Wireless, Mobile, Sensor Technologies and the Future ... · Wireless Requirements: Ad-Hoc Nets...
Transcript of Wireless, Mobile, Sensor Technologies and the Future ... · Wireless Requirements: Ad-Hoc Nets...
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Wireless, Mobile, Sensor Technologies and the Future Internet
Aug 2, 2005
Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyD. Raychaudhuri
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Introduction
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INTERNETINTERNET
Introduction: Wireless as the key driver for the future Internet
Historic shift from PC’s to mobile computing and embedded devices…
>2B cell phones vs. 500M Internet-connected PC’s in 2005>400M cell phones with Internet capability, rising rapidlyNew types of data devices (blackberry, PDA, iPoD) – distinctions becoming blurrySensor deployment just starting, but some estimates ~5-10B units by 2015
WirelessEdge
Network
WirelessEdge
Network
INTERNETINTERNET
~500M server/PC’s, ~100M laptops/PDA’s
~750M servers/PC’s, >1B laptops, PDA’s, cell phones, sensors
2005 2010
WirelessEdge
Network
WirelessEdge
Network
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Introduction: Wireless/Mobile/Sensor and the Future Internet
What does this mean for the future Internet?New end-user service requirements for mobile/wireless/sensor (P2P, P2M, M2M,…)Addressing architecture of the network needs to be revisitedNetwork state changes more rapidly than in today’s wired InternetWireless/mobile devices as infrastructure nodes (ad-hoc routers, etc.)Significant increase in network scaleData/content driven networking rather than point-to-point communication Pervasive network functionality vs. broadband streamingNew security considerations for wireless/mobilePower efficiency considerations and computing constraints
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Introduction: Future Wireless Network Scenario
Internet
Infostationcache
WLANAccess Point
WLANHot-Spot
VOIP(multi-mode)
Low-tier clusters(e.g. low power 802.11 sensor)
Ad-hocnetwork
extension
Public Switched Network(PSTN)
BTS
High-speed data & VOIP
Broadband Media cluster(e.g. UWB or MIMO)
BTS
BSC
MSC
CustomMobileInfrastructure(e.g. GSM, 3G)
CDMA, GSMor 3G radio access network
Generic mobile/sensor infrastructure
Today Future
GGSN,etc.
Voice(legacy)
High-speed data & VOIP
Relay node
Seamless Internetextensionor just a
local network??
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Introduction: Wireless Roadmap
HardwarePlatforms
Protocols& Software
2000 2005 2010+
BasicWireless
Technologies
SystemApplications
3G Cellular
~11 Mbps QPSK/QAM
~2 Mbps WCDMA
~ 1 Mbps Bluetooth
~10 Mbps OFDM
~50 Mbps OFDM
~100 Mbps UWB
Broadband Cellular (3G)
WLAN (802.11a,b,g) ad-hoc/mesh
IP-based Cellular Network (B3G)
~100 Mbps OFDM/CDMA
~500 Mbps UWB
~200 Mbps MIMO/OFDM
Unified Wireless Access+ IP-based core network
802.11 WLAN card/AP
Cellular handset, BTS
Bluetooth module*
3G services
GSM, GPRS services
Mobile WLAN services
3G/WLAN interworking
WLAN security, enterprise
Cellular VOIP gateway
802.11 Mesh Router*
Commodity BTS
3G Base Station RouterSelf-Organizing Ad-Hoc
Radio Router
Multi-standardCognitive Radio*
Next-Gen WLAN(including ad-hoc mesh)
IP-based Mobile Network
Mobile Internet Services& Content Delivery
WLAN office/home public WLANhome media
networks
3G/WLAN HybridMobile Internetopen systems
4G Systems
Ad-Hoc & P2P Sensor Nets
Embedded Radio(wireless sensors)
dynamicspectrumsharing
Pervasive Systems
WLAN+ (802.11e,n)
Sensor radios(Zigbee, Mote)
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Wireless Service Requirements
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Wireless Requirements: Mobile DataFast growth of (conventional) mobile data terminals with wireless access link implies a need for new services on the Internet:
Terminal mobility (authentication, roaming and dynamic handoff)…mobile IPv6Multicasting …IP multicastSecurity …e.g. protection against AP spoofingEfficient transport layer protocols (..non TCP)
Major topic in research & standards during 90’s, but limited use..
INTERNETINTERNET
AccessPoint (AP)
Mobile dataterminal
High packetError rate
mobility
Radio multicasting
Roaming,handoff
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Wireless Requirements: Mobile P2PP2P, 7DS, Infostations, etc. represent another emerging category of mobile applications on the Internet
Router mobilityNetwork may be disconnected at times …delayed delivery?Caching and opportunistic data delivery …. In-network storageContent- and location- aware data delivery
Internet
Low-speed wide-areaaccess
Infostationcell
Mobile Infostation
Roadway Sensors
Mobile User
Data Cache
Ad-HocNetwork
OpportunisticHigh-Speed Link
(MB/s)
Infostation
OpportunisticHigh-Speed Link
(MB/s)
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Wireless Requirements: Ad-Hoc NetsAd-hoc nets with multiple radio hops to wired Internet useful for various scenarios including mesh 802.11, sensor, etc.
