Wine monopoly in felipinas
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Transcript of Wine monopoly in felipinas
WINE MONOPOLY IN FELIPINAS,
17th – 18th Century
Hannee R. Saloria-Badilles
History 222 – Seminar in Philippines During 17th-18th Century
Instructor: Dr. Faina A. Ulindang
March 12, 2014
Introduction
Tuba had been acclaimed as the oldest recorded native alcoholic drink in the Philippine history.
In 1521, Magellan and his men arrived in Sugbu and they drunk this unique taste of wine called uraca (i.e. arrack) in local jars which was delightfully offered to them as welcome drink by the natives(Pigafetta: Primo viaggio intorno del mondo, ca 1525) B/R 33: 103
MONOPOLY (rentas encantadas)
To control the extraction and utilization of natural resources, Spaniards institutionalized economic programs that were known profitable.
Tobacco Spirituous liquors Betel nut Explosive Opium Gambling
Objective: Inquire the nature of wine monopoly in Felipinas during Spanish
colonization (17th to 18th century)
I. Wine-Making Industry During Pre-Colonial Era
II.Beginnings of Spanish Control
III.Government Regulations on Wine Monopoly
IV.Effects of Wine Monopoly
SourcesPrimary:
Emma Blair and Alexander Robertsons (1907) The Philippine Islands, 1453 – 1898
Thomas de Comyn (1820) State of the Philippines Being an Historicala dn Descriptive Account of that Interesting Portion of the Indian Archipelago
Secondary
Jose Arcilla, S.J. Kasaysayan Vol. III
Teodoro Agoncillo History of the Filipino People
Onofre Corpuz An Economic History of the Filipino People
Renato Constantino The Philippines: A Past Revisited Vol. I
E-Book
Floro Mercene Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century
I. WINE-MAKING INDUSTRY DURING PRE-COLONIAL ERA
Wineries in the Philippines do not include grape vineyards that are typically found in other wine-
producing countries but rather several types of wine that use plants commonly grown in the country.
Abundance of Natural Resources
Adelantado Legazpi in his Relacion (1959) Fray Domingo de Salazar (1583)
Rice, beans, fowls, swine, deer, buffaloes, fish, cocoanuts (sic. Coconuts), bananas and some other fruits, wine and honey
Greatest mean of sustenance to the natives (wine, fruit, oil and vinegar)
Tuba nio nipa(native term for wine)
“They bore a hole into the heart of the said palm (i.e. cocoanuts)
at the top of the palmito (i.e. stalk) from which distils a liquor
which resembles white must. That liquor is sweet but
somewhat tart, and is gathered in canes (of bamboo) as thick as the leg and thicker. They fasten
the bamboo to the tree at evening, for the morning, and in the morning for the evening.”
(Pigafetta, Op.cit B/R 33: 105)
Nature of Wine: Intoxication
“The Pintados were greatly addicted to the use of a kind of wine which they make from rice and from palm-
tree, and which is good. Very rarely do they become angry when drunk, for their drunkenness passes off in
jests or in sleep.”
(Loarca, Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1582)B/R 5: 117
It was known too, that none of them after leaving the banquet, even at the late of the hour of the night, failed to reach their home.
(Colin, Labor Evangelica “Native Races and Customs”, 1663) B/R 40: 65
Nature of Wine: “Socialization” (tagay)“On the occasion of a wedding or a funeral, or
similar feasts, the whole house will be filled with tables and guests. The food is placed all together on various plates. The people do not shun all reaching out to the same plate, or drinking of the same cup… They eat sparingly but drink often; and when they are invited to a banquet, they are asked not to eat
but to drink.”
(Colin, Labor Evangelica, 1663 ) B/R 40: 65
When the Cebuanos submitted to Legazpi on 1565, their chiefs prepared them a good reception and set before them a breakfast and a set of liquor, which is part of their merrymaking.
