Module title: Witches, Heretics and Social Outcasts:

Europe and its Outsiders c.1250-1550

Module code: HS3T39 Providing Department: History

Level H Number of credits: 20

Terms in which taught: Autumn or Spring Module convenor: Dr Helen Parish

Pre-requisites: None Co-requisites: None

Modules excluded: None Current from: 2005-06

Aims:

Topics involve the study of specific periods, subjects or types of history. This topic

aims to provide students with an understanding of the rise and spread of „deviance‟ in

western Europe during the late medieval period.

Assessable outcomes:

By the end of the module it is expected that the student will be able to:

identify and explain the main issues and events studied

acquire a detailed knowledge of the events through extensive reading in

specialised literature

locate and assemble information on the subject by independent research

appraise critically the primary sources and historical interpretations of the subject

organise material and articulate arguments effectively in writing, both under timed

conditions and in assessed essays.

Additional outcomes:

The module also aims to encourage the development of oral communication skills and

the student‟s effectiveness in group situations. Students will also develop their IT

skills by use of relevant web resources.

Outline content:

Late medieval Europe has been described as „a persecuting society‟ in which the

enforcement of orthodox of belief and behaviour resulted in the exclusion and

persecution of individuals and groups as diverse as Christian heretics, Jews, women,

mystics, and witches. This Topic will examine the rise and spread of „deviance‟ in

western Europe, and the strong reactions aroused by crimes as diverse as blasphemy,

witchcraft, and infanticide. It will consider the factors that underpinned the

determination of the authorities to define and enforce orthodoxies, and the methods

employed to bring about conversion and integration, from preaching missions to

segregation to persecution. Seminars will explore the treatment of various groups at

the hands of church and state, including witches, heretics (Cathars, Hussites and

Anabaptists), lepers, and Jews. Consideration will be given to the efforts made to

stamp out doctrinal error, superstition and magic, but also the degree to which

toleration was advocated and practiced. Specific case studies will be set within a more

general historiographical and theoretical context. Students will also be introduced to a

broad range of primary source materials, and encouraged to reflect upon the

difficulties posed by the use of such records.

2

Brief description of teaching and learning methods: Seminars for which students must carry out full preparatory reading and research.

Seminars rely on structured group discussion and may also include: seminar papers by

students; discussion of evidence; team-based exercises and debates; study visit to a

relevant location. Students are expected to carry out self-directed revision in the

Summer term. Staff will be available for consultation as necessary.

Contact hours:

Autumn or Spring Summer

Lectures none n/a

Tutorials/seminars 30 n/a

Practicals none n/a

Other contact (eg Study visits) n/a

Total hours 30 n/a

Number of essays or assignments 2 n/a

Other (eg major Seminar paper) see above n/a

Assessment:

Coursework

Students will write two essays of not more than 2,500 words, one to be submitted on

the Monday of week six of the term and the second on the Monday of week ten of the

term.

Relative percentage of coursework 50%

Electronic submission

The Department reserves the right to ask (via e-mail) for an electronic copy of any

essay (in addition to the hard copy). This allows for the calculation of an accurate

word count. In the unlikely event of any coursework showing signs of poor academic

practice, electronic submission allows work to be read by plagiarism-detecting

software. The electronic copy should be supplied within 48 hours of a first request

being made. In the event of any failure to supply an electronic copy within seven

days of the request, the department may impose standard penalties for late

submission.

Penalties for late submission

Penalties for late submission of coursework will be in accordance with University

policy.

Examinations

One two-hour paper requiring two answers to be taken at the time of the Part 3 examinations.

Requirements for a pass

A mark of 40% overall.

Reassessment arrangements

Re-examination in September. Coursework will be carried forward if it bears a

confirmed mark of 40% or more. Otherwise it must be resubmitted by 1 September.

3

Witches, Heretics, and Social Outcasts in Europe

Course Outline

Week One

a. Medieval Heresy: Introduction

b. What is a heretic?

c. INTRODUCTION: Waldensianism

Week Two

a. SOURCES AND DEBATES: Waldensianism

b. INTRODUCTION: Pre-Reformation heresy

Week Three

a. SOURCES AND DEBATES : pre-Reformation Heresy

b. Seminar Presentation planning meetings

Week Four

a. PRESENTATION: lepers and leprosy

b. PRESENTATION: Jews in medieval and early modern Europe

Week Five

a. PRESENTATION: Women, religion, mysticism, prophecy

b. PRESENTATION: Women and witchcraft

Week Six

a. INTRODUCTION: Reformation

b. Martin Luther

Week Seven

a. SOURCES AND DEBATES: Reformation

b. INTRODUCTION: Religious radicalism

Week Eight

a. SOURCES AND DEBATES: Religious radicalism

b. INTRODUCTION: Understanding early modern witchcraft

Week Nine

a. SOURCES AND DEBATES: Witchcraft

b. GROUP DISCUSSION: interpreting witchcraft: case studies and context

Week Ten

a. Conclusions

b. Revision tutorials

4

Additional Information

1. Seminars

Attendance at all seminars is compulsory, and students are expected to prepare for

each class by reading items from the appropriate section of the course bibliography

below.

Certain seminars (identified as „presentation‟ in the course summary above) involve

student-led presentations, in small groups. All students are asked to choose a topic for

a group presentation from the list that will be circulated at the start of term.