Discovery and self-organization capabilitiesSeamless addressing and routing across wireless-wired gatewayGeographic routing optionsSupport for end-to-end cross-layer protocol approaches where neededPrivacy and security considerations
Relay Node
AccessPoint
Sensor
Wireless link withvarying speed and QoS
Local Interferenceand MAC Congestion
Dynamically changingNetwork topology
Best sensor-to-mobile path via wired network(needs unified routing)Wired Internet
Ad-HocNetwork
IP-Ad-hoc NetProtocol Conversion
Gateway
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INTERNETINTERNET
Wireless Requirements: Cognitive Radio
AA
BB
D
C
D
E
F
Cognitive radio drives consideration of adaptive wireless networks involving multi-hop collaboration between radio nodes
Needs Internet support similar to ad-hoc network discussed earlierRapid changes in network topology, PHY bit-rate, etc. implications for routingFundamentally cross-layer approach – need to consider wired net boundaryHigh-power cognitive radios may themselves serve as Internet routers…
Bootstrapped PHY &control link
End-to-end routed pathFrom A to F
PHY A
PHY B
PHY C
Control(e.g. CSCC)
Multi-mode radio PHYAd-Hoc Discovery
& Routing Capability
Adaptive WirelessNetwork Node
(…functionality can be quitechallenging!)
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Wireless Requirements: Sensor Nets and Pervasive Systems
Mobile Internet (IP-based)
Overlay Sensor Network Infrastructure
Compute & StorageServers
User interfaces forinformation & control
Ad-Hoc Sensor Net A
Ad-Hoc Sensor Net B
Sensor net/IP gateway GW
3G/4GBTS
PervasiveApplication
Agents
Relay Node
Virtualized Physical WorldObject or Event
Sensor/Actuator
Sensor net scenarios involve:Limited CPU speed and transmit powerIntermittent connectivity, low-speeds, ad-hoc modesData centric M2M, P2M applicationsMay involve complex real-time interactions
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Sensors in roadway interact with sensor/actuator in carsOpportunistic, attribute-based binding of sensors and carsAd-hoc network with dynamically changing topologyClosed-loop operation with tight real-time and reliability constraints
Wireless Requirements: Real-Time Sensor Net Scenarios
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Wireless Requirements: Overlay Sensor Net Backbone
Overlay networks can be used for content distribution or dynamicbinding between sensor devices and servers, agents, end-users
Use of XML or similar content descriptor to specify sensor data and application profile“Layer 7” overlay network (implemented over IP tunnels) provides content mcast or binding service between producers (sensors) and consumers (servers, users)
Content ConsumersSensor ContentProducer
OverlayRouter
A
Interest Profile
XMLDescriptor Overlay
RouterB
ApplicationAgent
Mobile User
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Internet Architecture
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Introduction: TCP/IP Evolution or Revolution?
Early IP Networks
+ Scalable Routing& Hierarchies
(IPv4)
IPv6IPv6
Overlay Services: mbone, VOIP/SIP, etc.
MPLS
>B mobile devices
>>B sensors
Ad-hoc routing
Cross-layer
Data driven
More security!!
Location-aware
etc.
IPv4 + more Service overlays
IPv8
New Network
Architecture& Protocols
New Network
Architecture& Protocols
?
Broadband & QoS
Increased AddressSpace
Mobility
Security
TCP RTP/UDPMedia
Streaming
Security SSL
New TP’sfor mobile, sensor
IPsec
Mobile IPDisruptive
Innovations??
graceful evolutionOf IP features??
IP as a “pipe”, new networkservices layered on top
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Previous attempts at upgrading of IP spec have not had the expected result:
IPv6 standardized but not widely deployed...Little progress with end-to-end QoS in the InternetMobile IP for first wave of wireless needs not implementedIP’s lowest common denominator (best effort datagram) also its greatest strength!
