‘‘Winners Winners never quit never quit

and and quitters quitters

never win.’never win.’

What does this mean?

B1 B1 RevisionRevision

1. Chromosomes are found in?

A B C

The nucleus of a cell

Just in brain cells

Cytoplasm

2. Cloning refers to .. ?A B

Techniques that are used to produce

genetically identical

individuals

Techniques that are used to produce

genetically different

individuals

3. Which statement is incorrect about Sexual reproduction…

BResults in

variation in the offspring of

parents

CThe new cell gets half its genes from 2 parents

AThere is only one parent.

The offspring is a clone

DInvolves a

sex cell fusing with

a female sex cell

4. Gametes are …

A B

C D

Male and Female

sex cells (sperm

and egg)

Male sex cells

(sperm)

Female sex cells

(eggs)

Male and Female

body cells

5. Which statement is incorrect about asexual reproduction…

BProduces

genetically identical offspring (clones)

CDoes not involve

gametes

AResults in variation

DInvolves

one parent

A

Chromosomes are made up of

genes

B

Genes are made up of

chromosomes

C

Genes control the

development of the

characteristics of the

offspring

6. Which statements is incorrect…

7. Genetic engineering is used to …

A B

C D

To grow human clones

To

Create

Ensure that organisms have

‘desired’ or selected

characteristics

8. Cuttings are ..?

A

B

Taken from plants to

produce new genetically

identical plants

C

Taken from plants to produce

variation in plants

Taken from animals to

produce new genetically

identical animals

P1 P1 RevisionRevision

The Earth and its atmosphere The Earth and its atmosphere provide everything we need.provide everything we need.

The Earth has a layered The Earth has a layered structure.structure.

Large-scale Large-scale movementmovement

s of the s of the Earth’s Earth’s

crust can crust can cause cause

changes in changes in the rocks.the rocks.

It has been much the same for It has been much the same for the last 200 million years and the last 200 million years and

provides the conditions provides the conditions needed for life on Earth. needed for life on Earth.

Recently Recently human human

activities have activities have produced produced further further

changes.changes.

Earth Earth RevisionRevision

AA

BB

CC

DD

Which letter is the Crust?

Which letter is

the outer Core?

Which Which letter is letter is

the inner the inner core ?core ?

Which letter is the

mantle?

EE

Which letter is the Atmosphere?

Can we accurately predict when earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

will occur?

Most earthquakes and volcanoes Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur in predictable areas of the occur in predictable areas of the world along or near boundaries world along or near boundaries

between tectonic plates.between tectonic plates.

We can predict where they are

likely to occur but not when

AWe can not predict where or when they are likely to occur

B

What are the main two metals making up the Earth’s core? …

B

Iron and Nickle

C

Magnesium and iron

A

Gold and Steel

D

Magnesium and Copper

Why was crustal movement (continental drift) not generally accepted for many years

after it was proposed?

B

Wegener did not know how

or why the continents

should move apart.

A

Wegener knew how but not why the continents

should move apart

Mini Plenary

Match the words A, B, C and D to the numbers 1–4 in the sentences.

A boundaries

B earthquakes

C sudden

D tectonic

The Earth’s     1     plates move slowly but the movement may be     2    . Volcanic eruptions and     3     occur at the     4     of the plates.

(4 marks)

A

Tinytonic Plates

B

Tictonic Plates

C

Tantonic Plates

The Earth’s crust and the upper part of the mantle are cracked

into a number of large pieces called?

D

Tectonic Plates

Mini Plenary

The movement of the tectonic plates is caused by:

A conduction in the inner core.

B conduction in the outer core.

C convection in the mantle.

D radiation in the crust.

10. Tectonic plates move by a relative speed of?

B

A few cm per year

A

A few mm per year

D

A few miles per

year

C

A few m per year

What are the main features of a Volcano?

Learning Learning ObjectivesObjectives

1.1. State where in the World the majority of State where in the World the majority of volcanoes and earthquakes occur. (D)volcanoes and earthquakes occur. (D)

2.2. Describe how and why an earthquake occurs Describe how and why an earthquake occurs (B)(B)

Can we predict when Can we predict when earthquakes and volcanic earthquakes and volcanic

eruptions will occur?eruptions will occur?

TITLETITLE

Where do Where do most most

earthquakes earthquakes and and

volcanoes volcanoes occur?occur?

Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along or near the boundaries between tectonic

plates.

Iceland is getting bigger.

What you need to know for the exam…

• Candidates should consider long-term and short-term changes in the Earth’s crust, and how these changes impact on human life. In particular, they and out about earthquakes and volcanoes – explaining them, predicting them and coping with them.

• understand that earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building generally occur at the edges of tectonic plates

• Understand how the movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building, and contributes to the rock cycle

What you need to know for the exam…

• Can we predict earthquakes, especially those that are likely to cause most damage?

