1l1ewall1sbelievedtobecontemporarywiththene1ghbounngLG ll hasalsobeensuggested that there ex1sted at.:rncnoswall111the8th c.,but this cannot beproved.24 The prox1m1ty of this curvilinear strucrureto the later temple of Apollo and the factthat such planswerenottheruleinEIADelphi couldbe takenasindicationsthatitwasof bacrcdcharacter.21 However,theevidenceisinconclusiveandonewouldhaveexpec1edtofindthefirsttempleof 11 K.AWardle.GodMJill< 15(1977)163f..168 "G. So1enadcs, AF< 1logyoflbeHero",AnJIASror.Ant10(1988)24;I.Morris,"TombCultandtheGreek Renaissance",Antiquity 62( 1988)7.53f.;MazarakisAinian,Temples ( 1988)I 16;FagerstrOm,GIAA(1988) 59f.;F. Peaando,La cas. dei Greci, Milano1989,J.Whitley,"SocialDiversityinDart ABe Greece". BSA 86 (1991) 349f.; S. Scully,Homer md l.beSIICred City, Ithaca&: Loodoo1990,188,n.18;P.Bll)llle,in Zweibundcrt Jahre ed. J. Latacz,Stuttgart &LeiP'Lig1991, 46-.SO:K.A.Raaflaub,inibid., 48 PARTIAPSIDAL BUILDINGS ofthe8thc ...AtU:lhndi.we alre\hstanwhch.tlx10gh111totalcontrastwiththe architectural of theMycenaeanAge,isnevenhele:.snolessimpressive. 1be lxuldlng lies on tbe summituf a low hill , named Toumha (Fig. 80).hfacesE and measures47,C)()mm length andIO,OOminwidth(Fig.82)."TheW endisnot wellpreserved but there is ennugh evidence forthe existence of anellipticalapsethere."' 1l1e longsidesarc\lightly convex.' Theexterior walls are0,60mwideattheba...e,0.50matthelop.Theyarecomposedofa Slonesocleof a coar..e grey marblc9 whJch l>Upporteda mud brick In ceruun places the Mone'KJCie preservedtoa he1ghtof1,1S-1.30111andintheinnerfacea thick coatingof pla.o.ters preserved." 1be floorconsists of a thinlayer of claf1 which likethelowest courseof stonel>of the socle.restsdirectlyontherock.Rectangulartimberswereselagamsttheinnerfaceof thewallat inlervals of 0,8()..2, 1Sm(1,28- 1.83minsidea singleroom).HA simlar rowof support.\ ata diMa.nce of1,80mfromthe outerfaceof the two Sideandthe apse. set almtervalsvaryingfrom1,02to 2.47mandusuallymatchwiththe correspondingwall1be section of thepostsagain.\tthe walland of those of 1hcveranda wasrectangular (0,20-0,30mwideandthick),'' 2 11f :S.Deger-Jalkotty.1nTransizionc(1991)62:Vanscboonwinkd, ( 1991)122.124:D D.Hughes. Human SacrificemAncientGrr:ece,London1991,47:N.Kourou, KalAvaTOMKltMtOOysiOo'oe1oe1rolowo,KepKupo. 13-15OKT.1995,cd, SDimoulitsas,Athen>1996 (in press). ..Compare the dimensions of the building alLc:fkandi(c. 47,00 byIO,OOm)10those of the LG monumental apl\idaltemplesatErc:ma(c.3S,OOby 7,0018,00rn)andRalcita(c.27,SOby 7.S0m). none:of these buildings anains the moownc:otality of the PG edifice of Lclltandi ' ' by 13,1!0mveranda incloded. ..J. Couhon, inufbndtll, Part 2, London1993. '16. , .lbui., 3S. ..Ibid. 37. "lbui. : rubble masonry. twoahgncd set;. of and afillof smaller stonesinbelween. Ibid.,37f.Uptofour were:preserved(seealsoM.(>Qpllam,1nufhndi II.Part2.London1993. 13), eachcoul'lie 0,10-0, 12mbigb.IIsc:cntsthatthere:WM an alternation of severalcolours inthemudbrick superstructure:,a' inTemple8atKalapodi(p13fham,inLcfk;mdi ll.Part2,London1993, 23).Coulton(inibid.,37) notes thatthewalls of thesetwo rooms donotboodwiththe exterior wal l butmaintains that this shouldnot be regardedasevidence that theywere tothe origmal bui lding. "JCoulton. inLefkandi n, Pan 2.London1993. 