Some seminars will be structured around „sources and debates‟, and will involve

either an informal discussion of selected primary source materials (see bibliography

below), or a more formal presentation of the sources.

2. Essays

All students are required to write two essays. A full list of essay questions may be

found below.

The first essay must be submitted on Monday of week 6. The second essay must be

submitted on Monday of week 10. Both essays must be accompanied by a completed

coversheet. Remember that there are penalties imposed upon over-length work, and

essays that are submitted after the deadline.

The first essay will be returned to students by Tuesday of week 7. Individual tutorials

are offered to students who wish to discuss their work. Marks and feedback for the

second essay will be available at the end of term. Both essays will be retained by the

department for review by internal and external examiners.

3. Electronic Resources

There is a course web page for this module, accessible via my personal pages at

www.rdg.ac.uk/~lhs99hlp. The website reproduces much of the information contained

in this handbook, and will be updated with additional materials if necessary. If you

find any useful online source materials yourself that you think might be useful to the

class, I will be pleased to add these to the online module information.

4. Contact

My office is HUMSS 138, and I am available to see students without an appointment

during my regular „office hours‟. I can be reached by telephone (x8145), or email

h.l.parish@rdg.ac.uk

5

Essay Questions

‘The historian faces acute problems of evidence when studying the behaviour,

motives and beliefs of the heretic’ (Malcolm Lambert). Discuss.

Compare and contrast the studies by Moore and Nirenberg of the position of medieval

minorities.

‘The problem of medieval heresy was creation of a developing, empire-building

Church.’ Discuss.

Why did the Catholic church persecute Waldensianism so vigorously?

To what extent was the suppression of the heresy of the Free Spirit the result of non-

doctrinal concerns?

How influential was the thought of John Wycliffe in fifteenth century Lollardy?

Why were lepers excluded from medieval society?

To what extent can the popularity of Hussitism be explained by political factors?

How far were sixteenth century European attitudes towards Jews shaped by medieval

precedents?

Why were Anabaptists so feared by Catholic and Protestant churches?

How successful was the medieval church in its attempts to separate magic and

religion?

How important was the Malleus Maleficarum in shaping early modern attitudes to

witchcraft?

6

Text Books and Introductory Works

D.Baker ed., Schism, Heresy and Religious Protest: Papers read at the tenth summer

meeting and the eleventh winter meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society, Studies

in Church History, 9 (1972).

J. Delumeau, Sin and Fear: the Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13th

-18th

Centuries (New York, 1990)

M. Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the

Reformation (Blackwells, 2002)

G. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: the Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent,

c.1250-1400, 2 vols (Manchester: Manchester U.P., 1967)

R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (1977: reprinted University of Toronto

Press, 1994)

D. Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages

(Princeton, 1996) [also an e-book]

J. Richards, Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages

(London, 1991)

R.N. Swanson, Religion and Devotion in Europe, c.1215-c.1515 (Cambridge, 1995),

chap. 8 „Inclusion and Exclusion‟

S. L. Waugh and P.D. Diehl, Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion,

Persecution and Rebellion, 1000-1500 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Primary Source Collections:

C. M. D. Crowder, Unity, Heresy and Reform 1378-1460: the Conciliar Response to

the Great Schism (London: Edward Arnold, 1977)

R. Mellinkoff, Outcasts: signs of otherness in Northern European art of the later

Middle Ages, 2 vols., (Los Angeles, 1993) [on visual representations]

R. I. Moore, The Birth of Popular Heresy (London: Arnold, 1975)

E.Peters, Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe: Documents in Translation

(London : Scolar Press, 1980)

W. L. Wakefield and A. P. Evans, Heresies of the High Middle Ages (New York:

Columbia U.P., 1991) (covers the early part of the course)

7

Online Source Materials The Internet medieval sourcebook at

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1s.html#Medieval%20Heresy

The online reference book for medieval studies at: http://www.the-orb.net/ which also

includes some good introductory essays

A student project at Kenyon on marginality and community:

http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/margin.htm

Details of printed primary sources used in seminars can be found under each

subject heading.

8

Identification and Repression: What is a heretic?

Malcolm Barber „Propaganda in the Middle Ages‟, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 17

(1973), 42-57.

C. Ames, „Does Inquisition Belong to Religious History?‟ The American Historical

Review 110.1 (2005)

C.Bruschi and P. Biller, Texts and the repression of Medieval heresy (2003)

R.I.Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society (1987) for a slightly earlier period

Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform

to the Reformation (Blackwells, 2002)

Richard Kieckhefer, Repression of Heresy (1979)

H.A. Kelly, „Inquisition and the Prosecution of Heresy‟, Church History 58 (1989)

439-452

Gordon Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: the Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent,

c.1250-1400, 2 vols (1967)

R. I. Moore, The Birth of Popular Heresy (1975).

Scott L. Waugh and Peter D. Diehl, Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion,

Persecution and Rebellion, 1000-1500 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Talal Asad, „Medieval Heresy: An Anthropological View‟, Social History, 11 (1986),

354-62

Christopher Brooke, „Heresy and Religious Sentiment 1000-1250‟, (Bulletin of the

Institute of) Historical Research, 41 (1968), 115-31.

Rosalind and Christopher Brooke, Popular Religion in the Middle Ages: Western

Europe 1000-1300 (London, 1984) chapter 5: „Popular and unpopular religion‟.

R. I. Moore, „The Origins of Medieval Heresy‟, History, 55 (1970)

Robert Lerner, „Ecstatic Dissent‟, Speculum, 67 (1992).