• recall that earthquakes produce wave motions on the surface and inside the Earth which can be detected by instruments located on the Earth’s surface

• recall that earthquakes produce:

• a. P-waves (longitudinal waves) which travel through solids and liquids

• b. S-waves (transverse waves) which travel through solids but not liquids

• describe the difference between a transverse and longitudinal wave

Predicting EarthquakesPredicting Earthquakes

• Although we can predict where an earthquake is likely to occur, we can not predict when they will occur with any accuracy.

Explain why London gets very few earthquakes. Explain why London gets very few earthquakes.

Explain why Los Angeles is preparing itself for a large earthquake.

Iceland is getting wider every year by about 4 cm. Iceland is getting wider every year by about 4 cm.

The Himalayas are getting higher year by year. The Himalayas are getting higher year by year.

Using this diagram, explain how and why these plates move around on the Earth’s surface. The arrows represent convection currents.

What happens at the junction of the following plates: A and F?

Crust is stretched and cracks appear. In some cases magma rises up erupting as a volcano.

What provides the energy for What provides the energy for movement of the tectonic movement of the tectonic

platesplatesA magnetic forces causing movement in the mantle

B movements in the mantle causing magnetic forces

C heat causing radioactive processes

D radioactive processes releasing heat

True or False

The features of the Earth’s surface were the result of the shrinking of the crust as the Earth

cooled down following its formation.

Cooling and

Contracting

Crust Forming

The Earth 4000 million years ago.

The Earth after cooling for millions of years.

Crust wrinkles forming mountains and valleys

FalseFalseScientists once

thought this was true though!

Higher QuestionScientist once thought that the cause of many of the features was:

• A expansion of the crust as it cooled down.

• B expansion of the crust as it heated up.

• C shrinkage of the crust as it cooled down.

• D shrinkage of the crust as it heated up.

The tectonic plate movements can be sudden and disastrous. Earthquakes

and/or volcanic eruptions occur …

A

at the boundaries

between tectonic plates.

at the centre of tectonic plates

C

Every where

B

Write the question and answer it!!!Write the question and answer it!!!

What percentage of the Earth’s What percentage of the Earth’s atmosphere is composed (made up of):atmosphere is composed (made up of):

• % Nitrogen% Nitrogen

• % Oxygen% Oxygen

• % Carbon dioxide% Carbon dioxide

Learning Learning ObjectivesObjectives

1.1. Know how the earth’s atmosphere has Know how the earth’s atmosphere has changed over time.changed over time.

2.2. Know the percentages of gases in dry air.Know the percentages of gases in dry air.

3.3. Know where the noble gases are found on a Know where the noble gases are found on a periodic table.periodic table.

4.4. Know how we use noble gases and what their Know how we use noble gases and what their properties are.properties are.

How the Earth’s Atmosphere How the Earth’s Atmosphere Changed?Changed?

• During the first billion (1000 million) years of the Earth’s existence, there was intense volcanic activity.

• Rocks decomposed, elements reacted and gases were released to form the first atmosphere.

The Earth’s atmosphere was The Earth’s atmosphere was originally very different from originally very different from

what it is today. what it is today.

CO2 H20

NH3CH4

CO2 H20

NH3CH4

The early atmosphere was mainly (C02) and (H20) with small proportions of methane ( )and ammonia( ).

CO2

H20

NH3CH4

As the molten rocks on the earth’s surface down and the temperature dropped further, most of the water vapour to form , and .

CO2

02

NH3CH4

02

When plants appeared on the Earth, (C02) and were taken up during and oxygen was produced.

CO2

N202

As (02) collected in the atmosphere, flammable gases like methane ( ) and (NH3), burnt in this oxygen producing more (H20), and (N2).

CO2

N202

Sedimentary Rock

Fossil Fuel

Over billions of years, carbon dioxide became locked up as and in rocks as carbonates.

The The carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide in the changing in the changing atmosphere was being atmosphere was being removedremoved by by two two processesprocesses::

1.1. The The formationformation of of fossil fuelsfossil fuels from carbon from carbon compounds in plants and sea creatures.compounds in plants and sea creatures.

2.2. The The depositiondeposition of of carbonatescarbonates as as sedimentary sedimentary rocksrocks, following erosion by rivers and from the , following erosion by rivers and from the shells and bones of sea creatures.shells and bones of sea creatures.

Our Atmosphere TodayOur Atmosphere Today

• More or less the same for 200 million More or less the same for 200 million years!years!

• Composed of about Composed of about 80% (4/5) Nitrogen80% (4/5) Nitrogen

• Composed of about Composed of about 20 % (1/5) Oxygen20 % (1/5) Oxygen

• Small proportion of Small proportion of other gasesother gases including including carbon dioxide, water vapour carbon dioxide, water vapour andand noble noble gasesgases..

The The PercentagesPercentages of of GasesGases in in Dry AirDry Air

Pie Chart to Show the percentage of gases in dry air

Gas Percentage

Nitrogen 78.1

Oxygen 20.9

Argon 0.9

Carbon dioxide

Neon

Krypton

Xenon

Less than 0.1

Nobel Gases

The Position of the Noble Gases (Group 0)in the Periodic Table

3 4 5 6 7

0

Noble GasesNoble Gases

Nobel Gases• All chemically unreactive.All chemically unreactive.