50. "lbtd.. 44. "'MPopham. intbid.. 25f. For a delalled description see tbJd.,1722. ..For a summary descnptionof thefindsseetbid.,20fThegoldpendantwasahe11loomof c.2000B.C . fromBabylomaMPopham.mTheArchacolocyof GreekCclomsauonEssaysdcdJcatcdtoSirJohn Boardman, cdG.RTsetskhladze &FDeAngchs, Oxford1994.15. 51 CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY wrappedinafunerarydress. 17 Nextto thecremation urnwerefounda sword, a razor,aspear of iron andawhetstone,indieatjngthatthe deceasedwasawarrior.Anironlmifeadornedwithanivory handlewaslying beside the headoft11einhumed woman(Fig.93d).13 The northern shaftwas 110{as deepas the southernone (2,23mbelow the surfaceof therock)and contained theskeletons of four horses. The animals had been presumably thrown(or lowered'?) head first inside the pic Two of them had iron bits in their mouth." Fragments of a huge k:ratcrwere foundfrom above thefloor andin the lower pan of the filltothe Softheburials (Fig. 92).90 It isnot clear whether thiswasa"sema"or a cult vesselof some kind (see discussion p. 55ff.). Excavationsrevealedthattllismonumentalapsidalbuildingwasintentionallydemolished (though onlypanly dismantled), covered with earth andtransformedintoa tumulusc.4,00m highat thecentre andpresumably roughlyrectangularinplan:91 aroughretainingwallwasbuilt alongthe lineofthefacade,while theapsewas dismantledand aretainingwallconstructed in alignment with theW wallof theapsidalroom(Fig. 82).92 These twowallsserved to contain themound which covered the building!> In order to fillthe interior witll earth, aninclined ramp,formed of mud bricks stacked oneabovethe olherandearth,waserectedagainstthe outer faceof thelongwallsof the building (Figs.87-88).Soonafter,the areaadjacentto theE retainingwall,wastransfomledintoa cemetery (Fig.81). 94 "For a dcscripion of the seeM.R. Popbam, E. Toutou.pa &L. H. Sackett,Antiquity( 1982)172-173 and M. Popbam,inThe Arch/Jt:Oiogy of Grt:ek Colonisation. &says ckdicatcd to Sir John BOIIJ'dman,ed. G.R. &F. DeAngelis,Oxford1994,!Sf. For the bronze urn see H.W. Catling, tn Lcfbndi U,Part 2, London1993, 81-92 andid., inCyprusinthelith Century B.C., ed. V. I. MPG andLPG 1"1 R W. V. Cnthn!1&l.SLemos.m Lcfkand1 II. PartI, London1990. 3.92 ""Ibid., pasHm, csp. 4, 91-95. Sec also MPopham. E. Touloupa &L IISnckcn.BSA 77 (19!12) 247, n47. R.W.V. C:uling& I.SI cmos. in Lclkandllt, PanI. London1990, 221.;II WCathng,AR( I98V84)17. ""'Cat ling &Lemos,.. 92. ""Ibid.. 95. The pendant (Antiqlllt)56 ( 1982)piXX Ill b] perhapsantmportIromtheE(lecturebyMrPopham. Athens,Jan.12.19113)Nowsec M. Popham,10The Archaeology of' Greek Co/omsation.Essaysdcdic11tcd to S1r John Boardman. edG.RTsetslchlad7e &FDe AngeW.. Oxford1994,15 H. W.Cathng.m l.cll1mdt II, Pan 2,London1993. 