Earlier attempts at utopian new network architectures mostly ended in failure, in spite of technical merits
B-ISDN/ATM did not take off (...complexity, lack of organic growth model)Significant standards activity and community endorsement not sufficient to launch new network architectures...Problems with 3G wireless
This doesn’t mean that new networks aren’t needed, but architectures needed to encourage bottom-up transformation without loss of investment in legacy system:
Evolutionary strategies preferableNew approaches to protocol standards: overlays, modularity, programmability,..Economic incentives for deployment
Internet Architecture: Caveats
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Evolutionary approachDesign a new wireless, ad-hoc and sensor “low-tier IP network profile to be “compatible” with IP global network (e.g. IPv6, BGP routing, MPLS, etc.)Identify critical hierarchy and core IP extensions needed and pass requirement to IETF, etc.Evolve IP functionality via new RFC’sAs wireless service needs proliferate, new low-tier IP may replace current IP intra-network
Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change
BorderRouterfor IPw Border
Routerfor IPw
BorderRouterfor IPv4
GLOBAL INTERNET
IP Wireless/SensorAccess Network (IPw)
IP Wireless/SensorAccess Network (IPw)
IP AccessNetwork
(e.g. IPv4)
New Interface Spec
New Protocol Spec
IPv6 extensions
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Overlay approachDesign new wireless, ad-hoc or sensor access net to work across global overlay networkSpecify and build new overlay networks optimized for wireless needsMay include concept of an “IP knowledge plane” accessible by overlayIf successful, IP is pushed down to a “layer 3-” service, while overlay is “3+”Permits significant flexibility in advanced service features, but tight optimization of packet overhead more difficult due to IP encapsulation
Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change
BorderRouter
GLOBAL OVERLAY NETWORK
New Wireless/SensorAccess Network
IP AccessNetwork
New Design (non-IP)
new wireless-specific services
GLOBAL INTERNET
Overlay NetGateway
Overlay NetGateway
IP Tunnel
Overlay NetGateway
New Wireless/SensorAccess Network
new knowledge plane?
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Revolutionary approachSpecify a new “beyond IP” network optimized for mobile/wireless/sensorBuild a prototype nationwide network and offer it for experimental useUse this network for emerging mobile data and real-time sensor actuator applications with demanding performance and efficiency requirementsMost radical, risks being marginalized by Internet evolution and legacy staying power
Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change
New Designs (beyond IP)optimized for
emerging needs includingwireless-specific services
Next-Gen GLOBAL INTERNET
New Access Networkoptimized forwireless, etc.
New Access Network
BorderGateway IP Access
Network
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Experimental Infrastructure
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Several NSF supported experimental systems/testbeds provide a starting point for future research network:
Several wired and wireless network testbeds built over the last ~5 yrsLambdaRail, PlanetLab, Whynet, ORBIT, Emulab, Sensornet,…..Each testbed project focused on a specific capability, e.g. high-speed optics, programmable overlays, ad-hoc wireless, large-scale sensor systems, etc.Cost/benefit of a unifying MREFC network – how will research benefit in terms of new applications and evaluation of disruptive network technologies?Right balance between simulation, emulation and field network given research goal?
Experimental Infrastructure: Current Testbeds and Proposed NSF GENI
INTERNET (IPv4)
Experimental Overlay Networks, e.g. PlanetLab
Open/ProgrammableWired/Wireless Testbeds
(Emulab, ORBIT)
Large ScaleWireless Network Emulator
(ORBIT)
Large-ScaleSensor Networks(EmNet, SCADDS)
Field Trial WirelessNetwork (ORBIT – Phase II)
Field Trial SensorNetwork (UCLA)
Ad-Hoc Network Testbed(Monarch, APE,..)
CognitiveRadio Testbeds
(future)
Hybrid Simulation-BasedWireless Testbed
(Whynet)
Optical Testbeds, e.g. LambdaRail
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Experimental platforms needed for wireless networking research802.11/Linux as default wireless client/ad-hoc router during 2000-05Mote/TinyOS as default sensorOther platforms such as ORBIT dual-radio node, KU programmable radio, future cognitive radios, ….Open wide-area radio devices becoming available: WiMax, 3G BSR, …Are some of these useful for MREFC/GENI? Are new devices needed? Software?
Experimental Infrastructure: Wireless and Sensor Platforms
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802.11 embedded node
MICA/Mote
ORBIT dual-radionode
Intel Stargate
Radio Forwarding Node
802.11 AP
GNU Software Radio
KU Agile Radio
Lucent/WINLAB Cognitive Radio
Base Station Router orWiMax BTS
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Network research infrastructure needs to be flexible by definition, at least until a defacto future protocol emerges….
Network “virtualization” as implemented in PlanetLab as one option (“slices”)Other models such as user programmable devices as in Emulab and ORBIT (single user/protocol per node per experiment)Other options such as per packet labels to invoke alternative protocolsWireless devices such as sensors and radio nodes (with MAC) more difficult to virtualizeUnified approach for wired and wireless in proposed GENI…?
Experimental Infrastructure: Open-Access Programming Model
Partitioned link BW
CPU “slices”
Server with multiple protocols
Protocol A B C
Protocol A(or B or C) MAC
Extension A
Shared RadioSpace
PlanetLab Model
Emulab/ORBIT Model
Protocol A, B or Cinvoked via packet label
Protocol Label Method