WintermeIndoorand) OutdoorPM 2.5)Measurements Indoor v...WintermeIndoorand) OutdoorPM...

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Winter’me Indoor and Outdoor PM 2.5 Measurements or Does it really do us any good to stay inside on those winter’me inversion days? Dr. Randy Mar’n USU/UWRL Civil & Env. Eng. Logan, UT [email protected] (435) 7971686

Transcript of WintermeIndoorand) OutdoorPM 2.5)Measurements Indoor v...WintermeIndoorand) OutdoorPM...

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Winter'me  Indoor  and  Outdoor  PM2.5  Measurements  

-­‐  or  -­‐  Does  it  really  do  us  any  good  to  stay  inside  on  those  winter'me  inversion  

days?    Dr.  Randy  Mar'n  

USU/UWRL Civil & Env. Eng.

Logan, UT [email protected]  

(435)  797-­‐1686  

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PM2.5  Composi'on  (part  of  the  key)  

Modeled  chemical  specia.on  from  UDAQ’s  2012  State  Implementa.on  Plan  (SIP)  when  PM2.5  >  25  µg/m3  

NH4NO3  ranged  from  63-­‐70%  across  SLC  sites  

NH4NO3(p)  ↔  NH3(g)  +  HNO3(g)    

Note:    This  is  an  equilibrium  reac'on  and  is  a  strong  func'on  of  temperature  and  rela've  humidity  

NH4NO3  up  80-­‐95%  on  high  PM2.5  days  

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Calculated  Equilibrium  Coefficient  (Kp  =  [NH3]*[HNO3])  

Change  from  freezing  to  room  temperature  

0%  RH  

90%  RH  

Kp  changes  by  greater  than  2  

orders  of  magnitude  (≈240x)  

Therefore,  warmer  (indoor  vs.  outdoor)  temperatures  should  result  in  vola'liza'on  of  par'culate  NH4NO3  to  gaseous  components  NH3  and  HNO3  

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Cache  Valley  Indoor  vs.  Outdoor  PM2.5  •     2005:  Filter-­‐based  PM2.5  MiniVol  impactor  samplers  inside  &  outside  at  the  area  schools  

•     Sunrise,  Summit,  &  Greenville  Elementary  schools;  Logan  High  School  

•     Tests  run  only  during  weekdays  and  school  hours  •     Samplers  also  analyzed  for  some  chemical  cons'tuents  (anions  –  esp.  NO3

-­‐)  

•     2013:    Filter-­‐based  PM2.5  MiniVol  impactors  inside  USU  buildings  compared  to  UDAQ  Logan  TEOM  PM2.5  

•     Engineering  Bldg,  Taggard  Student  Center,  &  Field  House  (rec.  center)  •     24-­‐hr  collec'on  (midnight-­‐to-­‐midnight);  every  other  day  

•     Real-­‐'me  op'cal  par'cle  data  also  collected  

•     2014:  Filter-­‐based  PM2.5  MiniVol  impactors  various  buildings  compared  to  UDAQ  Logan  TEOM  PM2.5  

•     18  different  buildings,  six  to  seven  24-­‐hr  samples  at  each  site  •     5  private  residences,  2  high  schools,  1  elementary  school,  1  church,  1  public  library,  2  re'rement  homes,  1  hospital,  3  USU  buildings,  1  commercial  gym,  Utah  Water  Research  Lab  (UWRL)  

•     OPC  data  at  some  sites  and  IC  analysis  of  selected  filters  yet  to  be  completed  

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How  does  the  MiniVol  sampler  collect  only  PM2.5  Par'cles?  •   Air  is  pulled  through  a  special  separa'ng  part  called  an  impactor  

•   The  impactor  “jet”  makes  the  air  flow  speed  up  to  a  specific  velocity  

•   Large  par'cles  can’t  turn  around  the  impactor  “plate”  and  are  trapped  

•   Small  par'cles  (PM2.5)  are  then  collected  on  a  filter  

Filter  (for  par'cle  collec'on)  

Small  Par'cle  (PM2.5)  

Large  Par'cle  

Impactor  Jet  (speeds  up  air  flow)  

