Windows Desktop Questions

8/2/2019 Windows Desktop Questions

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Windows Desktop Questions!

How to Enable or Disable the Firewall in Windows XP ?

Enabling the Windows XP firewall

1. Click Start, Settings, Control Panel and open Network Connections.2. Within the Network Connections window, right-click the Local Area

Connection and select properties.3. Within the Local Area Connection Properties window, click

the Advanced tab.4. Finally, check the Protect my computer and network by limiting

or preventing access to this computer from the Internet option.

Disabling the Windows XP firewall

1. Click Start, Settings, Control Paneland open Network Connections.2. Within the Network Connections window, right-click the Local Area

Connection and selectProperties.3. Within the Local Area Connection Properties window, click

the Advanced tab.4. Finally, uncheck the Protect my computer and network by limiting

or preventing access to this computer from the Internet option.

How would you Start or Stop a Windows Service ?

Logon to Windows with Administrator rights.Click Start > Control Panel.Double-click Administrative Tools.

Double-click the Services icon.Double-click the service that you want to stop or start.When the Service Properties window appears, do one of the following:

* If the service is running, click Stop the service.* If the service is not running, click Start the service.

Click OK.

How can you check the IP address of your computer ?

IPCONFIG /ALL


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How to access the Windows System Registry ?

Follow the steps to access registry on XP computer.* Click Start

* Click Run* Type REGEDIT

* Click OK* The Registry Editor will now open .

Where are the Temp files located and how would you remove them ?

There are three different places that you can find temporary files on yourcomputer. They are located in different place in Windows Vista and WindowsXp. In Windows Vista there are three file paths below to follow to view thetemporary files.

C:\Users\Username\AppData\Local\Temp (%temp%)

C:\Windows\Temp (temp)

C:\Users\Username\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary InternetFiles

Name some difference between Windows XP and Windows Vista.

What are their System Requirements ?

The major Differences between Windows Xp & Vista are :

Windows Vista & Windows XP

1. Bitlocker Option available Windows XP has . No Bitlocker option- Bitlocker drive encryption, Bitlocker on volume Prevents hard drive from

hackers.

2. Windows Vista has Windows Defender tool Windows XP has No WindowsDefender tool available - prevents from spyware & unwanted S/W installing

on computer.

3. Windows Vista has Parental control Feature Windows XP has No Parentalcontrol Feature - This option enables parents to restrict Childrens which

sites, games .software to use & not .


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[email protected] L1

What is Safe Mode?

Safe mode is an alternate boot method for Windows operating systems that

makes it easier to diagnose problems. The only startup programs loaded are

the operating system and drivers for the mouse, keyboard, and displaymodes display. It is often possible to get a system to start in safe modewhen it won't start normally. To start in safe mode, press the F8 key while

the system is booting and select "safe mode" (or the safe mode option youwant) from the menu that appears.

What is a MODEM ?A modem is a Modulator and Demodulator. It's like a bridge betweencomputer and ordinary telephone lines. Telephone lines only accept analog

signals but computers only accept digital (binary) signals so modems helplink them. Routers then emit the digital signal.

a modem is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to incode digitalinformation.

Note: There are comments associated with this question. See the discussion

page to add to the conversation.

Q:What is Networking?

Inter connection between the two or more computers is called the

networking. Using three types of network are Intranet, Internet and Extranet(Eg. LAN, WAN & MAN)

Q:What is Bandwidth?

Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals itcan carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth. Every line has acapacity of transmission of data, The maximum amount of data that can betransferred in a single line is called Bandwidth.

Q:What is VLAN?

VLAN Stand for Virtual Local Area Network. It is a logical grouping ofnetwork users and resources connected to administratively defined ports on

a switch.Uses of VLAN are as follows:-

1. It is secured connection.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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2. It increases flexibility.

3. It creates separate broadcast domain.

Q:What is CIDR?