81-92. The amphorotdwhich cont:J.incdthe of thewarrior wasdoubtlessmanufactured111 andwoulddate 111theUl lliC period dJ.:-i Coldsueam, ArchaeologytnCyprus19601985TheGeometricandArch;ucPcnods",tnArchaeologym Cyprus./960-1985, ed.V.Karageorghis,Nicosia19115, 51,H.WCatltng, 111Cyprus mtheI 1t11Ccll/ury 8C.. 53 CHAPTERICATALOGUEANDTYPOLOGY wh1chcouldhave beenhandedfromgenerauonto generauonprov1dehttle helpm datingthe burials. On the other hand, the huge krater which stood over or near the graves is definitely MPG. Thema1nquestionconsistsinestablishingwhethertheburialspost-dateorantedatethe erecuon of thebuild10g,m order todec1dewhether,as 1. CoultonputsIt, "lhe bu1ldingwas erected enher 3!.apnncely forthedeceasedbeforeh1sdealh, or 10urutationof (thoughposstbly grander than) such a residence.foruse after death"" M. Popham11'and J. Coulton111 suggest that thegravesareroughlycontemporary(infactsl ightlyearlier)withthebuilding andthereforeitwas builtinorder to containthe dead couple.Themainargumentsinfavour of such aninterpretation are thefollow10g 1 '( I) The traces of bum1ngbeneaththe clay floor of themainroomcouldbe takenas ev1dencefromthepyre on whtchthe warnor wasincmeratedThe ashes 10thebox10theSE comer of the same room wereperhaps collected there after the end of the ceremony. However. as menuoncd above, subsequentexcavationsprovedthattheburntareawaslarger thansuspectedinthe beginning andthatiteven extendedto RoomITitepresenceof a simi larboxintheNWcomer of RoomI, complicatesthesituation(2)Thegreylayerencounteredoverthefloorof theentire buildingand belongmgtotheroof wluchcollapsed, extended also over theshafts of thelnstde theburial p11s. th1slayerlaybelowthelevelof thefloor.A probable explanauon of thissuunuonisthatwhen thewoodencover of theshaftdecayed.the earthfi llover thegrave subs1ded,andw1thitthepon1on of theroofwhichhadfallenoverthepit.114 (3)Thepossiblewiderspanofthecentralcolumns 1mphedbythe of thesouthernburial shah,indicatethatthe archnecL\tookintoaccount the bunals. "(4). The butldmgIS situated tnSJdean areawhtch up to the present day has revealed nothmg else buttombs (cf. Ftg. 80)11and therefore it must have served funerarypurposes as well. Ontheother hand, certainfactstend,inmy optnion,toprovethat thegraveswere dugsome timeaftertheconstruction of thebuildmg:'" (I)Itwa.\observedthatthe claynoor of thebutlding d1dnotextend over lhcpus of the (m fact.m thesectionpublished-Fig. 91- 11not placed on the summu of themound. The obvaous solution would be thatthe kraterwascontamedinMdethebuildmgwhich&ervedforashonperiodasaheroon,butfor;orne reason (technical failure? earthquake?) itwas soon abandoned.U Ontheotherhand,thediscoveryinI994of ahugekrater111thefilloftheshaftofa cremationwarriorburial atToumba.datedintheSPGlJperiod(early9thc.B.C.),all owsoneto assumethatsuchservedduringthefuneraryceremonyinconnectionwithrichbunals.ll" '"See J. Coulton. onLefkand1 ll. Pan 2.London1993. 551. ouMPopham, LefkiUidoll,Pan 2. London1993.100 whonotesthatthecemeteroes m w.eintheMPG periodweresotuatedntadJstanceofc150mfromthebuolding(SkoubmandPahaPenvoha,80) Concemong the argument olproximity ot grave, ;ec aho J P. Cnelaard & J. Dnessen.TOllOJ 4/1( 1994) 2631. '"MPopham. onLcfk;mdoll , Part 2.London1993.15. 11'L.H. Sackell (Lcfkmodi II , Part 2,London1993. 