(Legazpi, Resume, 1559-68) B/R 2: 137
Kinds of Wine
In the letter of Andres de Mirandaola to the king dated June 8, 1574, he enumerated the many kinds of wine that the Filipino natives manufactured:
“brandy, made from palm-wine (which is obtained from the cocoa-nut palm, and from the wild nipa palm); pitarillos, which are the wines made from rice, millet, and borona; and other wines made
from sugar cane.”
(Legazpi, Relacion, 1569) B/R 3: 56
Other known wines in the Philippines were as followed:
Arrack (rack, rak) Common among Asians
Bashee (basi) Sugarcane sap among Ilocanos
Pangasi Visayan wine from rice;
Lambanog Distilled tuba among Tagalog;
Laksoy Native version of lambanog in Butuan
Among some of indigenous groups:
Tapuy Rice wine among the natives of Cordillera region
Agkud Rice, corn, cassava and sorghum of Manobos
Intus Bagobos wine made from sugar cane juice
*Batanes Island was named after Bashee (William Drapier)
Uses of WineIn pre-colonial period, wine was being used by the Filipino natives during festivals, sacrificial rites and offering for their anitos, wedding ceremony, mourning of death, blood compact and even for improving of health.
“In the assemblies, marriages and feasts of the natives of these islands, the thing consists in drinking wine, day and night, without ceasing, when the turn
each comes, some singing and others drinking.”
(Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas,1609) B/R 16: 80 – 81
Early Filipinos celebrated a feast for three continuous days, with banqueting and abundance of wine, which is their greatest solemnity.
(Chirino, Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1604) B/R 12: 272
Beginnings of Spanish Control
In the advent of 16th to 18th century, an economic policy of the mercantilists prevailed. They believed that lay
within the Far East were their source of potential riches in the form of spices and other products needed
by Europe.
When Legazpi and his men set up settlement in Cebu, they began to have a flourishing trade with the natives. One of these was “a great quantity of palm wine”, to which the Spaniards had good appetite in replace of their longing to drink Castilian wine.
However, Legazpi later ordered and informed Tupas and his chiefs that these wine should not be brought or sold within their camp and the Spaniards should not buy of it because some of his men died and got sick and it was not good for them to drink since they were not yet accustomed to the place. The deaths and sickness were attributed to poison, as it was discovered that a woman had a poisoned wine that had been sold to these men.
Nevertheless, “smuggling” of these wines happened secretly at night because some Spaniards concluded that these were better than the Castilian wines.
Legazpi, Resume, 1559-68) B/R 2: 137, 153
In June 30, 1596, Sangleys were restricted in making wine. They were not even allowed to have license to make rice-wine. But rather, permitted for the poor Christians, in order to aid and relieve their necessity.
(Dasmariñas “Letter to Felipe II”) B/R 9: 234) See also B/R 25: 45
At first, the king ordered that supplies of wine will be derived from the royal treasury in private encomiendas. However, in 1602, the king withdrew it since these encomiendas were capable to provide the needed wine. Hence, encomenderos controlled the production of wine needed especially in celebration of mass.
(Salazar y Salcedo, Letter from the royal fiscal to the King 1599)B/R 11: 98
Both the Church and the government controlled the trading of wine among the Filipinos. It implies the greediness of them. They distressed the Filipino natives by demanding their services as rowers as well contributions of wine and other things, with but slight payment.
(Morga , Report of Conditions in the Philippines, 1598) B/R 10: 75
Dated May 25, 1602, Conde Monterey proposed a remedy with regards to increase of trade with the colonies of the empire, including the increase of manufacture of wines.
(Conde, Various documents relating to commerce,ca. 1602) B/R 12: 74
1642, Statement 31 of Ordinances of Good Government by Sebastian Hortado de Corcuera, clearly stated that there should be a strict regulation of the natives to take care properly their cocoa palms if not they will be penalized. Dying plants will be replaced immediately.