G.Waite, Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (2003) chapter 3

Set text

Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou (1978 and other editions) ch. 18, 19 and 21

9

Waldensians

Gabriel Audisio, The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival, c. 1170-

c.1570 (Cambridge, 1999)

G.Audisio, „Were the Waldensians more literate than their contemporaries (1460-

1560)?‟ in Peter Biller and Anne Hudson, eds, Heresy and literacy (1994)

G.Audisio, „How to Detect a Clandestine Minority: the Example of the Waldenses‟,

Sixteenth Century Journal, 21 (1990), 205-16

Peter Biller, „Medieval Waldensian Abhorrence of Killing‟, in The Church and War:

Papers read at the Twenty-first Summer Meeting and the Twenty-second Winter

Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society, ed. W.J. Sheils, Studies in Church

History, 20 (1983), pp. 129-46.

Peter Biller, „Multum ieiunantes et se castigantes: medieval Waldensian asceticism‟,

in Monks, Hermits and the Ascetic Tradition: papers read at the 1984 Summer

Meeting and the 1985 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society, ed. W.J.

Sheils, Studies in Church History, 22 (1985), pp. 215-28.

Peter Biller, „“Why no food? Waldensian followers in Bernard Gui's "Practica

inquisitionis" and "culpe", in Caterina Bruschi and Peter Biller eds., Texts and the

repression of Medieval heresy (2003)

Peter Biller, The Waldenses, 1170-1530: Between a Religious Order and a Church

(Aldershot: Variorum, 2001)

A.Brendon, „Waldensian books‟ in Peter Biller and Anne Hudson, eds, Heresy and

literacy (1994)

Euan Cameron, The Reformation of the Heretics: the Waldenses of the Alps, 1480-

1580 (Oxford, 1984)

Euan Cameron, Waldenses: Rejections of Holy Church in Medieval Europe (Oxford

and Malden, MA., 2000)

P.Paravy, „Waldensians in the Dauphine (1400-1530): from dissidence in texts to

dissidence in practice‟, in Peter Biller and Anne Hudson, eds, Heresy and literacy

(1994)

A. Patschovsky, „The literacy of Waldensianism from Valdes to c.1400‟, in Peter

Biller and Anne Hudson, eds, Heresy and literacy (1994)

Mary A. Rouse and Richard H. Rouse, „The Schools and the Waldensians: a New

Work by Durand of Huesca‟, in Christendom and its Discontents, ed. Waugh and

Diehl.

Shulamith Shahar, Women in a Medieval Heretical Sect: Agnes and Huguette the

Waldensians, trans. Yael Lotan (Woodbridge, 2001)

Waldensians: Primary Sources

Reinarius Saccho, Of the Sects of the Modern Heretics, 1254:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/waldo2.html (Medieval Source Book)

The Conversion of Peter Waldo: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/waldo1.html

(Medieval Source Book)

Waldes, in Wakefield and Evans, Heresies, no. 30 and no. 33; and in Moore, Birth of Popular

Heresy, no. 34.

10

Pre-Reformation Heresy. Wycliffe and Hus

Wycliffe and Lollardy

Margaret Aston, „Lollardy and Sedition‟, in Past and Present, 17 (1960), 1-44

Margaret Aston, „Lollardy and Literacy‟, History, 62 (1977), 347-71

Margaret Aston, Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval

Religion (London, 1984)

Margaret Aston, Faith and Fire: Popular and Unpopular Religion, 1350-1600

(London and Rio Grande, OH, 1993)

Margaret Aston, England’s Iconoclasts, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1988), ch.4

Margaret Aston and Colin Richmond, eds, Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later

Middle Ages (Stroud, 1997), BX4901.2.L6.

J. Catto, „Dissidents in an Age of faith: Wyclif and the Lollards‟, History Today, 37,

Nov. (1987), 46-52

J. Catto, „Wyclif and the Cult of the Eucharist‟, in The Bible in the Medieval World:

Essays in Memory of Beryl Smalley, ed. Katherine Walsh and Diana Wood, Studies in

Church History subsidia, 4 (1985), pp. 269-86

Margaret Deanesly, The Lollard Bible and other Medieval Biblical Versions

(Cambridge, 1920)

A. J. Fletcher, „John Mirk and the Lollards‟, Medium Aevum, 56 (1987), 217-24

A. Hope, „Lollardy: the Stone the Builders Rejected?‟ in P. Lake and M. Dowling

(eds), Protestantism and the National Church in Sixteenth-Century England (London,

1987)

Anne Hudson, Lollards and their Books (London, 1985)

Anne Hudson, The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History

(Oxford, 1988)

Anne Hudson and Michael Wilks eds., From Ockham to Wyclif: Studies in Church

History Subsidia, 5 (1987)

Anthony Kenny, Wyclif (Oxford, 1985)

Gordon Leff, „Wyclif and Hus: a Doctrinal Comparison‟, Bulletin of the John Rylands

Library, 50 (1968), 387-410.

Kenneth B. McFarlane, John Wycliffe and the beginnings of English Non-conformity

(Harmondsworth, 1952)

S.McSheffrey, Gender and Heresy: Women and Men in Lollard Communities 1420-

1530 (Philadelphia, 1995).

S. McSheffrey, „Heresy, Orthodoxy and English Vernacular Religion, 1480-1525‟,

Past and Present, 186 (2005), 47-80.

