WIRELESS MARKUP

LANGUAGE

Submitted by:-

Amanat Dabla6308202,C1IT ,final yr.

Neeru 6308851,C1IT ,final yr.

WML : WIRELESS MARKUP LANGUAGE

• XML based Language• Emphasis, Alignment, Tables• Buttons (Navigation mechanisms)• Actions• Variables• Script• Images - WBMP & local & alternate text

INTRODUCTION TO WAP WAP is a collection of protocols aimed at providing a captive,

restricted form of WEB for mobile phones and other devices such as Palms.

The wireless application protocol itself is a series of lower layer protocols that replace the TCP/IP layer and some of HTTP layer to better suit the wireless transport characteristics.

The WAP devices, such as phones, include a micro-browser that has both more and less functions than a WEB browser. On the content side WEB servers are standard, perhaps needing only the addition of a MIME type for WML. There is a WAP specific work done in the gateway.

The content is not provided in HTML, but in a specific Wireless Markup Language - WML. Because of the very limited screen real estate, instead of pages, the content is a ‘card’ which is much smaller, but are actually delivered in small decks of related cards.

WAP (WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL)

GatewayWAP

WEB

Server

Content

Browser

HTTP

IPWAP

DeckWML

GATEWAY• Identity• Compilation• Size restriction• Speed• Limit of size of the WEB accessible

gateway CaptiveWEB

wireless

Compress+Securitycookies

INTRODUCTION TO WAP PROTOCOL STACK The WAP Forum group have reinvented many of the protocol

layers to be more efficient and applicable to the limited capabilities of the WAP devices like phones and data quality of the link. In some cases within the stack they have reused existing standards.

Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP): Moves single packets to and from the phone. This is the lowest level layer defined by WAP. It is implemented on whatever suitable mechanism is available on the underlying network. For TCP/IP networks, it maps directly to UDP packets.

Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP): Implements a single request-response pair between phone and gateway. The request may be for a new page, or it may be something related to the higher level protocols.

Wireless Session Protocol (WSP): Takes care of handling actual requests for pages. Sessions are used to optimise bandwidth usage.

WBCF: Is the compiled form of the WML and WMLScript.

WAP PROTOCOL STACK

Wireless Markup Language

WAP Binary XML Content Format

Wireless Session Protocol (incl. HTTP1.1)

Wireless Transaction Protocol

Wireless Transport Layer Security

Wireless Datagram Protocol (or UDP)

Bearers - CDMA,SMS

HTML

HTTP

TCP

IP

WAP ARCHITECTURE & STACK

Micro Browser (WML, WMLScript, WTA, WTAI)

Runs on top of WDPProvided lightweight X-oriented service• Unreliable 1-way request• Reliable 1-way/2-way req./response

Lightweight SSLUses WIM/PKI-Cards

Datagram service on different bearersConvergence between bearer services

Different Wireless Tech.

WAP MICROBROWSERS Optimized for wireless devices. Minimal RAM, ROM, Display, CPU and

keys. Provides consistent service UI across

devices. Provides Internet compatibility. Enables wide array of available content

and applications. Opera browser , Palmscape , Microsoft

explorer 2.0 .

FORM PROCESSING<wml><card id="login" title="login"> <onevent type="onenterbackward"><prev/></onevent> <do type="accept" label="outbox" optional="false"> <go href="#outbox"/> </do> <p><img localsrc="outbox" src="" alt=""/>To:<input name="email" emptyok="false" maxlength="128" format="*a\@*a"/><br/>Password: <input name="pwd" type="password" maxlength="32" format="*N"/></p></card> <card id="outbox" title="Outbox" ontimer="#send"> <onevent type="onenterbackward"><prev/></onevent> <timer name="thinktime" value="100"/> <do type="accept" label="send"><go href="#send"/> </do> <p>Send '$(pwd)' to $(email)?</p></card> <card id="send"> <onevent type="onenterforward"> <go href="http://mango/cgi-bin/wap-send-email.sh?$(email)"/></onevent> <onevent type="onenterbackward"><prev/></onevent> <p>Failed to send to $(email).</p></card></wml>

WML : WIRELESS MARKUP LANGUAGE Tag-based browsing language:

Screen management (text, images) Data input (text, selection lists, etc.) Hyperlinks & navigation support

Takes into account limited display, navigation capabilities of devices

XML-based language describes only intent of interaction in an

abstract manner presentation depends upon device

capabilities Cards and Decks

document consists of many cards User interactions are split into cards Explicit navigation between cards cards are grouped to decks deck is similar to HTML page, unit of

content transmission Events, variables and state mgmt

Content (XML)

XSL Processor

HTTP Browser

HTML StyleSheet

WML Browsers

WML Stylesheet

WML The basic unit is a card. Cards are grouped together into Decks

Document ~ Deck (unit of transfer)

All decks must contain Document prologue

XML & document type declaration <WML> element

Must contain one or more cards

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE WML PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.0//EN"

"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml.xml">

<WML> ... </WML>

WML File Structure

FEATURES

Setting card styles to create forms Using variables to cache user data Using card intrinsic events to trigger

transparent tasks Using timers Securing WML decks Bookmarking decks

LIMITATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY

Screen size, resolution, colour Input devices Bandwidth Deck size

FUTURE

More bandwidth (3G wireless)- • GPRS - General Packet Radio Service• UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecom

System User Agent Profiles Security Location determination Local services/always on

REFERENCES

BooksMobile communications: Jochen Schiller, Addison Wesley 2000Understanding WAP:

Official Website (specifications)www.wapforum.org

Technical/Developer Info and toolswww.palopt.com.au/wapwww.wap.net

Major playerswww.nokia.com/wapwww.ericsson.se/wapphone.com

OpenSource effortwww.wapgateway.org (Kannel WAP gateway project)

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