“Great care is to be taken to have the Indians plant cocoanut palms and set out abaca plants to the same number; and the timauas, each to the number of one hundred. Those dying out are to be renewed so
that the number may always be kept up. This is to be a matter of personal care on the part of the alcaldes mayor, who are to appoint a
representative in each village to register the trees and plants and render the account of neglect to observer this law. For failure to
prepare these supplies for the ships, a fine of 1000 pesos shall be imposed…Loss of office shall also be incurred and the inferior
officials a penalty of two years in the galley without pay.”
(Montero y Vidal B/R 51: 211)
Castilian Wine
On May 28, 1565, Guido Lavezares in his letter to the king, reported the necessary supplies that must sent by Nueva España to Felipinas immediately, including the 200 casks of wine.
(Lavezaris, Letter from the Royal officials to Royal Audencia at Mexico, accompanied by a memorandum of the necessary things to be sent to the colony, 1565) B/R 2: 190
Bishop Salazar even reported in his letter that later on the viceroy of Mexico did not sent any customary supplies what they needed in their camp such as wine, among others.
( Salazar , Letter to Felipe II, June 17, 1588) B/R 7: 75
They even demanded that there should be city storehouse where they can keep longer their quantity of wine as in preparation of any circumstances.
(Unsigned, Recommendations as to reforms needed in the islands, 1598) B/R 10: 114-115
Spaniards’ Preference of Local Wine
Later, Spaniards patronized these local wines of Filipinos because they taste better compared to the Castilian wine. Aside, they were sold cheaper, that 4 arrobas of wine – which in the absence of grape wine, can be obtained for 4 reales.
(Mendoza, History of the Great Kingdom of China (extracts relating to the Philippines,1586) B/R 6: 150
*Arrobas is equivalent to 25 pounds.
Galleon Trade
Some Filipinos whom served as crewmen of the galleons, grabbed this opportunity to escape their hardships in shipbuilding in Filipinas and wanted to find a new home in the New World (America).
In 1618, all of seventy-five Filipino seamen deserted the galleon Espiritu Santo at Acapulco. They were later immediately hired by the Mexican Indians who wanted to learn from them how to make palm wine, referred to also as “tuba” as that in the Philippines.
(De Pineda, Philippine ships and shipbuilding,1619) B/R 18: 183
Patronize of Filipino Wine
Mexican natives, as well, preferred to patronize the wine of the Filipinos because it is much cheaper.
(Dampier, Dampier in the Philippines, 1697) B/R 39: 104
Mexicans, by nature, they are inclined to drink and wanted to be intoxicated by these distilled and strong brandy of the Filipinos, that they crave it rather than the wine from Spain.
(De Pineda, Philippine ships and shipbuilding, 1619) B/R 18: 184
Mexican Parian(Filipino Colony)
Aside from engaging in tuba-making, some of the Filipinos in America sought themselves in finding work along with the Mexicans and Spaniards. Many had married Spanish and American women and raised families (some even became wealthy).
Many Filipinos lived in the vicinity of the Mexican Parian (market), after the famous Parian in Manila.
(Mercene, Manila men in the New World: Filipino migration to Mexico and the Americas from the sixteenth century, 2007)p. 143-144
However, Capt. Sebastian de Pineda complained in 1619 because many of these Filipinos were deserters from the galleon and preferred to stay in Acapulco, Navidad and Colima. He requested King Philip II to send back these Filipinos to their county because they married Mexican women although they had wives and families in the Philippines. Another reason was that they manufactured the popular tuba which ruined Spain’s wine. By sending them back to their homeland, he argued that the number of tribute payers would increase.
(De Pineda, Philippine ships and shipbuilding,1619) B/R 18: 184
Wine as WageIn August 17, 1636, a superintendent of the royal magazines in Manila Juan de Santa was paid with a check of 1,640 pesos 5 tomins and 3 granos for his service in infantry of Ternate.