Richard Rex, The Lollards (Basingstoke and New York, 2002), BX4901.2.R3

J. A. F. Thomson, The Later Lollards, 1440-1520 (London, 1967)

J. A. F. Thomson, „Orthodox Religion and the Origins of Lollardy‟, History, 74

(1989)

Jan Hus

Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, ch. 11.

F. G. Heymann, John Zizka and the Hussite Revolution (Princeton, 1955)

11

F. G. Heymann, „The Crusades against the Hussites‟, in A History of the Crusades, ed.

Kenneth M. Setton, Vol.3, The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries; edited by Harry

W. Hazard (Madison and London, 1975), also available online at Wisconsin:

http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/History/?type=article&byte=1090043&isize=M

G. A. Holmes, „Cardinal Beaufort and the Crusade against the Hussites‟, English

Historical Review, 88 (1973), 721-50

Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford,

1992)

H. Kaminsky, A History of the Hussite Revolution (Berkeley, 1967)

H. Kaminsky, „The Free Spirit in the Hussite Revolution‟, in Millenial Dreams in

Action: Essays in Comparative Study (The Hague, 1962)

J. Klassen, „The Disadvantaged and the Hussite Revolution‟, International Review of

Social History, 35 (1990), 249-72

F. Smahel, „John Hus, Heretic or Patriot?‟ History Today, 40 April (1990), 27-33

F. Smahel, „ “Doctor evangelicus super omnes Evangelistas”, Wyclif‟s future in

Hussite Bohemia‟, (Bulletin of the Institute of) Historical Research, 43 (1970), 16-34

F. Smahel, „Literacy and Heresy in Hussite Bohemia‟, in P. Biller and A. Hudson,

eds, Heresy and Literacy 100-1530 (1994)

S. H. Thomson, „Pre-Hussite heresy in Bohemia‟, English Historical Review, 48

(1933), 23-42

K. Walsh, „Wyclifs‟s Legacy in Central Europe‟, in From Ockham to Wyclif , ed. A.

Hudson and D. Wilks, Studies in Church History Subsidia, 5 (1987), pp. 397-417

Pre-Reformation Heresy: Primary Sources

Lollardy

A.Hudson ed., English Wycliffite Sermons, (Oxford, 1983-96),

A.Hudson ed., Selections from English Wycliffite writings, (Cambridge, 1977)

S.McSheffrey & N.Tanner eds., Lollards of Coventry: 1486-1522, Camden Society

5th series vol. 23 (2003).

N.Tanner ed., Heresy Trials in the Diocese of Norwich, 1428-31, Camden Society

fourth series, vol. 20 (1977)

J.Todd ed., An Apology for Lollard Doctrines attributed to Wicliffe, Camden Society

1st series no. 20 (1842)

Two Wycliffite texts : The sermon of William Taylor 1406. The testimony of William

Thorpe 1407 (Early English Texts Society, 1993)

Jan Hus M.Spinka, John Hus, in Library of Christian Classics, vol.14: Advocates of Reform

(1953),

T.Fudge, The Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418-1437,(Aldershot, 2002),

‘The very pretty chronicle of John Zizka‟, ch. 1 of: Frederick G. Heymann, John

Zizka and the Hussite Revolution (Princeton, 1955) see also „Letters and Messages of

John Zizka‟, in appendix

N.Housley ed & tr., Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274-1580, trans. Norman

Housley (Basingstoke, 1996), especially 37-43

12

Leprosy

P. Richards The Medieval Leper and his Northern Heirs (1977)

S. Brody The Disease of the Soul: Leprosy in Medieval Literature (1974)

R.I. Moore The Formation of a Persecuting Society (1987)

M. Barber, „Lepers, Jews and Moslems: the Plot to Overthrow Christendom in 1321‟,

History, 66 (1981), 1-17

C. Ginzburg Ecstacies: Deciphering the Witch’s Sabbath (1993), ch.1

M. Barber „Lepers, Jews and Moslems: the plot to overthrow Christendom in 1321‟,

History, 66 (1981) OR in his Crusaders and Heretics (Aldershot, 1995)

M. McVaugh Medicine before the Plague: Practitioners and their Patients in the

Crown of Aragon, 1285-1345 (1994)

M.D. Grmek „Leprosy and TB: their biological relationship‟, in id., Diseases in the

Ancient Greek World (1992)

M. Dols „The leper in medieval Islamic society‟, Speculum, 58 (1983)

M. Douglas „Witchcraft and leprosy: two strategies of exclusion‟, Man, New Series,

Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. 723-736 (JSTOR)

W.H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York, 1976; 1998), chaps. IV and V [also

available via Unicorn as an e-book]

R.A.Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid (1989)

A.G. Carmichael, „Contagion Theory and Contagion Practice in Fifteenth-Century

Milan‟, Renaissance Quarterly, 64 (1991), 213-56

G.Lewis, „A Lesson from Leviticus: Leprosy’, in Man, New Series, Vol. 22, No. 4

(Dec., 1987), pp. 593-612 (JSTOR)

D. Gentilcore, „The Fear of Disease and the Disease of Fear‟, in W.G. Naphy and P.

Roberts (eds), Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, 1997), pp. 44-61

W.G.Naphy, „Plague-Spreading and a Magisterially Controlled Fear‟, in W.G. Naphy

and P. Roberts (eds), Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, 1997), pp. 28-43

