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Transcript of Winter Heating Guide
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7/28/2019 Winter Heating Guide
1/17www.consumer.org.nz
Your guide to keeping
healthy, warm and
cosy through winter
Welcoe
WinterHoe
Full o uad practicalways to ejoy
witer
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Its a time to sped with rieds ad amily.
Its a time o cold ad a time o warmth. So
lets hear it or reezig morigs ad witer
warmers, or rai o widows ad plety to
read, or southerlies, or a crack o lightig, a
cracklig ire ad a stack o movies, or short
days ad log walks, or delicious, warmig
meals, hot baths ad bed.
Our guide will help you ejoy witer, with tips
ad advice o keepig your home healthy,
warm ad cosy plus liks to exclusive recipes,
wie recommedatios ad more. Well take
you through how to keep the heat i ad get
the damp out o your home. Well also tell you
which are the cheapest ad cleaest heatig
uels, ad how to get the best out o your
heatig appliaces.
WINTER ISTHE BESTOF ALLSEASONS,FOR ALL
SORTS OFREASONS.
Cotets2 Cotets 3
04 Dampess
07 Vetilatio
08 Isulatio
10 Widows
13 Dehumidiiers
14 Cetral heatig
16 Heatig choices
18 Types o uels
20 Heat pumps
22 Electricity
25 Gas
26 Wood
28 Pellets
31 Top 10 heatig tips
Iside
06 TV
09 Ovens
12 Sop
19 Lighting
23 Slow cookers
24 Breadakers
30 Red wine
Here you will ind links to
our free buying guides,
including special recipes
romRuth Prettyto help
you create the perect
winter home and enjoy
those long cold nights.
Winter
Warmers
Enjoy!
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Where it comes from
ACTIVITY LITRES
Cookig 3.0/day
Clothes washig 0.5/day
Showers ad baths 1.5/day (per person)
Dishes 1.0/day
Clothes dryig (uveted) 5.0/load
Gas heater (uflued) Up to 1.0/hour
Breathig 0.2/hour (per person)
Sleepig 0.02/hour (per person)
Perspiratio 0.03/hour (per person)
FirstReduce dampess ad moisture at their
source to improve iterior air quality.
NextRemove moisture i the air by vetilatio
or with a dehumidiier.
8 Tipsor reducig
dampess
Put a sealedmoisturecotrol
sheet o the groududer the house.
Use extractor asi bathrooms.
Istall a showerdome.
Use a kitche
ragehood thatsveted outside.
DampessEnemy number oneMoisture can ind its way into the house rom
water leaks in roos and around windows, and
rom damp underloor conditions. People justbreathing can also add to moisture build-up.
Dapness4
Find out moreGet the right prodcts to eectivel
redce dap in or hoe. To find the best
dehidifiers, rangehoods and ore, visit:
Use pot lidswhile cookig.
6Dry clothesoutside ad vetdryers outside.
7Ope widowsto remove
moisturelade air.
8Use adehumidiier.
Dapness 5
1
2
3
4
5
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WHAT TOCOnSIDER ...
Moder or olderhouse?
Woode or
alumiium widowsad doors?
The size o the loorarea?
Ope pla or dividedrooms?
How much su doesthe house get?
How much roospace is there?
How cold is witer?
An automatic ventilation
system can also be eective
at reducing moisture and
condensation, mould and
dust mites.
There are two ain tpes
o ventilation sstes:
Positive pressreor
orced air ventilation
systems work by blowing
drier air into your house
usually rom the roo
space above the ceiling
or rom outside. Theyre
VetilatioKeep the air movingAir your house. The easiest way is to open the windows
regularly to remove stale, moisture-laden air. Consider
window vents or security stays so the house can be
ventilated when youre out.
WHICH SYSTEMIS BEST?
This depeds o the
desig o your house,
its loor area, the
locatio, how much
su the house gets, the
type o roo ... eve the
local climate.
Find out moreTo compare the
prices and eatures o 70
ventilation systems and let
us help you ind the best
system or your home, visit:
There are plety o log ightsahead to catch up o avourite
movies ad TV series. Ad
whether youre ito DVDs, blu
ray, SKY or olie streamig,
youll eed somethig o which
to watch it all. That s where our
ree TV buyig guide comes i.