74)thatthe smallfindswhichcame from pusbeneaththetloor"couldhavebeenbuncda;offeringsatthetimeof constructionofthebuilding,or overlookedana udymg up 1>roccs; not long befon: thebui ldi ng itself buried". '"M R. Popham&1..11.Sackeu. Bxcav11/JOM111l-cf1awdi.Euboc111964-66,London1968,14,/Jun.ol (1987)106 '"'The argument of the excavators"thatthe buoldanghadbeen Imleusedbefore itsabandonment"smce"the earth andclaynoorsthroughoutthe strUCturehadbeen sotittletroddendownandcompacted" (M.Popham, on Lt:fkandJ U. Pan 2.London1993, 98) IS indeed a correct observation but one should notforget thatthe deceased wamorwa:.only30-45yearsold.andhasfemnlecompanionbetween25and30(ibod.,ox)Smcethe mtcrpretauonotthefuncuonof thebuildmgmustbecloselyhnkedwtththelife anddeath of theowner&and occupants of thebutlding. the :.hort period of itsuscfavours m fact the "anuktoron"versusthe "hero()n"theory. Moreover. if thewarn01himself tookthe decistonto buildhissumptuousdwelling.hecouldnotht1vc dwelt inside morethan30years,atthemost.Anotherlcs>likely possibility couldhavebeenthatthewarrior docd during the construction of house and u decisionwas then takento buryhunat tlte centre of the bualdmg. "'M. Popham, in Lclk;mdi II.Pan 2,London1993,16f..100. uJ.P. Crielaard&J.Dnessen.TOflOJ 4/1(1994)260f.suggestthatthekratcr ongmallya domc>Uc, feasung vessel,perhap>reusedfor a wlule for funerary purpose". 19 Hypothc>oS.usuunedbyPopham [Lefkandoll . London1993. 98) and J PCnelaard &JDriessen.TO!lOJ 4/1( 1994) 264. Sec al'o l'aj!er:>tromI G/AA( 19118)163) who speak. olthe "dasastrous failureof theHcroon al Letlmndo".presumably tmplyongthatit sulfcrcd adamage due to tcchntcdl tncffocicncaes. '"M.R. Popham&I.SLemolllatH.GoldmaJlwasaware of this fact, for 10apassagewherethe author suggesu.thatthe building mayhavebeen stand10g during the M1ddleIronAgephase (c.850-700B.C.) one reads:"The only ev1dencefor theposstble continued useof UnllUisthe east wallof UnuP,wh1chextendedthelineof theapc;e'swest wallfor some fourteenmeterstothesouth,10sectiOn\of stoneandcrudebrick" Inmyopimon.onesbould cons1derthepossibilitythatthi\wall.whichpresentsaslightlyconvexcurve,mayhave belonged to theWwall of UnuU2,for itrestsImmediatelyupontheHittitc/Myccnaean levellike the 11'J.Coulton.inLelkandi II.Part 2.London1993,49 ("afunerarybuildingsetupanimitauonof ahouse"). Same suggcslionbyC.Berard,11/12 (1986)10who adopts anidea verbal lyfonnulatedby C. Krause In 1981 "' M.Korfmann,"Besik-Tepe.VorbcnchleuberdteErgebnissederGrabungcnvon1984".AA(1986) Jll329.1d.."Bestk-Tepe.Vorbenchle ilbcr dieErgebnisse derGrabungenvon19115und1986".AA ( 1988) 39Sf, MABa>cdow.AlA 99 (199S) '\43. J PCnelaard &JDriessen,TOnOI411( 1994) 26S. n. 82. '"'H.Goldman,Tarsus III, TextThe Iron Age. Pnncelon1963, 3-S "lb1d. 6. 