C. Rawcliffe, Leprosy in Medieval England (London, 2006)

13

Online sources:

http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/lepers.htm

ORB article on medieval medicine:

http://www.theorb.net/non_spec/missteps/ch4.html

Leprosy: Primary Sources

The Bible: http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/biblep.htm

Testament of St. Francis: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-test.html

Extracts from the Poem of the Cid :

http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.hti.umich.ed

u/cgi/p/pd%2Dmodeng/pd%2Dmodeng%2Didx%3Ftype=header%26id=SoutRChron

Excerpts from the life of Alice the Leper, a nun who became a leprous martyr:

http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/alice.htm

P. Elmer and O. Grell (eds), Health, disease and society in Europe, 1500-1800: a

sourcebook (Manchester, 2004)

14

Jews in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

S.Almog, Anti-Semitism Through the Ages (Oxford, 1988)

M. Bodian, „"Men of the Nation": The Shaping of Converso Identity in Early Modern

Europe‟, Past & Present 143 (1994)

„In the Cross-Current of the Reformation: Crypto-Jewish Martyrs of the

Inquisition 1570-1670‟, Past and Present 176 (2002)

S.G. Burnett, „Distorted Mirrors: Antonius Margaritha, Johann Buxtorf and Christian

Ethnographies of the Jews‟, Sixteenth Century Journal, 25 (1994), 275-87

M.Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages (1994)

S. Cohn, 'The Black Death and the Burning of Jews', Past and Present, 196 (2007), 3-36

C. R. Friedrichs, „Anti-Jewish politics in early modern Germany: Worms‟, Central

European History, 23 (1990)

A. Funkenstein, „Basic types of Christian anti-Jewish polemics in the late Middle

Ages, Viator 2 (1971) 373–382

D.L. Graizbord, 'Philosemitism in Late Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Iberia:

Refracted Judeophobia?', Sixteenth Century Journal, 38 (2007), 657-82

S. Hendrix, „Toleration and the Jews in the German Reformation‟, Archiv für

Reformationsgeschichte, 81 (1990)

J. I. Israel, European Jewry in the age of mercantilism, 1550–1750, 1985

R. Po Chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder (1988)

H. Kamen, The Mediterranean and the expulsion of Spanish Jews, in: Past and

Present 119 (1988)

H.C.Lea, A History of the Inquisition in Spain available online at

http://libro.uca.edu/lea1/1lea.htm

B. Lewis, Cultures in conflict: Christians, Muslims and Jews in the age of discovery,

(1995)

D.MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490-1700 (2004) esp. ch.17

J. R. Marcus, The Jew in the medieval world. A source book: 315–1791 (1961)

R. Mellinkoff, Outcasts: signs of otherness in Northern European art of the later

Middle Ages, 2 vols., (Los Angeles, 1993)

J. M. Minty, „Judengasse to Christian Quarter: the phenomenon of the converted

synagogue in the late medieval and early modern Holy Roman Empire‟, in Popular

religion in Germany and Central Europe, 1400–1800, ed. T. Johnson and R.W.

Scribner (1996) pp. 58–86

D Nirenberg, 'Mass Conversion and Genealogical Mentalities: Jews and Christians in

C15th Spain', Past & Present 175 (2002)

M.E. Perry and A.J.Cruz eds., Cultural Encounters. The Impact of the Inquisition in

Spain and the New World (1991) especially Part II. Available online at

http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft396nb1w0/

S. Rowan, „Luther, Bucer and Eck on the Jews‟, Sixteenth Century Journal, 16 (1985)

D. Wood (ed.), Christianity and Judaism, Studies in Church History 29 (1992)

J.Edwards, The Jews in Western Europe (online resource):

http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/jewsinwest.htm

15

Anti-semitism: Primary Sources

J.Edwards, The Jews in Western Europe (online resource):

http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/jewsinwest.htm

An account of the York Massacre (late 12th

century):

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ephr-bonn1.html

Innocent III: Constitution (1199)

The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lat4-

c68.html

Martin Luther, Of the Jews and their Lies http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/1543-

Luther-JewsandLies-full.html

16

Heresy of the Free Spirit and Dangerous Women

M.Bailey, Battling Demons. Witchcraft, Heresy and Reform in the Late Middle Ages

(2003) chapter 3

F.Beer, Women and Mystical Experience in the Middle Ages (Boydell, 1998)

F.Bowie, Beguine Spirituality (SPCK, 1989)

C. W. Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to

Medieval Women (1987)

D. Bornstein and R. Rusconi ed., Women and religion in medieval and renaissance

Italy (1996)

P.Galloway, „Discreet and Devout Maidens‟, in D. Watt ed. Medieval Women in Their

Communities (Toronto, 1997)

I.Geyer, Marie of Oignies [German; not in the library] is reviewed in Journal of

Ecclesiastical History, 24 (1994), 500-502.

H.Grundmann, Religious movements in the Middle Ages : the historical links between

heresy, the Mendicant Orders, and the women's religious movement in the twelfth and

thirteenth century, with the historical foundations of German mysticism (Univ Notre

Dame, 1995)

G. Jantzen, Power, Gender and Christian Mysticism (Cambridge, 1995)

P. D. Johnson, Equal in Monastic Profession: Religious Women in Medieval France

(1991)

R.E.Lerner, „Writing and resistance among Beguins of Languedoc and Catalonia

Robert E. Lerner‟ in Peter Biller and Anne Hudson eds., Heresy and Literacy 1000-

1530 (1994)

Robert Lerner, The Heresy of the Free Spirit (1972)

Ernest McDonnell, The Beguines and Beghards in Medieval Culture (1969).