• All colourless All colourless

• All odourlessAll odourless

• Have very low melting and boiling pointsHave very low melting and boiling points

• Exist as separate single atomsExist as separate single atoms (other (other gaseous atoms exist as diatomic molecules e.g. 0gaseous atoms exist as diatomic molecules e.g. 022, ,

HH22, N, N22 etc). etc).

Uses of Noble Gases

• Helium is a noble gas.

• Can anyone think of where Helium is used?

What properties of helium make it

useful in balloons and airships?

Helium is used in balloons and

airships because it has a low density

and it is non- flammable.

Uses of Noble Gases

• Argon and Krypton are used in filament lamps (light bulbs)

• Neon and Argon are used in electric discharge tubes to create fluorescent signs.– Neon tubes give a red colour.– Argon give a blue colour

How much do you Know???How much do you Know???True (Thumbs Up) or False (Thumbs Down)

1. The early atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide and methane.

2. As the Earth cooled, water evaporated.

3. The Earth’s oxygen was produced by Photosynthesis.

4. Carbon dioxide became locked up in fossil fuels and sedimentary rock.

5. Our atmosphere today contains approximately 20% oxygen.

6. The noble gases are in Group 0.

7. The noble gases are found on the far left of the Periodic table.

8. Helium is used in balloons because it is flammable.

9. Noble gases are used in filament lights and electric discharge tubes.

AtmospherAtmosphere e

RevisionRevision

For 200 million years, the proportions of different gases in the atmosphere have

been much the same as they are today. The atmosphere contains…

C

about

- 80% nitrogen- 20% oxygen - small proportions

of various other gases, including

carbondioxide, water

vapour and noble gases

A

about

- 20% nitrogen- 80% oxygen - small proportions

of various other gases, including

carbondioxide, water

vapour and noble gases

B

about

- 80% nitrogen- 20% oxygen

- no carbondioxide, water

vapour and noble gases

Foundation Question

Match the names A, B, C and D to the numbers 1 to 4 in the sentences.

A carbon dioxideB nitrogenC oxygenD water vapour

When the air is dry about 80% of the Earth’s atmosphere is      1    . The other 20% is mostly     2     with small proportions of the noble gases and     3    . At other times the atmosphere also contains     4    .

(4 marks)

The noble gases are in which group in the periodic table.

B

Group 0

C

Group 2

A

Group 1

The noble gases are all…

A

Chemically unreactive

gases

B

Chemically reactive gases

C

Chemically unreactive

solids

The noble gases are

used …

A

B

C

in filament lamps and

electric discharge

tubes.

in filament lamps and

electric dischange

tubes.

in oil burning lamps and

electric discharge

tubes.

The noble gases, helium is …

A

B

C

much less dense than air and isused in

balloons.much more dense than air and isused in

balloons.

much more dense than oxygen and

isused in

balloons.

What produced the oxygen that What produced the oxygen that is now in the atmosphere?is now in the atmosphere?

A - AnimalsA - Animals B - PlantsB - Plants C - RocksC - Rocks

Foundation Question Match the words A, B, C and D to the numbers 1–4 in the sentences.

A ammoniaB carbon dioxideC oxygenD water vapour

After the first 1000 million years of the Earth’s existence, the atmosphere was mostly     1    . There would also have been some     2    , most of which condensed to form the oceans, plus small proportions of methane and     3    . Like the atmospheres of Mars and Venus today, there would have been little or no     4    .

(4 marks)

Higher Question

13 The Earth has existed for about 4500 million years. During this time the proportions of the different gases in the atmosphere has changed. Evidence from rocks and other sources is used by scientists to try to understand these changes.

13.1 Oxygen in the atmosphere has been produced:

A by animals through the process of photosynthesis.

B by animals through the process of respiration.

C by plants through the process of photosynthesis.

D by plants through the process of respiration.

13.2 Most of the carbon from the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere gradually became locked up:

A in igneous rocks as carbonates and in fossil fuels.

B in igneous rocks as crystals of silicates and other minerals.

C in sedimentary rocks as carbonates and in fossil fuels.

D in sedimentary rocks as crystals of silicates and other minerals.

13.3 During the twentieth century, the proportion of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere increased. Most scientists believe that this increase was caused by an increase in:

A the burning of fossil fuels.B the activity of microorganisms.C the photosynthesis of plants.D the respiration of plants and animals.

13.4 Most scientists believe that there is a link between increased levels of carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere and increased global warming and that this link is:

A associated.B causal.C chance.D random. (4 marks)

Questions1. Explain how argon allows you to use an

electric light bulb for many hours. (2)

2. Explain how neon is used for advertising.(2)

The noble gases produce a coloured glow when their atoms are bombarded by a stream of electrons. The electrons come from either a high voltage discharge across the terminals of a discharge tube.

Neon tubes give a red colour and argon give a blue colour.

Because there is a vacuum inside the lamp, metal atoms evaporate from the super hot tungsten filament. To reduce this evaporation and prolong the life of the filament, the bulb is filled with an unreactive gas which can not react with the hot tungsten filament.