Wiśniewski T. Paleopedology of loess-soil sequence at the ... · Wiśniewski T.1, Mroczek P.2,...
1
Fig. 11 Fig. 8 Fig. 10 192 194 Fig. 7 Paleopedology of loess-soil sequence at the Magdalenian camp in Klementowice (Nałęczów Plateau, Lublin Upland, E Poland) - selected aspects 1 2 3 4 Wiśniewski T. , Mroczek P. , Rodzik J. , Zagórski P. Klementowice village is located in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau in the north-west part of the Lublin Upland. The site is located on a mild slope of a loess patch in the upper part of a small water-course called the Klementowice Stream (Fig. 1-4 and 6; Harasimiuk 1987). Analysis of the distribution of archaeological artifacts within the soil profiles allows to distinguish two different positions corresponding to the following soil horizons (Fig. 9): a. Epipedon Ap - the plough horizon of arable, "modern" topsoil or horizon Apdel of slope sediments layer composed of redeposited soil material, b. Endopedon Bt1 the uppermost level of diagnostic, bipartite illuvial Bt-argic soil horizon. The horizons, described above, are characterized by different degrees of soil origin. Endopedon Bt1 is the zonal soil horizon of Luvisol, formed during the Latest Vistulian and Holocene (S0 according to loess stratigraphy). The horizon was formed in situ, in natural conditions without/or with minimal human impact. Much more complicated is the origin of anthropogenic horizon Ap, which is formed in the uppermost, truncated part the older soil S0. The field observations and laboratory analysis show that it is composed of material came mainly from redeposited, illuvial horizon and also from the primary overlying horizons (humus - A and elluvial - Eet; Fig.8-11). The occurrence of artifacts in the soil horizons, allows the following palaeogeographic conclusions: a. preserved endopedons (Bt1-Bt2-C-Ck) document a mature soil - formed during postsedimental period in the latest part of Vistulian and Holocene. The occurrence of artifacts within endopedon Bt1 allows to estimate the age of soil. According to this assumption, the soil S0 is younger than the age of camp correlated with the Bølling Interphase. b. identification of the total age activity of soil process (from Allerød?) allows to determine the mature soil as the truncated palaeosol with relict pedofeatures, older then topsoil, which is nowadays developing by “modern” pedogenic processes. This relatively young soil can be called as neosol (according to the paleopedological terminology e.g. Reuter 2000) or as the pedocomplex where the younger pedogenenic processes modified older ones developed earlier in the same loess layer with the sequence of soil horizons: IAp-IIreBt1-IIreBt2-IIreC-IIreCk, c. artifacts buried by a layer of the youngest loess suggests that the camp functioned during the most latest, but still active phase of the Vistulian cycle of loess accumulation, d. thickness of the youngest, "postmagdalenian" loess layer in the area of the archaeological site can be estimated at several centimeters (>50?), which theoretically corresponds to the total thickness of degraded horizons A and Eet of the Late Vistulian Holocene soil. 1) Institute of Archaeology, Maria Curie- Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, [email protected] 2) Department of Physical Geography and Palaeogeography, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, [email protected] 3). Roztocze Research Station, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, [email protected] 4) Department of Geomorphology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, [email protected] References: Harasimiuk M., 1987: Fizjografia okolic wsi Klementowice-Kolonia na Płaskowyżu Nałęczowskim. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 39, Kraków 1988: 53-57. Jastrzębski S., Libera J., 1984: A Magdalenian camp in Klementowice-Kolonia, site 20, Lublin voivodeship. Archaeologia Interregionalis 5: 95-104. Jastrzębski S., Libera J., 1987: Stanowisko późnomagdaleńskie w Klementowicach-Kolonii w świetle badań 1981-1982. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 39: 9-52. Reuter G., 2000: A logical system of paleopedological terms. Catena 41: 93-109. Wiśniewski T., 2008: Krzemień czekoladowy w inwentarzach kręgu magdaleńskiego na ziemiach polskich [w:] W. Borkowski, J. Libera, B. Sałacińska, S. Sałaciński (red.), Krzemień czekoladowy w pradziejach. Studia nad gospodarką surowcami krzemiennymi 7, Warszawa-Lublin, s. 137-150. Fig. 4. Archaeological site in Klementowice on the topographic model Tab. 1. The Magdalenian sites in Poland and stratigraphy of the Late Vistulian Fig. 6. Klementowice archaeological site - the view from SW Fig. 2. Aerial photo with the location of main archaeological excavations (yellow contours) and geological cross- section line (green) IA1p IA2 IEet IBt1 IBt2(reA1) IIfBt1 IIfBh IIfA2 IIfBt2 IIfBtC palaeosol pedocomplex neosol Parent material: Stratigraphy: (Palaeo-)pedology: aeolian, primary loess Vistula Glaciation slope, pedogenic sediments Holocene POLAND Pre-Bølling Oldest Dryas Bølling Younger Dryas Allerød Youngest Dryas 11800 10800 10250 12000 13000 14000 15000 Late Pleistocene Holocene Maszycka Cave Dzierżysław Hłomcza Wilczyce Klementowice Grzybowa Góra (Rydno II/59) Krucza Cave Wołowice (II/73) Zalas Cave Magdalenian sites in Poland Stratigraphy Age (BP) - “in situ”artifacts - redeposited artifacts Fig. 9. Typical soil pedons documented at the archaeological site Colluvial soil and buried palaeosol Neosol Buried palaeosol (S0) ? ? IAp IAdel IIfA IIfEet IIfBt1 Well developed soil Late Vistulian - Holocene neosol (S0) Ap Eet Bt1 Bt2 BC C Ck Completly eroded soil Neosol Primary loess Ap C Ck Truncated soil Neosol Relict (and buried?) palaeosol ? Ap Bt1 Bt2 BC C Ck Sequence of (palaeo)soils Neosol Buried palaeosol Buried palaeosol (S0) IAp IIBt2(reA1) IAdel IIfA IIIfA2 IIIfEet IIfEet IIIfBt1 IIfBt1 Fig. 11. Palaeopedology and lithostratygraphy of examplary soil sequence Fig.10. Location of artifacts in the exemplary soil profile Fig. 8. Pedocomplex composed of two Luvisols Fig. 7. Flint artifacts discovered in 2008: A) & B) „in situ”, C) main types of items “In situ” artifacts “In situ” artifacts “redeposited” artifacts Ap Ap reBt1 reBt1 reBt2 reBt2 The site in Klementowice was discovered during the survey of the surface performed in the spring of 1981. The same year and in 1982 excavations were conducted by Jastrzębski and Libera, during which over 7 382 items were discovered. They were mainly flint artefacts and fragments of stone tiles. Numerous artefacts, especially tools (10% of all), allowed finding analogies to materials found in Moravia and Germany. On the basis of characteristic tool forms, the authors of the excavations date the entire assemblage to the end of the Bølling Interstadial and associate it with the Late Magdalenian Culture (Table. 1; Jastrzębski, Libera 1984, 1987). After 1982, the excavations were stopped. Only 25 years later, in 2007, the excavations were resumed and conducted by T.Wiśniewski. The excavations were continued in 2008, 2009 and 2010. During the field works, a new unknown concentration of flint artefacts was discovered (Fig. 7). In total, some 3 000 artefacts were obtained, including 250 tools. Perforators and burins dominate among the tools, including those of the Lacan type which were not recorded earlier in the inventory. Typologically speaking the inventory is consistent with the one from 1980s. The difference lies in the percentage of individual raw materials used. At the same time, it is the furthest Magdalenian settlement point to the north-east, not only in Poland but also in the whole Europe (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Distribution of Magdalenian sites in the territory of Poland (after Wiśniewski 2008) Klementowice Klementowice IA1p IA2 IEet IA1p IA2 IEet Bt2 (reAdel) Bt2 (reAdel) Bt1 Bt1 IIfA1 IIfA2 IIfBt1 IIfBt2 0 200 km Fig.3. Scheme of archaeological trenches in Klementowice 196 198 m a.s.l - modern topographic surface - primary topographic surface (reconstructed) - solum (floor) - HCl+ 50 0 186 190 1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 194 198 100 150 200 250 m 0 50 m 0 50 m - open-air site - cave site ? ? 0 50 m 0 50 m / 4 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 9 0 5 cm Frequency of raw materials among flint tools (season 2008) “redeposited” artifacts 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 erratic flint świeciechów flint chocolate flint unidentify end-scrapers burins truncated pieces perforators drills backed blades combined others retusched forms backed bladelets A C B Fig. 5. Selected elements of topography and pedology (cross-section - Fig. 2) 1981-1982 2007-2010 „7. Konferencji environmentalni archeologie”, Brno, Czech Republic, 9-10.02.2011
Transcript of Wiśniewski T. Paleopedology of loess-soil sequence at the ... · Wiśniewski T.1, Mroczek P.2,...
Fig. 11
Fig. 8
Fig. 10
192
194
Fig. 7
Paleopedology of loess-soil sequenceat the Magdalenian camp in Klementowice(Nałęczów Plateau, Lublin Upland, E Poland) - selected aspects
1 2 3 4Wiśniewski T. , Mroczek P. , Rodzik J. , Zagórski P.