Carol Neel, "The Origins of the Beguines" in Judith M. Bennett, et. al., ed. Sisters and

Workers in the Middle Ages (Chicago, 1989)

S.Poor, „Mechthild von Magdeburg, Gender, and the "Unlearned Tongue"‟, Journal

of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 31.2 (2001) 213-250 [available online via

Project Muse]

Joanna Ziegler, "Secular Canonesses as Antecedents of the Beguines in the Low

Countries: An Introduction to Some Older Views", Studies in Medieval and

Renaissance History, vol. 13 (1992), 117-135.

Online essays and articles:

E.T.Knuth, The Beguines (1992):

http://www.users.csbsju.edu/~eknuth/xpxx/beguines.html

17

Primary Sources: Beguines

Marguerite Porete, The Mirror of Simple Souls, trans. E. L. Babinsky (New York,

1993)

„The Sister Catherine Treatise‟, in Bernard McGinn, Meister Eckhart, Teacher and

Preacher (1986) Also contains some of Eckhart‟s sermons.

F.Tobin (Mechthild of Magdeburg) Flowing Light of the Godhead, (Paulist Press,

1998)

M.H.King and H.Feiss, Jacques de Vitry and Thomas de Cantimpre: Two Lives of

Marie d’Oignes (Toronto 1998)

U. Wiethaus ed., Agnes Blannbekin, Viennese Beguine: Life and Revelations (Library

of Medieval Women, (D.S.Brewer 2002)

Online Sources:

Marguerite Porete: The Mirror of Simple Souls By Bonnie Duncan of the English

Department at Millersville University. Margueriie Porete was a Beguine condemned

and executed for heresy in 1310.

http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/porete8.htm

Bernard Gui: Inquisitor's Manual Translated by David Burr of the History Department

at Virgina Tech. http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/inquisit.htm

Na Prous Bonnet (Boneta) was condemned as a Beguine in 1325.

http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/naprous.htm.

The Condemnation of the Beguines at the Council of Vienne, 1311-12

http://www.dailycatholic.org/history/15ecume5.htm

Prophecy and Prophets

K.Firth, The Apocalyptic Tradition in Reformation Britain 1530-1645 (1979)

S.Clark, Thinking with Demons (1997), part III, esp. chs 20, 22, 23, 24

R. K. Emmerson, Antichrist in the Middle Ages (1981)

S. Thrupp, Millennial Dreams in Action: Studies in Revolutionary Religious

Movements (1962)

A. Williams (ed.), Prophecy and Millenarianism: Essays in Honour of Marjorie

Reeves (1980)

U. Lotz-Heumann, „The Spirit of Prophecy has not yet Left the World: The

Stylisation of Archbishop James Usher as a Prophet‟, in H. Parish and W.G.Naphy

(eds.), Religion and Superstition in Reformation Europe (2002)

P. Mack, „Women as Prophets during the English Civil War‟, Feminist Studies (1982)

A.Walsham, „”Frantick Hacket”: Prophecy, Sorcery, Insanity and the Elizabethan

Puritan Movement‟, Historical Journal (1998)

D.Watt, Secretaries of God: Women Prophets in Late Medieval and Early Modern

England (1997)

H.Dobin, Merlin’s Disciples: Prophecy, Poetry and Power in Renaissance England (1990)

R.Popkin, „Predicting, prophecying, divining and foretelling from Nostradamus to

Hume‟, History of European Ideas, 5 (1984),117-135.

18

The Reformation

Overview

Blickle, P., „The Reformation and its late medieval origins,' Central European

History, 20 (1987).

Bossy, J., Christianity in the West, 1400-1700 (Oxford, 1985).

Cameron, E., The European Reformation (Oxford, 1991).

Cooper, T., 'Reassessing the Radicals', Historical Journal, 50 (2007), 241-52

Dixon, C.S., ed., The German Reformation: Essential Readings (Oxford, 1999).

Eltis, D.A., 'Tensions between clergy and laity in some western German cities in the

later Middle Ages.' JEH 43 (1992).

Greengrass, M., The Longman Companion to the European Reformation (London,

1998).

Hillerbrand, H.J., ed., The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Reformation, 4 vols. (Oxford,

1996).

Johnston, A., The Reformation in Europe (London, 1996).

Lindberg, C., The European Reformations (Oxford, 1994).

The European Reformations Sourcebook (Oxford, 2000). Documents

Oberman, H., Masters of the Reformation. The Emergence of a New Intellectual

Climate in Europe (Cambridge, 1981).

Oberman, H., Luther. Man between God and the Devil (New Haven, London, 1989).

Ozment, S., Protestants. Birth of a Revolution (London, 1993).

The Age of Reform 1250-1550 (New Haven, 1980).

Pettegree, A.D.M., ed.The Early Reformation in Europe (Cambridge, 1992).

Po-Chia Hsia, R., ed., The German People and the Reformation (Ithaca, 1988).

Scott, T., „The Volksreformation of Thomas Müntzer in Allstedt and Mühlhausen‟,

Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 34 (1983)

Scribner, R & Johnson, T., Popular Religion in Germany and Central Europe 1400-

1800 (Basingstoke, 1996).