57 CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY apse. 142 So It shouldnotbeexcludedthat theapsidalbuildingmeasuredatleast28,00minlength (Fig.428). Inside the apse three floors were recognised. Thelowest, at15,70, appearsto be relatedwith Lheoutercurvedfoundationobservedontheplan(WallI ,Fig.429)anddatesinlheLate Mycenaean/Hittitc period. This floor yielded masses of loom and ahearth. Thus it seems Lhat therewasnlargeapsidalbuildingatthesamespotintheLBAaswell(UnitU1).'4lThetwo floors, at 15,48 and15,25, arerelatedto thenew apsidal edifice, U2 (Fig. 280, in outline), formedbyWalls2, 3 and4.Onthe second floor therewas a recLangular structure.lt is situated near the rear end,inthe centre of thebuilding and seems tohave beenflooredwithpebbles. This paving (?)bringstoone' smindthe circular pavementinsideUnitIV-IatNichoria(Fig.259).The edifice waspresumablyinuseuntilc.themiddle of the8thc.'""bywhichtimeafewGreeksat leastmay have established themselves at the site.''5 Building U2 m Tarsus is importantforour study, forthere may be aconnection of some sort betweenthis edifice aodthe roughlycontemporary s imilar buildings inGreece, especially sincethere isevidenceforEuboeanpotteryfromthissite,thoughofaInterdate(LG).Inthisrespectitis regrettablethattheexactdateof constructionwasnotfixedwithaccuracy.Moreover,weshould recallthattbevariouschronologicaldivisionswhichwereputforwardbyH.Goldmanandher collaborators are sometimes judged too high.146 Hence, one cannot say whetherUnitU2 was erected before lhe"Herooo"of Lefkandi,or theotherwayround.Inmyopinion,theformerwasprobably erected earlier, foritis built uponanedifice, of the end or theLBI\, simi lar in shape andorientation, but this does notnecessarily imply that theimpulseto erect monumental apsidal buildings came from theEast.Indeed,thereasonsfor the reappearance of theapsidal planinGreece after lhc collapse of theMycenaeancivilisat ionaremorecomplexthanseemsatfirstsightandIhavedealtwiththis question elsewhere. ' " Building AatEretria, also knownasthe"Dapbnephoreion" or "baybut"(Fig.105),inmy opmion,contrarytothewidespreadopinion,mayhaveoriginall ybeenadwelling.HThebuilding 141 fb1d. 143 Unfortunately, onlythe northern extremityand lhe beginning of the a,p;.e of lhc NElongwallare preserved to alengthof c.10.50m. Sincehowever l11eEIAapsidalcditicc (UnitU2)followslhe same lines of theLBA bUildmg,oneassumesthatthewidthof bothsrructUreswouldhave beenapproximatelylhe same(c. 9,00m}. Thepresence of lateLHUJBandLHlliC potteryat Tarsusissometimestaken asanindicationthat atthat periodthere was anin nuxof Mycenae.1nsatlhc site.StiU,oneisunable to decidewhether thebuilderswere Mycenaeans or natives.SeeII.Goldman.Tarsus II,Princeton1956,205-209.350f.:G.L.Huxley,TheEwly lonians,NewYorkl966, 21: T.J.Dunbabin.Theand their EasrcmNeighbours.Londonl957, 32f.: J. Boardman,The Greeks Overscm,Londonl980335: E.B. French, AnatSt25 ( 1975) 53-75. '"'Cf.H.Goldman,Tursus IU,Princeton1963, 6f.Uni t Pa-dwhichused as anE walltheWwallof UmtU2 was perhaps bui ltaround the middle of the 8th c. This unit ititsturnwas destroyedin 696 B.C., whenlhe town wassackedbyScnnachcrib.AbovetheapseorUni tUthere abuilding,Unit0.whichhasbeen convincinglydatedbyBoardmanafter696:JHS85( 1965)10andG.Hanfman,"OnSomeEasternGreek Waresfoundat Tarsus",inTheAegean and theNe.u East.Studies prcscnlt!d to H.Goldman,NewYork1965, 122. '"ItISpossiblethatsomeGreeksmayhave scltlcdatTarsusaround800.SecHanfmann,op.cit.,165ff.;J. Boardman, AIM1111JandGreekChronology",JHS85( 1965)10;id.,TheGreeksOverseas,London 19803,43-45;T.J.Dunbabin.TheGreeksandt11eirEastemNeigllbours,London1957,31 -33;N.Kourou, "EupmoKOIAVO.TOAlKflMEOOy&IOc;one; opxec;Tile;1tPOO't11c;XtA.tuittc;", AEM29 (1990/91) 261. 