Impactor  Plate  (removes  

large  pr'cles)  

Clean  air  out  

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The  AirMetrics  Impactor  PM2.5  MiniVol  Air  Pollu'on  Sampler  

PM2.5  Impactor  Head  

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Sample  Filters  (47  mm  TFE)  

Clean  filter  –  before  use   Filter  –  auer  use  

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Indoor  PM2.5  vs.  Outdoor  PM2.5  2005  and  2013  Results  

Or…on days high days Indoor ~

23% Outdoor

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2005  Chemical  (ionic)  Composi'on  of  Collected  PM2.5  

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Chlorine Nitrate Sulfate

Ave

rage

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g/m

3)

Indoor Outdoor

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Indoor  PM2.5  vs.  Outdoor  2013  real-­‐'me  (OPC)  par'cle  tracking  

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2014  Mul'-­‐Site  Indoor/Outdoor  PM2.5  Comparisons  

Jan.  16-­‐26,  2014  

Jan.  8  –  Feb.  9,  2014  

Feb.  11-­‐23,  2014  

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2014  Mul'-­‐Site  Indoor/Outdoor  PM2.5  Comparisons  

Previous  linear  rela.onship:  

 

y    =    0.07x  +  8.21  

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Summary/Conclusions

•     Is  “remaining  indoors”  during  inversions  an  adequate  protec've  measure?  •     Yes!….in  reference  to  CV’s  ambient  PM2.5  •     indoor  PM2.5  always  found  below  NAAQS    •     studies  over  different  years/buildings  similar  

•     consistent  with  dominant  NH4NO3  composi'on  

•     These  studies  do  not  necessarily  indicate  indoor  air  is  “safer”  •     addi'onal  indoor  sources  of  PM  and  other  pollutants  may  be  significant…..  

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USEPA  Risk  Rankings  1.  ('e)  Worker  exposure  to  chemicals  1.  ('e)  Indoor  radon  3.  Pes'cide  residue  on  foods  4.  ('e)  Indoor  air  pollutants  (non-­‐radon)  4.  ('e)  Consumer  exposure  to  chemicals    

       (includes  cleaning  fluids,  etc.)  6.  Hazardous/toxic  air  pollutants  7.  Deple'on  of  stratospheric  ozone  8.  Hazardous  waste  sites  (inac've)  9.  Drinking  water  (radon  and  THMs)  10.  Applica'on  of  pes'cides  Others              (including  groundwater  contamina'on  at  21,  NAAQS  at  22,  etc.)  

Risk  of  cancer/death  -­‐  breathing  indoor  air  as  high  as  0.5  to  1%    (conven'onal  risk  assessment)  Corsi,  Environ.  Manager  (2000)  

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Acknowledgements •     UWRL  and  USU’s  Dept  of  Civil  &  Env.  Eng.  for  par'al  funding  and  support  

•     USU    Facili'es  

•     Logan  &  Sky  View  High  Schools  

•     Greenville,  Summit,  &  Sunrise  Elementary  Schools  

•     Logan  city    and  the  Logan  Public  Library  

•     Gold’s  Gym  (Logan,  UT)  

• Logan’s  1st  Presbyterian  Church  and  Pastor  Paul  Heins  

•       Dr.  Laurie  McNeill  

•     Sunshine  Terrace  Founda'on  

•     Pioneer  Village  

•     Cache  Valley  Hospital  

•     Utah  Division  of  Air  Quality  (UDAQ)  and  the  Utah  Air  Monitoring  Center  (UAMC)  

•   USU  students  Kori  More,  Vishal  Doshi,  Clay  Woods,  Trinity  Stout,  McKay  Johnson,  and  Andrew  Lewis  

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Exciting New Research!

Tailpipe  measurements  of  NOx,  HC,  CO,  and  CO2  as  a  func'on  of  cold  start,  hot  start  (10  &  20  min),  and  idle  

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2007 Dodge Ram 1500

•     Analysis  will  ul'mately  es'mate  total  emissions  for  cold  starts  vs.  hot  starts  vs.  idling  •     Note:    Even  under  cold  start,  catalyst  reaches  op'mal  efficiency  in  1-­‐2  minutes