Scribner, R.W., 'The Reformation movements in Germany,' in New Cambridge

Modern History, vol. 2 (1990 edn).

Scribner, R.W., 'Cosmic order and daily life: sacred and secular in pre-industrial

German society,' in K. von Greyerz, ed., Religion and Society in Early Modern

Europe (London, 1984).

Scribner, R.W ., 'Ritual and popular religion in Catholic Germany at the

time of the Reformation,' JEH, 35 (1984).

Scribner, R.W ., Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany

(London, 1987), caps. 1-2, 11

Scribner, R.W 'Elements of popular belief,' in Handbook of European history, 1400-

1600 : late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation ed.T.A. Brady, Jr., H.A.

Oberman, J.D. Tracy (Leiden / New York, 1994).

Swanson, R.N., Religion and Devotion in Europe, 1215-1515 (Cambridge, 1995).

Online sources:

TLTP tutorial "The Protestant Reformation", accessible via History Department web

site

19

Primary Sources: The Radical Reformation

Bainton, R.H., , 'The Left Wing of the Reformation,' in his Studies on the Reformation

(London, 1964).

Baylor, M., Revelation and Revolution. Basic Writings of Thomas Muntzer (London,

1993).

Cohn, N., The Pursuit of the Millennium (London, 1993).

Deppermann, K., 'The Anabaptists and the state churches,' in K. von Greyerz,

ed., Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe (London, 1984).

Dickens, A.G., „The radical Reformation‟, Past and Present 27 (1964).

Hillerbrand, H., „The origins of 16th

century Anabaptism. Another look‟, Archiv fur

Reformationsgeschichte 53 (1962).

Klaassen, W., 'The Anabaptist understanding of the separation of the church,' Church

History, 46 (1977).

Mullett, M., Radical Religious Movements in Early Modern Europe (London, 1980).

Packull, W.O., „Anna Jansz of Rotterdam‟, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte 78

(1987).

Po-Chia Hsia, R., 'Münster and the Anabaptists,' in his German People and the

Reformation (Ithaca, 1988).

Potter, G., „Balthasar Hubmaier‟, History Today 26 (1976).

Roper, L., 'Sexual Utopianism in the German Reformation,' JEH, 42 (1991), & in her

Oedipus and the Devil (London, 1994).

Rupp, E.G., Patterns of Reformation (1969).

Scott, T., Thomas Muntzer. Theology and Revolution in the German Reformation

(Basingstoke, 1989).

Scott, T., „Thomas Muntzer‟, JEH 34 (1983).

Scribner, R.W., 'Practical Utopias: pre-modern communism and the

Reformation‟, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 36 (1994).

Snyder, C.A., Anabaptist History and Theology (1995).

Stayer, J.M., The Anabaptists and the sects,' in New Cambridge Modern History, vol.

2 (Cambridge, 1990 edn.).

„The Anabaptists‟, in Handbook of European History, ed. T.A. Brady et al

(Leiden, 1995).

Williams, G.H., The Radical Reformation (London, 1962, 1992)

Williams, G.H., 'Radical Reformation' in Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Reformation,

ed H.Hillerbrand, vol.3 (Oxford, 1996).

Primary Sources

The Schleitheim Confession 1527: http://www.anabaptists.org/history/schleith.html

C.Lindberg, The European Reformations SourceBook (Oxford, 2000) chapter 7: The

Radical Reformations

20

WITCHCRAFT

Medieval Magic and Witchcraft

Michael D. Bailey, Battling Demons: Witchcraft, Heresy and Reform in the Late

Middle Ages (Philadelphia, 2003)

Alison Beardwood, The Trial of Walter Langton, Bishop of Lichfield (Philadelphia,

1964)

Norman Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons (London 1975)

Claire Fanger ed., Conjuring Spirits: Texts and Traditions of Medieval Ritual Magic

(Stroud, 1998)

M. Harvey: „Papal Witchcraft: the Charges against Benedict XIII‟, in Sanctity and

Secularity, ed. Derek Baker, Studies in Church History, 10 (1973), pp. 109-16.

Richard Kieckhefer, Magic in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1989)

Richard Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials: their Foundations in Popular and

Learned Culture, 1300-1500 (London, 1976),

Richard Kieckhefer, „The Specific Rationality of Medieval Magic‟, American

Historical Review, 99 (1994), 813-36

Richard Kieckhefer, Forbidden Rites: a Necromancer’s Manual of the Fifteenth

Century (Stroud, 1997)

Richard Kieckhefer, „The Holy and the Unholy: Sainthood, Witchcraft, and Magic in

Late Medieval Europe‟, in Christendom and its Discontents, ed. Waugh and Diehl.

A. R. Myers, „The Captivity of a Royal Witch: the Household Servants of Queen Joan

of Navarre, 1419-21‟, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 24 (1940) 263-84

David Rollo, Glamorous Sorcery: Magic and Literacy in the High Middle Ages

(Minneapolis, 2000)

Jeffrey B. Russell, A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics, and Pagans (London,

1980), Lynn Thorndike, A history of Magic and Experimental Science, vols 1-4 (New

York, 1923-34)

Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe

S.Anglo, The Damned Art. Essays in the Literature of Witchcraft (1977)

M.Bailey, Battling Demons. Witchcraft, Heresy and Reform in the Late Middle Ages

(2003)

W. Behringer, „Weather, hunger and fear: origins of the European witch-hunts‟,

German History 13 (1995)

R.Briggs, Witches and Neighbours. The Social and Cultural Context of European

Witchcraft (1996).