Take a look a t our experts views
o LCDs, LEDs, plasmas, rear
projectors ad rot projectors.
tv
Winter Warmer #16
more suitable or older
houses in warmer
climates with wooden
windows and doors than
modern houses with
sealed aluminium joinery
unless the windows
are opened or additional
ventilation vents are itted.
Balanced pressre or
heat-exchanger ventilation
systems extract warm
damp air rom living
spaces and pass it through
a heat-exchanger to heat
up the dry air the systembrings in rom outside.
They work best in more
airtight, modern homes.
Vetilatio 7
Winter
Warmer
#1
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Heat is lost or gained rom your home in three ways:
Directly through your loor, walls and ceiling
insulating these areas reduces heat loss.
By air moving through open doors, windows and
unsealed downlights or mechanically by an systems.
Directly through glass.
The kitche is the most importat
room i the house especially i witer.
Its where that delicious comort
ood is prepared, so havig the right
ove is importat. Todays oves
are sophisticated appliaces able to
perorm all kids o culiary eats. Our
guide will help you choose the right
ove ad get the most out o it.
ovens
Vanilla Scones
Winter Warmer #2 9
IsulatioKeep the warmth inInsulation makes your home easier
and cheaper to heat in winter.
Where the heat goes:
Isulatig materials
that have higher
Rvalues reduce the
rate o a buildigs
heat loss i witer (or
heat gai i summer).
This i tur reduces
the amout o heatig
(or coolig) required
or a comortable
idoor temperature.
The Rvalue depeds
o the type o material
ad its desity ad
thickess. So a
alumiium sigle
glazed widow has a
Rvalue o 0.15 while a
typical isulated walls
Rvalue is 1.99 more
tha 10 times greater.
R-VALUES
Isulatio8
Find out moreTo compare the prices and eatures o 70 ventilation
systems, visit: .
TIP:Check to see i you
have any insulation. Possibly
you may have some thats
old or ineective - and so itrequires a top up. Watch this
ENERGYWISEvideo about
checking your insulation.
Warm indoor temperatures and adequate ventilation
make or a drier and healthier place in which to live.
Insulating the ceiling/roo area is the irst priority as this
is where most heat is lost.
Winter
Warmer
#2
Check it out here
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WidowsKeeping more warmth inTouch a window pane on a cold day and itll eel cold.
Its likely to be as cold as the outside air.
FIRST STEPTry temporary double
glazig as a irst step. DIY
widow isulatio cosists
o a thi, clear plastic ilm
taped to the iside o your
widow rame but ot
o the glass. It prevets
codesatio ad reduces
heat loss by actig like
doubleglazig. The ilms
easy to istall ad the oly
thig eeded are a pair o
scissors ad a hair dryer to
shrik it so it looks tidy.
Find out moreFor more inormation
on double and secondary
glazing, curtains, R-values, and
how to keep the heat in visit:
When the warm insideair hits the cold glass two
things happen:
The warm air is cooled
heat is escaping
outside.
The cooled inside air
orms condensation on
the window pane.
Neither is good!
There are two ways o
dealing with this keeping
the warm inside air
away rom the window
(curtains) and insulating
the pane (by double-
glazing or secondary-
glazing existing windows).
Crtains help by
creating a pocket o
still air between the
window and the curtain.
That pocket o air must
remain trapped by
the curtains which are
close-itting top and
bottom. Well-itting
curtains can be just
as eective as double-
Widows10 Widows 11
Secondary glazingDouble glazing
glazing they will add
an R-value o 0.26 to a
window.
Doble or secondar
glazing traps a layer o
air (or an inert gas like
argon) between the two
panes. This reduces the
heat-loss through the
glass. Most new houses
must have double-
glazing and retroitting
older houses is possible
but expensive.
Double orsecodary
glazig trapsa layer oair betweetwo paes.
Tip
I temporary widow
isulatio makes a real
dierece, aim or more
permaet doubleglazig
as your budget allows.
Tip
I youre retig check with
your ladlord whether its
OK to istall temporary
doubleglazig.
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Most dehumidiiers use
a small rerigeration unit
to irst cool the rooms
air (so it can condense
out the moisture) then
reheat it. The water-
removal rate reduces as
the air temperature drops.
