Wireless Networking

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Newnes Know It All Series

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Wireless Networking: Know It AllPraphul Chandra, Daniel M. Dobkin, Alan Bensky, Ron Olexa, David A. Lide, and Farid Dowla ISBN: 978-0-7506-8582-5

RF & Wireless Technologies: Know It AllBruce Fette, Roberto Aiello, Praphul Chandra, Daniel M. Dobkin, Alan Bensky, Douglas Miron, David A. Lide, Farid Dowla, and Ron Olexa ISBN: 978-0-7506-8581-8

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Wireless Networking

Praphul Chandra

Daniel M. Dobkin

Alan Bensky

Ron Olexa

David A. Lide

Farid Dowla

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDONNEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO

SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier

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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Chandra, Praphul. Wireless networking / Praphul Chandra, Ron Olexa, Alan Bensky. p. cm. -- (The Newnes know it all series) Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-8582-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. I. Olexa, Ron. II. Bensky, Alan, 1939- III. Title. TK5103.2.C447 2007 621.384--dc22

2007029327

ISBN: 978-0-7506-8582-5

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Contents

About the Authors .......................................................................................................... xi

Chapter 1. Basics of Wireless Communications .........................................................................11.1 Harmonic Signals and Exponentials ..............................................................................11.2 Electromagnetic Waves and Multiplexing .....................................................................51.3 Modulation and Bandwidth ...........................................................................................91.4 Wireless Link Overview: Systems, Power, Noise, and Link Budgets .........................361.5 Capsule Summary: Chapter 1 ......................................................................................44Further Reading ..................................................................................................................44

Chapter 2. Basics of Wireless Local Area Networks ................................................................472.1 Networks Large and Small ..........................................................................................472.2 WLANs from LANs ....................................................................................................502.3 802.11 WLANs ...........................................................................................................522.4 HiperLAN and HiperLAN 2 ........................................................................................812.5 From LANs to PANs ...................................................................................................822.6 Capsule Summary: Chapter 2 ......................................................................................932.7 Further Reading ...........................................................................................................94

Chapter 3. Radio Transmitters and Receivers ...........................................................................973.1 Overview of Radios .....................................................................................................973.2 Radio Components ....................................................................................................1043.3 Radio System Design ................................................................................................1583.4 Examples of Radio Chips and Chipsets ....................................................................1653.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................1773.6 Further Reading RFIC ...............................................................................................177

Chapter 4. Radio Propagation .................................................................................................1814.1 Mechanisms of Radio Wave Propagation ..................................................................1814.2 Open Field Propagation .............................................................................................1834.3 Diffraction .................................................................................................................1854.4 Scattering ...................................................................................................................186

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4.5 Path Loss .................................................................................................................187 4.6 Multipath Phenomena .............................................................................................189 4.7 Flat Fading ...............................................................................................................190 4.8 Diversity Techniques ...............................................................................................192 4.9 Noise ........................................................................................................................1964.10 Summary .................................................................................................................198References ........................................................................................................................199

Chapter 5. Antennas and Transmission Lines .........................................................................201 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................201 5.2 Antenna Characteristics ...........................................................................................201 5.3 Types of Antennas ...................................................................................................206 5.4 Impedance Matching ...............................................................................................212 5.5 Measuring Techniques .............................................................................................223 5.6 Summary .................................................................................................................226 References ......................................................................................................................227

Chapter 6. Communication Protocols and Modulation ...........................................................229 6.1 Baseband Data Format and Protocol .......................................................................229 6.2 Baseband Coding .....................................................................................................237 6.3 RF Frequency and Bandwidth .................................................................................241 6.4 Modulation ..............................................................................................................243 6.5 RFID ........................................................................................................................261 6.6 Summary .................................................................................................................262 References ......................................................................................................................262

Chapter 7. High-Speed Wireless Data: System Types, Standards-Based and Proprietary Solutions .............................................................................................263

7.1 Fixed Networks .......................................................................................................263 7.2 Nomadic Networks ..................................................................................................264 7.3 Mobile Networks .....................................................................................................265 7.4 Standards-Based Solutions and Proprietary Solutions ............................................266 7.5 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard ..................................................................266 7.6 Overview of the IEEE 802.16 Standard ..................................................................271 7.7 10–66 GHz Technical Standards ..............................................................................273 7.8 2–11 GHz Standards ................................................................................................274 7.9 Overview of the IEEE 802.20 Standard ..................................................................2747.10 Proprietary Solutions ...............................................................................................275