146 J. Boardman.JHS85 ( 1965)IO:Snodgrass, DAG(I971)115. ' "A.MazaraldsAinian,"LateBronze Age ApsidalandOvalBuildingsinGreece andAdjacentAreas",BSA 84 ( 1989) 269-288. '"Excavations:GreekArchaeologicalSociety,1900,1910(K.Kourouniotes):SwissSchool,1970-73(C. Berard).Bibliography:K.Kourouniotcs,llAE( 1900)53-55&( 1910)267-269;C."Architecture crctricnne etmythologicdclphiquc",AlliKt4( t971) 59-73;K.Schefold, A.d26 (1971}Xpov..268-270; 27 ( t972)Xpov ..357-359;M.Ervin-Caskey.AlA75( 1971)302:J.-P.Michaud.BCH 95(1971}10031'.;96 (1972) 758;98 ( 1974) 687;P.Auberson&K.Schefold.Flihrer durch Ere/fia.Bern1972,II Sf.;P.Auberson, "Larccon!.litutionduDaphncphon!ionAntK11(1974}60..68;Ph.Bruneau.REG89(1976}pp xjii-xvi:Coldstream.GO(1977)322-324;C.Sourvinou-lnwood.CIQu73(1979}234-238re-editedwith changes10her book''Reading" GreekCui cure,Oxford1991. 21 1f.,n.20;L.Kahil,"Contribution!'etude de I'Erctriegcomctriquc",in.EriJJ.IJ.TO!JO.1 Theedificewaspreservedevenaftertheerectionofthe hckatompedon of Apollo (TempleD).The discoveryof a mid-9thc.warrior burialintheimmediate vicini ty,164 acremation(?)pyrec.60mtotheE (Fig.101:26),16.5andof aPG(!)burialc.200m furthertotheSE (Fig.10 I :23).'66 aswellas thefmequalityof thepotteryfromthe area,whichneed "' M. Ervin-Caskey,AlA 15(l97l) 302;J.-P. Michaud,BCH95(1971)1004;P. Auberson&K.Schefold, Fuhrer durch Eretrin.Bern1972.I 19. "'C. Berard,AntK 14 ( 1971) 63. "9 ApartfromBuildingsBand Cinthe (Fig.105)sec L.Kahil.AmK24 (1981) 85f.,fig.9 (Fig. 109). Two circular claybaseshavebeenalsofoundby P.G.Thcmelisinbuilding plot 740:Maz.arakisAinian, G( 1987) 8,n. 25 &9, n.28.here Fig. 116(W of the curved stone socle) andFig.118 (on the rightbank of the 1orre.n1).Similarcon1emporarytecbmqucs(thoughintheformofpostholes)eMbeobservedatthe neighbouringahugeapsidaltemple (Building D. Fig.105).m The rums were at fi rst attributed by K. Schefold to a"stoa" and a"megaron butldtng"(totheS).116 In1969,P G.Themelisproposedtoidentifytheremainswithanapsidal temple. 71 Subsequentexcavationsconfirmedhtsopinion.ThebuildtngfacestowardstheSEand c.34,50/35.00minlength'" and7,00to8,00minwidth.Themeasurements of thewidth vary,due toa slight convexcurve of thelongwalls.The stone foundationsare 0,50 to0,60mwide andthesuperstructurewasof mudbricks.Alongthecentralaxis,threestonebasesbelongingtoa woodenaxial colonnade, were preserved.The remains of an antafacade seen on the plan (Walls6-7), belongtoanearlierunfinished(?)building.mInfrontof thetempl estoodasquarealtarwitha circular sacrificial (?) pit in its centre (Structure F, Fig.104) The apsidalhekacompedon has been tentauvely datedbetweenc.740-720.'10 No pottery from thehekatompedon hasbeenpublishedyet.butit wouldbereasonableto assume that theedifice was noterectedbefore thebeginning of thelastquaner ofthe 8thc .formonumentaltemples arefirst encountered towardsthe end of the8th c.andthe early 7thc.Asfor the date of the altar,itremains for the ume beinguncenain, thoughttwould \eem thatthecircular was but Itbeforethe end of theMGIIperiod(presumablycontemporarywtthBuildmgA),whtletherectangular element would have beena later addition (Fig.104), posstbly stiJJ of the 8th c.