Desiccant dehumidiiers
have recently hit the
A delicious, warmig bowl o soup is
a staple i witer. To id out which
soups are super we put premade
soups to the taste test ad came up
with some delicious surprises. So i
you dot have time to make your ow
soup theres plety o great optios
available i your supermarket.
soup
Winter Warmer #312
Bean andChorizo Soup
DehumidiiersSuck out the damp
Once youve done your best to
remove the sources o moisture,
a dehumidiier can make a bigdierence. Theyre a great option or
renters because theyre portable and
can be moved rom room to room
or even house to house.
Find out moreWeve tested and
reported on 9 commonly
available models. To ind out
what you need to consider
beore you buy a dehumidiier
and to ind the best model or
your home, visit:
HOW DOESIT WORK?
Every time water is
tured rom a liquid to
a gas (water vapour),
heat has to be added.
This heat is called
the latet heat o
evaporatio. The
reverse happes
whe water vapour is
codesed to a liquid
that latet heat is
released.
Whe a dehumidiier
codeses the water
vapour i the air back
to a liquid or draiig
o, the latet heat i
the water vapour is
the released.
market. They work
dierently and use
a water-absorbing
(desiccant) material such
as a silica-gel to remove
the moisture rom the air.
They work better but use
more power.
All the electricity a
dehumidiier uses endsup heating the room. This
is a good thing in our
climate
but it gets eve better...
The dehumidiier dries
the air and in the process
delivers more heat to
the room than it uses in
electricity. Only a heat
pump gives you more
bang or your buck.
Usig aheater ad adehumidiiertogether willheat a cold addamp roommore quickly adcheaply tha aheater o its ow.
Dehumidiiers 13
Winter
Warmer
#3
www.consumer.org.nz
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The heat rom a traditional heater,
woodburner, gas ireplace, electric
heater or heat pump is released
directly into the room where the
appliance is installed. In open-plan
houses this heat can spread somewhat
throughout the open area.
Thats unlikely in houses with separate
rooms: the heat source can overheat
the room where its installed and the
rest o the house remains cold.
A heat-transer kit with insulated
ducting can help even out
temperatures but the house is
unlikely to become uniormly warm.
CetralheatigWhole-house heatingKiwi homes are too oten small islands o
heat among a sea o cold air.
Heating:The heat source iscommonly called a boiler and
it heats either air or ducted
distribution or water or hydronic
systems. Dierent models burn gas,
diesel, logs or wood pellets. Others
use a heat pump. You need to check
with at least two heating companies
to determine which type is best or
your locality.
Distribtion:Once the airor water is heated it needs to be
distributed to where the heats
required. This is done by inslated
dcting or hot-air systems or
inslated pipes or hydronic. The
house can usually be divided into
several heating zones that can be
heated at dierent times and to
dierent temperatures.
Releasing:Ducted systemshave outlet grills that deliver
heated air directly to the rooms.
Hydronic systems release their
heat either through nderfloor
heating (the hot water is piped
through pipes buried in a concrete
loor slab) or radiators (where the
hot water is piped to wall-mounted
radiators). Radiator hydronic heating
can be retroitted into many homes
because the connecting pipes can
be run under timber loors, inside
walls and over ceilings.
Cetral Heatig 15Cetral Heatig14
Central heating works by separating
the place where the heat is generated
rom where its released. There are
two common systems: ducted hot air
and piped hot water (hydronic).
A central-heating system has three
major components:
a heat sorce thats located ina convenient place (away rom
where the heats required)
a distribution system that
transers and distribtes the heat
a means o releasing the heat
where its required.
A control sste monitors and
controls the overall system.
WHOLE-HOUSE(CEnTRAL) HEATInG
For more inormation on eficient
heating, insulation, ventilation
and tips on how to have a warm,
comortable and healthy home, visit:
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Sometimes you dont have a choice but i you do:
Heat pumps, lued natural gas heaters and
woodburners are the cheapest orms o heating.
Unlued LPG heaters are the most expensive.
Natural gas is the cheapest orm o central
heating ahead o pellet burners.
Home heating costs 2013(cents per kWh)
HEATERS
Electricity (heat pump)
natural gas (lued heater)
Firewood (woodburner)
Electricity(nightstore/underloor)
Wood pellets (pellet burner)
Diesel
LPG (lued heater)
Electricity (plug-in heaters)
LPG (unlued heater)
CENTRAL HEATING
natural gas
Wood pellets
Diesel
LPG
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
GUIDE TO THE FIGURES
COSTS are or providing
one kilowatt o heat or
one hour.They do not
include ixed charges.