Klementowice village is located in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau in the north-west part of the Lublin Upland. The site is located on a mild slope of a loess patch in the upper part of a small water-course called the Klementowice Stream (Fig. 1-4 and 6; Harasimiuk 1987).
Analysis of the distribution of archaeological artifacts within the soil profiles allows to distinguish two different positions corresponding to the following soil horizons (Fig. 9):a. Epipedon Ap - the plough horizon of arable, "modern" topsoil or horizon Apdel of slope sediments layer composed of redeposited soil material,b. Endopedon Bt1 the uppermost level of diagnostic, bipartite illuvial Bt-argic soil horizon.The horizons, described above, are characterized by different degrees of soil origin. Endopedon Bt1 is the zonal soil horizon of Luvisol, formed during the Latest Vistulian and Holocene (S0 according to loess stratigraphy). The horizon was formed in situ, in natural conditions without/or with minimal human impact. Much more complicated is the origin of anthropogenic horizon Ap, which is formed in the uppermost, truncated part the older soil S0. The field observations and laboratory analysis show that it is composed of material came mainly from redeposited, illuvial horizon and also from the primary overlying horizons (humus - A and elluvial - Eet; Fig.8-11).
The occurrence of artifacts in the soil horizons, allows the following palaeogeographic conclusions:a. preserved endopedons (Bt1-Bt2-C-Ck) document a mature soil - formed during postsedimental period in the latest part of Vistulian and Holocene. The occurrence of artifacts within endopedon Bt1 allows to estimate the age of soil. According to this assumption, the soil S0 is younger than the age of camp correlated with the Bølling Interphase.b. identification of the total age activity of soil process (from Allerød?) allows to determine the mature soil as the truncated palaeosol with relict pedofeatures, older then topsoil, which is nowadays developing by “modern” pedogenic processes. This relatively young soil can be called as neosol (according to the paleopedological terminology e.g. Reuter 2000) or as the pedocomplex where the younger pedogenenic processes modified older ones developed earlier in the same loess layer with the sequence of soil horizons: IAp-IIreBt1-IIreBt2-IIreC-IIreCk,c. artifacts buried by a layer of the youngest loess suggests that the camp functioned during the most latest, but still active phase of the Vistulian cycle of loess accumulation,d. thickness of the youngest, "postmagdalenian" loess layer in the area of the archaeological site can be estimated at several centimeters (>50?), which theoretically corresponds to the total thickness of degraded horizons A and Eet of the Late Vistulian Holocene soil.
1) Institute of Archaeology, Maria Curie- Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, [email protected]) Department of Physical Geography and Palaeogeography, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, [email protected]). Roztocze Research Station, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, [email protected]) Department of Geomorphology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, [email protected]
References:
Harasimiuk M., 1987: Fizjografia okolic wsi Klementowice-Kolonia na Płaskowyżu Nałęczowskim. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 39, Kraków 1988: 53-57.Jastrzębski S., Libera J., 1984: A Magdalenian camp in Klementowice-Kolonia, site 20, Lublin voivodeship. Archaeologia Interregionalis 5: 95-104.
Jastrzębski S., Libera J., 1987: Stanowisko późnomagdaleńskie w Klementowicach-Kolonii w świetle badań 1981-1982. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 39: 9-52.Reuter G., 2000: A logical system of paleopedological terms. Catena 41: 93-109.
Wiśniewski T., 2008: Krzemień czekoladowy w inwentarzach kręgu magdaleńskiego na ziemiach polskich [w:] W. Borkowski, J. Libera, B. Sałacińska, S. Sałaciński (red.), Krzemień czekoladowy w pradziejach. Studia nad gospodarką surowcami krzemiennymi 7, Warszawa-Lublin, s. 137-150.
Fig. 4. Archaeological site in Klementowice on the topographic model
Tab. 1. The Magdalenian sites in Poland and stratigraphy of the Late Vistulian
Fig. 6. Klementowice archaeological site - the view from SW
Fig. 2. Aerial photo with the location of main archaeological excavations (yellow contours) and geological cross-section line (green)
IA1p
IA2
IEet
IBt1
IBt2(reA1)
IIfBt1
IIfBh
IIfA2
IIfBt2
IIfBtC
pal
aeo
sol
ped
oco
mp
lex
neo
sol
Parentmaterial:
Stratigraphy:(Palaeo-)pedology:
aeo
lian
,p
rim
ary
loes
s
Vis
tula
Gla
ciat
ion
slo
pe,
ped
oge
nic
sed
imen
ts
Ho
loce
ne
POLAND
Pre-Bølling
Oldest Dryas
Bølling
Younger Dryas
Allerød
Youngest Dryas
11800
1080010250
12000
13000
14000
15000
Late
Ple
isto
cene
Holocene
Maszycka Cave
DzierżysławHłomcza
Wilczyce
Klementowice
Grzybowa Góra(Rydno II/59)
Krucza CaveWołowice (II/73)
Zalas Cave
Magdalenian sites in Poland
StratigraphyAge(BP)
- “in situ”artifacts
- redeposited artifacts
Fig. 9. Typical soil pedons documented at the archaeological site
Colluvial soiland buried palaeosol
Neo
sol
Bu
ried
pal
aeo
sol (
S0)
?