H.P. Broedel, The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft

(Manchester, 2003)

S.Clark, Languages of witchcraft : narrative, ideology, and meaning in early modern

culture (2001)

S. Clark, Thinking with Demons.The idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe

(1997)

S. Clark, „Inversion, Misrule and the Meaning of Witchcraft‟, Past and Present, 87

(1980), 98-127

21

R. Kieckhefer, The European Witch Trials. Their Foundation in Popular and Learned

Culture. (1976)

A.C.Kors, E. Peters, Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700. A Documentary History (1973)

C.Larner, Witchcraft and Religion. The Politics of Popular Belief (1984)

B.Levack, The Literature of Witchcraft (1992)

B.Levack, The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe (1995)

A.Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (1970)

P.G.Maxwell-Stuart, Witchcraft in Europe and the New World (2001)

W.Monter, „„Toads and Eucharists: the Male Witches of Normandy, 1564-1660‟,

French Historical Studies, 20 (1997)

D.Purkiss, The Witch in History (1996)

L. Roper, Witch Craze: Terror and Fantasy in Baroque Germany (New Haven, 2004)

L. Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in Early Modern

Europe (London, 1994)

A. Rowlands, Witchcraft Narratives in Germany: Rothenburg 1561-1652

(Manchester, 2003)

G.Scarre, Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe

R.W.Scribner, „Sorcery, Superstition and Society. The Witch of Urach, 1529‟, in his

Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (1988)

J.Sharpe, Instruments of Darkness. Witchcraft in England 1550-1750 (1996)

J.A. Sharpe, 'Witches and Persecuting Societies', Journal of Historical Sociology, 3

(1990), 75-86

J.Tedeschi, „Inquisitorial Law and the Witch‟ in B.Ankarloo, G.Henningsen eds.,

Early Modern European Witchcraft. Centres and Peripheries (1990)

H.R.Trevor-Roper, The European Witch Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth

Centuries (1990)

G.Waite, Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (2003)

R.S. Walinski-Kiehl, „The Devil‟s Children: Child Witch-Trials in Early Modern

Germany‟, Continuity and Change, 11 (1996), 171-89

The Malleus Maleficarum, Witchcraft and Women R.Briggs, Witches and Neighbours, chapter 7 (the gendering of witchcraft)

„Women as victims? Witches, judges and the community‟, French History 1991

H.Broedel, The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft (2003)

S.Clark „The gendering of witchcraft in French demonology‟, French History (1991)

J.Goodare,„Women and the Witch hunt in Scotland‟, Social History 23 (1998)

R.A.Horsley„Who were the witches?‟, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 9 (1979)

G.Scarre, Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe (1980)

M.Gaskill, „Witchcraft in Early Modern Kent. Stereotypes and Background to

accusations‟, in J.Barry et al eds., Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Studies in

Culture and Belief (1996)

R.Briggs, „Many Reasons Why. Witchcraft and the problem of multiple explanation‟,

in J.Barry et al eds., Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Studies in Culture and Belief

(1996)

22

Online Articles

E. William Monter, "Witchcraft in Geneva, 1537-1662" The Journal of Modern

History, Vol. 43, No. 2. (Jun., 1971), pp. 179-204

Phyllis J. Guskin, "The Context of Witchcraft: The Case of Jane Wenham (1712)"

Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1. (Autumn, 1981), pp. 48-71.

Russell Zguta, "Witchcraft Trials in Seventeenth-Century Russia" The American

Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 5. (Dec., 1977), pp. 1187-1207.

Primary Sources: C. Ginzburg, The Night Battles. Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and

Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1983) [Case Study]

Primary Sources Richard de Ledrede, The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: a Contemporary Account

(1324) together with related Documents in English Translation with Introduction and

Notes, ed. by L.S. Davidson and J.O. Ward (1993), BF1581.L3

OR in Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, ed. T. Wright, Camden Society 1st

series, no. 24 (1843).

The Malleus maleficarum of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, trans. Montague

Summers (1971) or online at www.malleusmaleficarum.org

Primary sources online at ORB: http://www.the-

orb.net/encyclop/culture/magwitch/magic.html

Put yourself on trial for witchcraft at

http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/witch/hunt/

Links to websites detailing individual witch trials may be found on the course website

23

CONCLUSION: Heresy and Exclusion 1250-1550

Survival and Revival

M.Aston, Faith and Fire: Popular and Unpopular Religion, 1350-1600 (London and

Rio Grande, OH, 1993)

M.Aston, „Lollardy and the Reformation: Survival or Revival?‟, History, 49 (1964),

149-70

G. Audisio, The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival, c. 1170-

c.1570 (Cambridge, 1999)

P.Biller, The Waldenses, 1170-1530: Between a Religious Order and a Church

(Aldershot, 2001)

E.Cameron, The Reformation of the Heretics: the Waldenses of the Alps, 1480-1580

(Oxford, 1984)

N.Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (London 1970)

M. Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the

Reformation (Blackwells, 2002)

G. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: the Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent,

c.1250-1400, 2 vols (Manchester 1967)

R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (Toronto1994)

G.Waite, Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (2003)

S. L. Waugh and P.D. Diehl, Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion,

Persecution and Rebellion, 1000-1500 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)