Firewood is pine and
its costs are rom our
November 2012 survey.
Electricity ad atural
gas costs are rom
powerswitch.org.nz.
Other costs are rom
pricing data collected
during February 2013.
GST is included.
HeatingchoicesWhat uel to choose? Alost everone
ses electricit sort
ot the best deal or
o b visiting
RECOmmENDED
mINImum TEmP OR
yOuR BEDROOm:
16C
RECOmmENDED
mINImum TEmP OR
yOuR LIVING ROOm:
18C
What uel to choose16
REnEWABLE
SEMI-REnEWABLE
nOn-REnEWABLE
What uel to choose 17
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REnEWABLE
Electricitycomes rom a combination o renewable and
non-renewable sources so its only a semi-clean uel. But
nothing is cleaner in your home.
Firewoodis one o the ew sustainable carbon-neutral
home-heating options. But to get the most heat (and the
least pollution), it must be burned hot and in a specially
designed irebox. The irewood must also be dry and the
pieces not too big.
Natural gas is clean-burning, but its a ossil uel. Burning
it adds the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to the
environment.
LPG is clean-burning like natural gas but adds carbon
dioxide to the environment.
Wood pellets are manuactured rom 100 percent wood
waste and burn cleanly so theyre really clean and green.
Dieselis now low-sulphur and relatively pollutant-ree.
But its a non-sustainable ossil uel and adds to carbon
dioxide emissions.
Solaris the cleanest uel o all but you need a purpose-
designed house to rely on solar or 100 percent o
your heating. Existing homes can be modiied to take
advantage o solar energy.
FuelsClean and green?Some heating uels cause less atmospheric
pollution and are more sustainable than others.
We rate the most common options:
co2
co2
co2
REnEWABLE
SEMI-REnEWABLE
nOn-REnEWABLE
Heatig uel types18
Creatig a cozy ivitig atmosphere i
your home o log witer ights takes
othig more tha some imagiative
lightig. Ad, i you take a eergy
eficiet approach, you could achieve
the right look or a lot less. Our lightig
experts have created a ree lightig
guide, to help you switch o to clever
warm lightig.
lighting
Winter Warmer #4 19
Winter
Warmer
#4
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Heat pumps are large space heaters they heat air.
They can also provide summer cooling. You can set
them to come on and o automatically.
Because heat pumps use a an to distribute the
warmed air, the heating spreads more evenly than
most other space heaters (such as a woodburner).
Smaller versions (up to 4kW) are designed or a single
room like a bedroom, with larger units (up to 10kW)
suitable or large open-plan areas.
HeatpumpsThe power o threeHeat pumps are one o the
cheapest heating options to run
once theyre installed. The better
models produce at least three
times the heat or the power they
use. They can be retroitted
but they must be the right
capacity or the house and
installed properly.
HOW THEYWORKHeat pumps work
by taking heat rom
the air outside your
house and bringing
it indoors. Its like
a rerigerator in
reverse. By trying
to cool the outside
world it can extract
heat, or vice versa.
Find out moreFor all the inormation you need to
choose the right heat pump or your home, visit:
.
Ruig costs:I you istall a heat pump ad keep your home
about as warm as you do ow, you could save
plety i heatig costs. But may people keep their
homes warmer tha beore, so their heatig bil ls
havet dropped by much but their houses are
much warmer ad healthier.
DO HEATPUMPSDEHUMIDIFY?Yes, whe they
remove water rom
the air i coolig
ad dehumidiyig
(dry) mode. But
whe heatig, they
dot. Because warm
air ca hold more
water tha cool air,
the relative humidity
alls as the heat
pump warms the air
so the air eels drier.
Heat Pumps20 Heat Pumps 21
A experieced istaller willgive you advice o the rightsize ad where to place theidoor ad outdoor uits.
All heat pumps have a rating label to
show how energy eficient they are.
The most eficient models also carry
the blue ENERGY STAR mark.
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Tips
But whats best?Fa or covectio? Oililled or radiat?
Covectio heaters are designed to provide
background warmth. They warm the air, which
rises and circulates around the room by natural
convection. Heaters with ans provide aster
warm-up and more even heating. The most
popular type o convection heater is the upright
oil-illed column heater. Skirting-board style panel
heaters are also convection heaters.