(Corcuera, Letter to Felipe IV,1636) B/R 26: 173
In the 17th century until the end of 18th century, the preparation of the hand-made chocolate was made by the artisans (mostly Sangleys) who received 12 reals and an azumbres (i.e about half a gallon) of wine for preparing each day the portion of chocolate from 16 libras of clear cacao.(Masesi, Letter of a Jesuit to his brother, 1749) B/R 47: 247
Government Regulations on Wine
Initially, Spaniards had higher expectations that the Philippines as their colony, would yield for the Empire financial gains as profuse those extracted in Americas, however their hopes dissipated. In reality,
Philippines was a burden to the Spanish Empire. In order to support the colony, annual situado from Nueva España was provided. In spite of this,
the risks of crossing the Pacific from Mexico meant always uncertain.
During the period of 1730s to 1746, there were 6 situados which had failed to arrive in Manila. In this phase, there was financial difficulty for the
government to govern the colony. Hence, to meet these problem, they implemented different profitable economic policies.
Manuel Bernaldez Pizzaro, the chosen director of Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais, said that “Spaniards convert the superfluous enjoyments of life into objects of prime necessity” by means of monopolies.
“It should be a form of principle of good government to protect and rectify the
administration of these indirect taxes, especially those in tobacco and wine – not only because
these will be sufficient to cover abundantly all the expenses of army and navy, but because in case of war and the absolute cessation of trade the
government will have this firm support for existence.”
(Pizarro, Reforms needed in Filipinas,1827) B/R 51: 212 - 213
The Monopoly
The monopoly of coco wine as it was called Vino de Coco y Nipa includes only the weak spirits produced from the juice of the toddy trees (Borassus gomutus) and from the nipa (Cocos nypa) from this, large quantities are used by the natives.
(“An Englishman”, Remarks on the Philippine Islands ,1828) B/R 51: 119
Prior to the implementation of the wine monopoly in Felipinas, as of 1714 (September 30), a royal decree was issued in other colonies of Spanish Empire, particularly in Peru and Mexico because of the many evils arising therefrom with regards to the manufacture and sale of brandy.
(Cruzat y Gongora, Compilation of Ordinances of good government, 1696) B/R 50: 219 - 220
When was it established in Felipinas?
1. O.D. Corpuz (1997) : as early as 1712
2. King of Spain : June 20, 1720
(translate and proclaim in alcaldia and corregimiento)
3. Gov. Valdes Tamon : 1731
(source for Zamboanga outposts) (Tamon, Survey of the Filipinas Islands, 1738)B/R 47: 117 - 119
4. Montero y Vidal : December 11, 1786
(the monopoly placed in control of the exchequer) (Compiled from Montero y Vidal’s Historia de Filipinas) B/R 50: 57
Hence, Wine Monopoly was established in 1720 by the King of Spain himself, in Felipinas when he issued a decree (as per to 1714 decree) to translate into native languages and proclaimed the strict
enforcement of it to alcaldias and corregimientos. In 1714 , the decree was about the implementation of wine
monopoly in Peru and Mexico because of the evils in manufacturing and selling of brandy.
The monopoly of country wine comprehends the whole island of Luzon, excepting the provinces of Cagayan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Camarines and Albay.
(Comyn, State of the Philippine Islands,1820) p. 115
It is indeed, second to the tobacco monopoly since the net revenue to government range from 200,000 to 300,000 pesos.
(“An Englishman”, Remarks on the Philippine Islands) B/R 51: 119
Subsequently, in 1780, the privilege of selling the coco and nipa wine was farmed out to the highest bidder, for no more than 45, 200 dollars (peso) because of the improvements adopted and its net proceeds were equal to 200,000 dollars (pesos) on an average. Thomas de Comyn added the proof of the success of this monopoly, that on 1809 the treasury received 221,426 dollars (13 ½% net profit) from this branch.
(Comyn, State in the Philippines, 1820) p. 115
“Viana Memorial of 1765”(Royal Fiscal Francisco Leandro de Viana)
The document advised King Charles III to abandon the colony due to the economic and social devastation created by the Seven Year’s War.