?
IAp
IAdel
IIfA
IIfEet
IIfBt1
Well developedsoil
Late
Vis
tulia
n -
Holo
cene n
eoso
l (S
0)
Ap
Eet
Bt1
Bt2
BC
C
Ck
Completly erodedsoil
Neo
sol
Pri
mar
y lo
ess
Ap
C
Ck
Truncatedsoil
Neo
sol
Rel
ict
(an
d b
uri
ed?)
pal
aeo
sol
?
Ap
Bt1
Bt2
BC
C
Ck
Sequence of (palaeo)soils
Neo
sol
Bu
ried
pal
aeo
sol
Bu
ried
pal
aeo
sol (
S0)
IAp
IIBt2(reA1)
IAdel
IIfA
IIIfA2
IIIfEet
IIfEet
IIIfBt1
IIfBt1
Fig. 11. Palaeopedology and lithostratygraphy of examplary soil sequence
Fig.10. Location of artifacts in the exemplary soil profile
Fig. 8. Pedocomplex composed of two Luvisols
Fig. 7. Flint artifacts discovered in 2008: A) & B) „in situ”, C) main types of items
“In
sit
u”
arti
fact
s“I
n s
itu
” ar
tifa
cts
“re
de
po
site
d”
arti
fact
s
ApAp
reBt1reBt1
reBt2reBt2
The site in Klementowice was discovered during the survey of the surface performed in the spring of 1981. The same year and in 1982 excavations were conducted by Jastrzębski and Libera, during which over 7 382 items were discovered. They were mainly flint artefacts and fragments of stone tiles. Numerous artefacts, especially tools (10% of all), allowed finding analogies to materials found in Moravia and Germany. On the basis of characteristic tool forms, the authors of the excavations date the entire assemblage to the end of the Bølling Interstadial and associate it with the Late Magdalenian Culture (Table. 1; Jastrzębski, Libera 1984, 1987). After 1982, the excavations were stopped. Only 25 years later, in 2007, the excavations were resumed and conducted by T.Wiśniewski. The excavations were continued in 2008, 2009 and 2010. During the field works, a new unknown concentration of flint artefacts was discovered (Fig. 7). In total, some 3 000 artefacts were obtained, including 250 tools. Perforators and burins dominate among the tools, including those of the Lacan type which were not recorded earlier in the inventory. Typologically speaking the inventory is consistent with the one from 1980s. The difference lies in the percentage of individual raw materials used.
At the same time, it is the furthest Magdalenian settlement point to the north-east, not only in Poland but also in the whole Europe (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Distribution of Magdalenian sites in the territory of Poland (after
Wiśniewski 2008)
KlementowiceKlementowice
IA1pIA2IEet
IA1pIA2IEet
Bt2 (reAdel)Bt2 (reAdel)Bt1Bt1
IIfA1IIfA2
IIfBt1
IIfBt2
0 200 km
Fig.3. Scheme of archaeological trenches in
Klementowice
196
198
m a.s.l
- modern topographic surface
- primary topographic surface (reconstructed)
- solum (floor)
- HCl+
500
186
190
1 02
3
45
6
78
9
194
198
100 150 200 250 m
0 50 m0 50 m
- open-air site- cave site
?
?
0 50 m0 50 m
/4
7 65
43
21
89
0 5 cm
Frequency of raw materials among flint tools (season 2008)
“re
de
po
site
d”
arti
fact
s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
erratic flint
świeciechów flint
chocolate flint
unidentify
end-
scra
pers
burin
stru
ncat
ed
piec
espe
rfora
tors
drills
back
ed b
lade
s
com
bine
d
othe
rs re
tusc
hed
form
s
back
ed b
lade
lets
A
C
B
Fig. 5. Selected elements of topography and pedology (cross-section - Fig. 2)
1981-1982
2007-2010
„7. Konferencji environmentalni archeologie”, Brno, Czech Republic, 9-10.02.2011