Portable a heaters sit on the loor and blast
warm air directly at you. That moving air heats
the room evenly. Fan heaters are great or quickly
heating a room, but the an noise can become
annoying.
Radiat heaters with their glowing electricelements provide quick directional heat to a small
area o a room and also give some convection
heating. Radiant heaters are more suited to older,
draughtier homes or rooms with high ceilings.
Shorter days were made or slow cookers.
You ca walk i rom work ad a delicious
pipig hot meal is o ly miutes away.
Weve cooked up a guide to help you
choose the right slow cooker. Eightee
models were tested, priced rom $39 to
$300. So there's oe or you, whatever
your budget.
slow
cookers
ElectricityPortable heatingAll electric heaters are 100 percent eficient they
convert all the electrical energy they use into useul heat.
Thermostats help
maitai a eve
temperature ad
save power.
Timers allow you to
tur a heater o ad
o automatically.
Fas help a room
warm up aster ad
distribute the airmore evely.
Tilt switches switch
o the heater i it alls
over. not a ll portable
electric heaters have
to be itted with oe.
We thik theyre
essetial.
Find out moreElectric heaters vary in how well they
heat a room. For your checklist on what to
consider when buying a heater, visit:
Electric heatig22 Winter Warmer #5 23
Slow CookedCorned Silversidewith Winter Saladand Roasted
Mustard Fruits
Winter
Warmer
#5
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Your gas options will depend on where
you live. Natural gas is only available in
the more populated areas o the North
Island but LPG in 45kg and 9kg cylinders
is available just about everywhere.A breadmaker is the best thig sicesliced bread especially i witer.
That warm, resh bread aroma is
oe o the most welcomig there is.
To make sure you dot waste your
hardeared dough o the wrog
breadmaker, our experts have put a
whole rage to the test.
bread
makers
Winter Warmer #624
GasNatural gas & LPG
Gas heaters come in
everything rom relatively
small wall-mounted units
and ireplace inserts, to ull
central-heating systems.
Gas prices are relatively low
per kilowatt hour, but i you
add in the daily connection
charge the price becomes
much higher.
Burning either natural gas
or LPG creates moisture
and carbon dioxide. A lued
heater removes these
gases to the outside with
an unlued heater they go
into the house.
EMERGEnCIES OnLY!Ruig a portable ulued LPG heater o 9kg
bottles is the most expesive orm o heatig.
Its also a health ad saety hazard. Ulued gas
heaters produce carbo dioxide ad ill the air
with moisture. I a ault develops the heatermay release potetially atal levels o carbo
mooxide. Thats why a ulued heater should
oly be used i rooms with good vetilatio ad
ever i bedrooms.
BuT!We thik its a good idea to keep oe or
emergecy use whe other eergy sources like
electricity or atural gas aret available.
Find out moreTo ind out the
results o our test o the
perormance, saety and
ease o use o built-in lued
gas heaters, visit:
natural gas & LPG 25
Rosemary andWholemeal Bread
The blue ENERGY STAR mark
has recently been introduced or
gas space heaters and ireplaces.
This helps you ind the most
energy- eficient models.
unflued
Winter
Warmer
#6
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Burning wood cleanly is the key to making it environmentally riendly.
Thats because you win three times over:
wood is a sustainable heating uel
you get more heat rom a clean-burning
(non-smoky) ire
cleaner burning means ewer smoke
particles lodging in all our lungs.
I you burn wood carelessly or use wet
wood, you can create a health hazard
through the ultra-ine smoke particles
that can lodge in peoples lungs. Modern
woodburners can burn much more
cleanly than older models but only i you tend
the ire careully and use the right-sized dry wood.
Heat-transer kits are a good idea i you want to spread
the heat more evenly through your house.
WoodCosy, clean and warm
Brning woodcleanl is theke to aking itenviro-riendl
Nothings nicer than toasting yoursel in ront o a
cosy ire. Using a woodburner to heat your home
means youre not captive to energy companiesand their ever-rising prices and you can still be
warm i theres a power cut.
Keep the woodburer
reuelled.
Use dry irewood o
the right size (110mm
diameter or less).