March 27, 1765
He protested against the action of Board of Control who proposed to give the privilege to Andres del Barrio, lone bidder at the auction for 16,000 pesos a year for 5 years. He stated that at the previous sale brought 26,000 pesos, when the amount consumed was at the same as at that period, and the farmer’s profit from the monopoly ought to be even more, if to be carried on effectively, ought to average over 30,000 pesos a year
(De Viana,Financial Affairs of the Islands,1766) B/R 50: 110
Francis Salgado (began without any means of his own after losing everything in working an iron mine) gained 200,000 pesos for 5 years.
Expenses in administering : 40,000 pesos/year
Government dues : 26,000 pesos/year
Contractor’s gains : 40,000 pesos/year
Total amount in business : 106,00 pesos/year
Proposal:
1. Board of Control must restrict the term of monopoly of wine to 4 years if they sell it at the rate of 16,000 pesos and that for 6 years the rate be made 20,000 pesos.
2. If not, these should be administered by the government directly and not be publicized in auction.
Administrative Structures
Public Bidding or remates (concessions were pueblo business)
Bidder (pueblo elites) collect the liquor from hundreds of small supplies and monopolized the retail and sales
Bidder paid fixed sums yearly of quinquennially (5 years) to regime in advance
(Corpuz, An Economic History of the Philippines, 1997) p. 120
Bidders
Don Esteban Garcia de los Rios (1731 – 33) : 10,000 pesos/year
Capt. Pedro de Ceballos (1734 – 36) : 15,500 pesos/year
Capt. José Ruiz (1737-41) : 25,000 pesos/year
Averaged Proceeds for 11 years : 16,833 pesos/year
(Tamon, Survey of the Filipinas Islands,1738) B/R 47: 117 - 119
In the areas covered in the monopoly, each were under the direction of three administrators, who act independently of each other in their respective districts. They have their number of competent number of active guards in disposal. The administrators received in the licensed establishments the coco and nipa wines, at prices stipulated with the growers.
(Comyn, State of the Philippine Islands, 1820) p. 116
The only circumstance for the coco wine produced by the growers to be approved and received to monopoly stores, it required to be easily ignited with a lighted candle.
(Ibid.) p.120
Prices
Coco Wine
At the rate of 2 dollars per jar containing 20 gantas
Equal to 12 arrobas, 7 azumbres and 14 rials
Nipa Wine
Laid at 6 ½ rials the jar, indistinctly
Low price
(Comyn, State of the Philippine Islands, 1820) p. 116 See also B/R 51: 120
Caritanes
For the caritanes (gatherers), there is frequent dangers as exposed in passing from one tree to another, which they do by sliding the cane.
More particularly when it is besides understood, that, from the circumstance of them being growers, they were exempted in military service, as well as several other taxes and public charges.
(Comyn, State of the Philippine Islands, 1820)See also B/R 51: 120
Implementation of Decrees and Policies Related to Wine Monopoly
1721: Governor Toribio Joseph Manuel de Cosio y Campo implemented in Statement 44 that the 2 royal decrees, one dated September 30, 1714 and the other June 15, 1720
1st Offense: Arrest with 200 lashes and thrown into the galleys for 6 years
2nd Offense: Double the 1st offense
3rd Offense: Tripled besides exile from the province
( Viana, Financial Affairs of the Islands, 1766) B/R 50: 219-220
June 22, 1764: Simon de Ande y Salazar forbid of not produce wine more than what is needed in the province of Laguna because of the disorders produced by drunkenness.
(Synopsis of Letter to Carlos III) B/R 49: 264
March 2, 1790: Regulations for the sale of wine under monopoly arrangement was published. Those dealers were exempted from polos and personal services and must only sold pure wines without any mixture of water and must always kept a supply on hand.
(Compiled from Montero y Vidal’s Historia de Filipinas) B/R 50: 64-65
For disciplining the Filipino natives, the secular clergy were instructed that they shall strive to banish the sport of cockfighting, not sparing any effort for this and the same with drunkenness.