Chapter 8. Propagation Modeling and Measuring ..................................................................285 8.1 Predictive Modeling Tools.......................................................................................285 8.2 Spreadsheet Models .................................................................................................286

vi Contents

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8.3 Terrain-Based Models .............................................................................................287 8.4 Effectively Using a Propagation Analysis Program ................................................287 8.5 Using a Predictive Model ........................................................................................291 8.6 The Comprehensive Site Survey Process ................................................................295 8.7 Survey Activity Outline ...........................................................................................296 8.8 Identifi cation of Requirements ................................................................................298 8.9 Identifi cation of Equipment Requirements .............................................................2998.10 The Physical Site Survey .........................................................................................3008.11 Determination of Antenna Locations ......................................................................3018.12 RF Site Survey Tools ...............................................................................................3038.13 The Site Survey Checklist .......................................................................................3058.14 The RF Survey .........................................................................................................3058.15 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................................308

Chapter 9. Indoor Networks ....................................................................................................313 9.1 Behind Closed Doors ..............................................................................................313 9.2 How Buildings Are Built (with W. Charles Perry, P.E.) ..........................................313 9.3 Microwave Properties of Building Materials ..........................................................323 9.4 Realistic Metal Obstacles ........................................................................................331 9.5 Real Indoor Propagation ..........................................................................................333 9.6 How Much Is Enough? ............................................................................................341 9.7 Indoor Interferers .....................................................................................................343 9.8 Tools for Indoor Networks ......................................................................................351 9.9 Summary .................................................................................................................356 Further Reading ..............................................................................................................357

Chapter 10. Security in Wireless Local Area Networks .........................................................36110.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................36110.2 Key Establishment in 802.11 ...................................................................................36210.3 Anonymity in 802.11 ...............................................................................................36310.4 Authentication in 802.11 .........................................................................................36410.5 Confi dentiality in 802.11 .........................................................................................37010.6 Data Integrity in 802.11 ...........................................................................................37410.7 Loopholes in 802.11 Security ..................................................................................37610.8 WPA ........................................................................................................................37710.9 WPA2 (802.11i) .......................................................................................................390

Chapter 11. Voice Over Wi-Fi and Other Wireless Technologies...........................................39711.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................39711.2 Ongoing 802.11 Standard Work ..............................................................................39711.3 Wi-Fi and Cellular Networks ..................................................................................402

Contents vii

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11.4 WiMax .....................................................................................................................41211.5 VoWi-Fi and Bluetooth ............................................................................................41311.6 VoWi-Fi and DECT .................................................................................................41811.7 VoWi-Fi and Other Ongoing 802.x Wireless Projects .............................................41911.8 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................421References ........................................................................................................................421

Chapter 12. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ...................................................................................42312.1 Physical Layer and MAC ........................................................................................42512.2 Routing in Ad Hoc Networks ..................................................................................43712.3 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................448References ........................................................................................................................449

Chapter 13. Wireless Sensor Networks ...................................................................................45513.1 Applications .............................................................................................................45513.2 Plant Network Layouts ............................................................................................45613.3 Plant Network Architecture .....................................................................................45813.4 Sensor Subnet Selection ..........................................................................................45813.5 Functional Requirements .........................................................................................45913.6 Technical Tradeoffs and Issues ................................................................................46113.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................467References ........................................................................................................................467

Chapter 14. Reliable Wireless Networks for Industrial Applications .....................................46914.1 Benefi ts of Using Wireless ......................................................................................46914.2 Issues in Deploying Wireless Systems ....................................................................47014.3 Wireless Formats .....................................................................................................47314.4 Wireless Mesh Networks .........................................................................................47414.5 Industrial Applications of Wireless Mesh Networks ...............................................47614.6 Case Study: Water Treatment ..................................................................................47814.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................479

Chapter 15. Applications and Technologies ...........................................................................48115.1 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) ................................................................48115.2 Bluetooth .................................................................................................................50215.3 Zigbee ......................................................................................................................51015.4 Confl ict and Compatibility ......................................................................................51615.5 Ultra-wideband Technology ....................................................................................52115.6 Summary .................................................................................................................525References ........................................................................................................................526

viii Contents

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Chapter 16. System Planning ..................................................................................................52716.1 System Design Overview ........................................................................................52716.2 Location and Real Estate Considerations ................................................................52816.3 System Selection Based Upon User Needs .............................................................53216.4 Identifi cation of Equipment Requirements ..............................................................53416.5 Identifi cation of Equipment Locations ....................................................................53616.6 Channel Allocation, Signal-to-Interference, and Reuse Planning ...........................54316.7 Network Interconnect and Point-to-Point Radio Solutions .....................................54716.8 Costs ........................................................................................................................55016.9 The Five C’s of System Planning ............................................................................550

Index .......................................................................................................................................553

Contents ix

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About the Authors

Alan Bensky, MScEE (Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 15), is an electronics engineering consultant with over 25 years of experience in analog and digital design, management, and marketing. Specializing in wireless circuits and systems, Bensky has carried out projects for varied military and consumer applications. He is the author of Short-range Wireless Communication, Second Edition, published by Elsevier, 2004, and has written several articles in international and local publications. He has taught courses and gives lectures on radio engineering topics. Bensky is a senior member of IEEE.