Cotrol the heat output
adjust the amout o
wood thats burig
rather tha use the air
cotrol.
Find out moreWeve compared the emissions, eficiency and output o
more than 100 models o woodburners. Also get the right-sized
woodburner with our ree online calculator. For the ull report, visit:
Woodburers 27Woodburers26
Tips
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Theres plenty to like about pellet
burners. Theyre convenient to use
and an eective orm o low-pollutioncarbon-neutral heating. But the high
cost o the pellets in some areas has
stopped people buying the burners.
PelletsSmall balls o fre
Most pellet burners look like
a conventional woodburner
and are available either as
a ree-standing model or an
insert into a ireplace. You
can even get a basement-
urnace model or central
heating.
But pellet burners burn
only compressed woodpellets, which you buy in
15kg or 20kg plastic bags
or in bulk so you cant
use any ree irewood.
The cost o pellets varies
substantially region to
region, so inquire about
local prices beore you buy.
The pellets are loaded into
a hopper at the back o the
RULE OF THUMB
The dollar cost o a 20kg bag o pellets roughly
equals the ruig cost i cets per kWh. So a
20kg bag o pellets at $12 a bag will give youheatig at 12c per kWh; a $15 bag would work out
at 15c per kWh. I you ca source pellets rom the
mill at $450 per toe (the equivalet o $9 per
bag), ruig costs are 9 cets per kWh.
RuNNING COSTS
Shop aroud or the
cheapest source o
pellets there are big
variatios i price. I
theres a mill close to
you, try them irst.
To get a good price,
cosider buyig a
years worth o pellets.
unit and are ed into the
ire through an automatic
eed system.
Adjusting the rate the
pellets are burnt gives you
control over the amount
o heat produced. In some
models, a thermostat
can be used to keep an
even room temperature
and a timer can provide
automatic switching-on
and -o.
With reestanding and
ireplace-insert models, a
hopper load o pellets lasts
or around 24 hours o
continuous burning and
these models produce a
similar amount o heat to a
conventional woodburner.
Basement urnace models
produce much more.
Find out moreFor more inormation on the advantages
and disadvantages o pellet burners, visit:
www.consumer.org.nz
Pellet burers28
Shop arond or the cheapestsorce o pellets - there arebig variations in price.
Pellet burers 29
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7/28/2019 Winter Heating Guide
16/17
www.consumer.org.nz www.consumer.org.nz
Oilcolum ad other
covectio heaters ca create
a pool o hot air above the heater,
while the rest o the room is heated
less. Use a small desk a to mix
the air ad eve out the room air
temperature.
Set heater ad other
thermostats at the miimum
temperature you id comortable.
The higher the thermostat is set, the
higher the heatig costs.
Heat pumps are air warmers ot
oot toasters. For spot heatig
you eed a radiat electric orportable a heater.
I your heat pump teds to
reeze up o cold morigs,
use a cheap a heater to help
the heat pump get the room up
to temperature. Itll oly cost 30
cets or hal a hour or so. Oce
the room is warm, switch o the a
heater.
Reducig dampess will make
you eel warmer ad reduce
mould ad allergycausig dust mite
populatios.
Isulate irst particularly
the ceilig.
Temporary doubleglazig is a
cheap way o reducig heat loss
through widows.
A dehumidiier reduces dampess
ad delivers more heat to the
room tha it uses i electricity.
Heat pumps deliver the cheapest
heat to your home. Woodburers
ad atural gas lued heaters are
ext best.
A heattraser kit will help stop
a woodburer rom overheatig
the louge, while leavig the rest o
the house cold.
ConsumersTop 10Heating Tips
Top 10 tips 31
A glowig ire ad a glass o red
are perect o a witers ight. Our
experts have put together oe o our
best wie guides ever. We sampled
50 wies rom new Zealad ad
Australia. Ad to spice thigs up
weve added some uamiliar grape
varieties such as tempraillo, gamay
oir ad motepulciao.
www.consumer.org.nz
Winter Warmer #730
redwine
Winter
Warmer
#7
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And lastly
dont forget ...
For more inormation on eficient
heating, insulation, ventilation,
and tips on how to have a warm,
comortable and healthy home, visit
the ENERGYWISE website
Make the most of winter by
keeping cosy, warm and healthy.
Heatig your home is most eficiet whe
youre usig the right products or your eeds.