(contemporary wnh the apsidal hekntompeclon?).'" Bron1.e offerings were found scattered on the floor of thebuilding,includinga Nonh Syrian bronzehorseblinker,datedinthethirdquanerofthe8thc.B.C.:anidenticalblinkerwithan Aramaicinscription wasfoundbyK. Kourouniotes inthe samesanctuary,presumably inthe area .,.C.Bt!rard["Argourafut-elleIac11piwlcdesfuturscretriens?'',MusHclv42(1985)274:"Apollon porte-launer". AUJJix;11/12 ( 1986) 7-10] maintams concerning the so-called "Bcrc>On"atLefkandi, that "nous sommes en prt!sence de IarcprtsentaLJondumodele de Ia derniere demeure d'un chef xc!ropolttain,c'est-a-chre crctrien"Despite the factthatI amnot&O aboutthesupposiuonthatthe ed1ficeof Lefkand1represents a large-scale modelof aruler's res1dencenor am I 10agreement withthe theory thatXeropolis/LefkandJ should be 1dcn11fiedw1thStrabo's"Oid-Ecetria"IMWU'akisAmian,GE (1987) 21f ]. one could arguethatthis swement. 10away,suits beller whatone observes atEretria,though, as atLelkandi.Bmldmg A appears tohavebeenthe actualresidence of a leader subsequently mto a kind of "Herc>On' . mExcavations:Il:nu:lk:School,1964 65(K.Schefold);1970-71(C.Berard).Alliu::Greek ArchaeologicalSociety,1900(K.Kourouniotes):1955(J.Konstantinou);SwissSchool,1981(A. Althcrr-CharonandS.Amstad). Bibliography:K.Schefold,ALl20 ( 1965)Xpov., 275: 26 ( 1971) Xpov., 268; 27( 1972)Xpov.,357;id.,AntK 9(1966)11 5f.;17( 1974)69f.;J.-P.Michaud,BC/195(1971)1003f.;96 (1972)752.758:98( 1974)687:P.Aubcrson&K.Schefold,Fiihrer durchErctrin,Bern1972,116-118; Kalpax1s,Baukunst ( 1976) 27f.: Coldstream.GO ( 1977)196; Snodgrass,AG ( 1980) 59; C.Berard, "Le premier temple de Inciu! grecque",AntK 25(1982) 91f; 1d.,"Apollonpone-laurier", LltOJJOI;11112( 1986) 7-17. esp. 7-11.\1nz.aralcisA10mn.ROT ( 1987) 55-1-556;id,GE (1987)13;Fagerstr6m.GIAA(1988)56.Concerning Altar F seeK.Kourouruotes.llAE ( 1900)55,JKonstantinou.llAE ( 1955)126f;J -P.M1chaud.BCH 96 (1972)758,AAltberr-Charon&S.Amstlld,AntK 25(1982)156f.;H W.Quhng,AR (1982183)18;G. BCH 106 ( 1982) 597,ACharbonnet.''Le dieuauxlionsd'Eretrie",AnnOrNap 8 (1986)117-173. Mauraloas Am1an,G(1987) 13; FPesando, La casa dc1 Greci, Milano1989. 31 An1K9(1966)115. '"A(1969) 164f.,fig.8. 11"Thedifferentorientationof thetemplecouldbedue tothelackof spaceinthearea. Thefacadewasnot preservednndtherefore its formunccnain. Yet,thepreserved height of Wall7 couldsuggest that it was reusedas a socle of the frontwall. inwhich case, thebuilding wouldhave been an Oneisnotinformedwhythesetracesof anearlier edificeareregardedasthetraceslcflbyanunfinished bu1ldingandnot simplyallthat has beenpreserved of thisbuilding. ""C. Berard.AntK 14(197 1)65;25(19112)91:A.Altherr-Charon.AIIIK 24(191! 1)81:id.&C.Berard,in L'JJ'Chl!ologic aujourd'hui, edASchnapp. 1980. 234:A. Charbonnet,AnnOrNop R ( 1986)117- 173. See abo Kalpaxis.Boukunst(l916) 27: "Spatgcomctnsch" "It seems thatamong