Praphul Chandra (Chapters 10, and 11) works as a Research Scientist at HP Labs, India in the Access Devices Group. He joined HP Labs in April 2006. Prior to joining HP he was a senior design engineer at Texas Instruments (USA) where he worked on Voice over IP with specifi c focus on Wireless Local Area Networks. He is the author of two books – Bulletproof Wireless Security and Wi-Fi Telephony: Challenges and Solutions for Voice over WLANs. He is an Electrical Engineer by training, though his interest in social science and politics has prompted him to concurrently explore the fi eld of Public Policy. He maintains his personal website at www.thecofi .net.

Daniel M. Dobkin (Chapter 1, 2, 3, and 9) is the author of RF Engineering for Wireless Networks. He has been involved in the design, fabrication, and characterization of devices and systems used in microwave wireless communications for over two decades. He is currently an independent consultant involved in research and teaching related to RFID and other fi elds in communications. He has taught numerous introductory short courses in RFID technology in the US and Singapore. Dr. Dobkin received his Ph.D. degree from Stanford University in 1985 and his B.S. from the California Institute of Technology in 1976. He is the author of about 30 technical publications, inventor or co-inventor of six U.S. patents, and has written two technical books: Principles of Chemical Vapor Deposition with Michael Zuraw and RF Engineering for Wireless Networks.

Farid Dowla (Chapters 12, 13, and 14) is the editor of Handbook of RF & Wireless Technologies. Dowla received his BS, MS, and PhD in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He joined Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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shortly after receiving his doctorate in 1985. His research interests include adaptive fi lters, signal processing, wireless communication systems, and RF/mobile communication. He currently directs a research team focused on ultra-widebandRFradar and communication systems. Dowla is also an adjunct associate professor of electrical engineering at the University of California at Davis. He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and Sigma Xi. He holds three patents in signal processing area, has authored a book on neural networks for the U.S. Department of Defense, and has edited a book on geophysical signal processing. He contributes to numerous IEEE and professional journals and is a frequent seminar participant at professional conferences.

David A. Lide (Chapter 11) is the author of Wi-Fi Telephony. He currently is a Senior Member of the Technical Staff at Texas Instruments and has worked on various aspects of Voice over IP for the past nine years. Prior to that, he has worked on Cable Modem design and on weather satellite ground systems. He lives with his family in Rockville, Maryland.

Michael R. Moore (Chapter 13) was a contributor to Handbook of RF & Wireless Technologies. He is a research and development engineer in the Engineering and Science Technology Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. He holds a BS and MS in electrical engineering from Mississippi State University in Starkville, Miss. His current research expertise includes 16 years in RF instrumentation, health effects, and communications. He has several years of experience in shielding, generating, and modeling electromagnetic fi elds and their effects. He is an active member of IEEE SCC28 committee on the biological effects of RF and the IEEE 1451 committee on sensor networking. He currently directs several projects dealing with software radio technologies, specializing in spread-spectrum receivers, and is a communications analyst for the Army’s Future Combat Systems (FCS) network, focusing on system issues, network vulnerability, and combat identifi cation. He has several patents and patents pending in the area of wireless communications.

Asis Nasipuri (Chapter 12) was a contributor to Handbook of RF & Wireless Technologies. He is a professor in the department of electrical and computer engineering at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He received his BS in electronics and electrical communication engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India in 1987 and his MS and PhD in electrical a computer engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in 1990 and 1993, respectively. He then joined the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur, India as a faculty member in the Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering. From 1998 to 2000, he served as a visiting researcher in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Texas at San Antonio. Since 2000, he has been at UNC-Charlotte as an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering. Nasipuri’s research interests include mobile ad hoc and sensor networks, wireless communications, and statistical signal processing. He has published more than 20 research articles on these topics.

xii About the Authors

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Ron Olexa (Chapters 7, 8, and 16) is the author of Implementing 802.11, 802.16, and 802.20 Wireless Networks. He is currently President of Horizon Wi-Com, a wireless carrier providing WiMax service to major markets in the Northeast US. He is also the owner of Wireless Implementation LLC, a consulting company that has provided technical support and business planning guidance to project as diverse at satellite communications systems, Cellular network deployments, WiMax and 802.11 hotspot and hotzone implementations. He has previously been CTO at Advanced Radio Telecom and Dialcall, COO of Superconducting Core Technologies, and has held various senior management positions in large wireless communications companies over his 30 year career.

Robert Poor (Chapter 14) was a contributor to Handbook of RF & Wireless Technologies. He is chief technology offi cer for Ember Corporation in Boston.

About the Authors xiii

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