(Santa Justa y Rufina, Instructions to the secular clergy,1771) B/R 50: 266
Wine as Prime Necessity: Contribution to Ecclesiastics
As early as 1565, the ecclesiastics were already had their consumption of wine from the requisitions of goods sent by the king of Spain. Annually, they had their needs were financially provided by king’s treasury. In this paper, the proponent emphasized the role of the church in gaining power over consumption of wine, as well.
September 15, 1726: a royal decree was ordained of furnishing wine and oil to missionaries curacies (with to receive hundred pesos and a hundred fanegas of rice for every 500 tributes to whom they minister) which they enjoyed without limitation of time.
(Berdodizo, Survey of the Filipinas Islands : The ecclesiastical estate, 1742) B/R 47:146
In 1742, the religious orders petitioned to the king to purchase them Castilian wine, with which is used in celebrating the holy sacrifice of mass. Included also their additional report about the status of the ecclesiastical estate including the 4 cathedral churches of Manila, namely: Holy Cathedral of Manila, Holy Church of Cebu, of Nueva Caceres and Nueva Segovia. These churches were allotted with arrobas of Castilian wine.
(Ibid.) B/R 47: 128 - 151
Effects of Wine Monopoly
Sources of Government Revenue
Comyn and Pizarro believed that the prosperity they earned from the monopoly, might be more productive if also can be introduced to the other district. Comyn apprehended that:
“The monopoly has been partial and enforced in a way of a trial than in a general and a permanent manner, much
remains to be done.”
He also recommended that proper exertions made to study and discover the various indirect means to increase mass contributions by applying a system more productive and analogous to the nature of Philippine Islands.
(Comyn Op.cit) p. 122-123
Response of the Natives 1574 : Uprising planned to overthrow the Spaniards by Don
Agustin de Legazpi, an influential leader in Manila, his cousin Martin Panga, gobernadorcillo of Tondo, Magat Salamat, son of Rajah Matanda and other baptized nobles around Manila, with the help of their kinsmen in Borneo.
They contacted the Japanese traders to provide arms and fighting men and were confident as they heard that an Englishman Cavendish will strike Manila. Even asked the Kapampangans but they refused.
It was discovered because of carelessness, being drunk. The leaders were executed and their heads chopped off and exhibited in iron cages. Some were exiled, all were ordered to pay a fine and their lands were confiscated. (Arcilla, Kasaysayan )Vol.3 p. 100-101
In December 22, 1762, there was an order to the governor to forbid the sale of the nipa wine and destroy all found in the taverns of Guagua in order to avoid the possibility of drunkenness and offenses against God. But in reality, they were just afraid because they heard that the Sangleys were coming from Manila with the English.
(Anda, Synopsis of Letter to Carlos III) (1762-1764,Manila) B/R 49: 148
Ambaristo Revolt
In July 1807, some Ilocano military defectors who escaped from Vigan to Piddig (Ilocos Norte) staged an armed revolt against the oppressive monopoly of spirituous liquors introduced in 1786, which included the control of making basi. They were forbidden to drink their homemade brew and were forced to buy their wine from government stores. Headed by Pedro Mateo of Piddig, the rebels were hanged and their bodies were mutilated because they failed. The said revolt was also called “Ambaristo Revolt”.
Changes in the Natives LifestyleSpirituous liquors, like nipa wine and basi and other government controlled items such as betel nut and games like cock fights and playing cards, were enjoyed by most Filipinos, especially the clase pobre as social amenities to relieve them from the burdens of life. It was also had been deprived from them.
The Church also considered it as an evil habit and against the law of the Church for they were considered traitor in the doctrine and teachings of Catholicism. The church wanted to eradicate the drunkenness among natives, but not prohibit all use of wine.
(De Mas Character and influence of the friars,1843) B/R 28: 263
Hence, they gave light penalties given to those Filipinos who were intoxicated. According to them, that any man was not to be received in any house and was not to be visited in his own house. Anyone will not communicate or have dealing with the drunk man.
(Aduarte, Historia de la provincial del sanco Rosario de la Orden de la Predicadores, 1640) D. B/R 30: 173