CIDR Stands for classless inter domain routing. It helps in preventing thewasting of IP address and nowadays we are facing the shortage of the IP

address.So this CIDR helps to prevent the waste of IP address.Shortly IPV6will come into exist.

Q:What is VLSM?

VLSM stands for Variable length subnet mask, when try to separate a majorsubnet into minor ones, then that process is called VLSM. We can subnet in

various lengths.

Eg: 1.1.1.0-/24 can be separated into 1.1.1.0-/30 and 1.1.1.4-/28

Q:What is unicast?

Unicast is one type of transmission in which information is sent from onehost to another host (i.e Source to Destination). In another words, Unicast

transmission is between one-to-one nodes

Unicast ---> A transmission to a single interface card.

Q:What is Multicast?

Multicast is such differ from Unicast. It is another type of transmission or

communication in which there may be more than host and the informationsent is meant for a set of host.(i.e one source to group of destination

Multicast ---> A transmission to a group of interface cards on the network.

Q:What is Broadcast?

Broadcast is one type of transmission in which information is transfer from

just one host but is received by all the host connected to the network. (i.eone source to all destination)

Broadcast ---> A transmission to all interface cards on the network.

Q:What is ACL?


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ACL stands of Access Control List, It is packet filtering method, which filter

the IP packets based on source and destination address. It is set of rules orcondition that permit or deny the ip packets.

Cisco ACLs are divided into types.

1. Standard ACL &2. Extended ACL.

Standard ACL - Standard IP Access Lists ranging in number from 1 to 99.Standard ACL control the traffic based on the source IP address only.

Extended ACL - Extended IP Access Lists ranging in number from 100 to

199. Extended ACL control the traffic based on the source IP address,destination IP address, source port number and destination port number.

Q:What is CEF?

Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) is an advanced layer 3 switching technology

used mainly in large core networks or the Internet to enhance the overallnetwork performance.

CEF is mainly used to increase packet switching speed by reducing the

overhead and delays introduced by other routing techniques. CEF consists of

two key components: The Forwarding Information Base (FIB) andadjacencies. The FIB is similar to the routing table generated by multiple

routing protocols, maintaining only the next-hop address for a particular IP-

route.

The adjacency maintains layer 2 or switching information linked to a

particular FIB entry, avoiding the need for an ARP request for each tablelookup. There are five types of adjacencies:

1. Null adjacency.

2. Punt adjacency.

3. Glean adjacency.

4. Discard adjacency.

5. Drop adjacency.

Q:What is CDP?


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CDP Stand for Cisco Discovery Protocol, It's a Layer 2 protocol and used to

check the availability of neighbouring Cisco devices. It can give you all thedetails of the neighbours. CDP provides network device inventory,

connectivity information, and IP next hop information. CDP Version-2(CDPv2) is the most recent release of the protocol and provides more

intelligent device tracking features.

Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds and

Hold time is 180 seconds.

Q:What is SNMP?

The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application layerprotocol (Layer 1) that facilitates the exchange of management informationbetween network devices. It is part of the Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite. SNMP enables networkadministrators to manage network performance, find and solve network

problems, and plan for network growth.

What is RIP and difference between Rip V1 & Rip V2?RIP Stands for Routing information protocol. It is also called distance vectorrouting protocol. It is open standard for any vendor use. It uses metric ashop count (max hop count 15) AD 120. It sends periodic update for every 30

sec. It is used for small network.

Rip V1

1. It is a Class full Protocol.2.Classful Protocol: - Supports networkswith same Subnet Mask3.RIPV1 uses Broadcast Address

4.RIPV1 Universal Broadcast(255.255.255.255)

5. RIPV1 does not VLSM.

Rip V2

1. It is a Classless Protocol.2.Classless Protocol: - Supports subnettnetworks; It carries the information of mask

3.RIP V2 uses Multicast Address4. RIPV2 uses Multicast (224.0.0.9).

5.RIPV2 supports VLSM

What is EIGRP?

EIGRP stands for Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, it is alsocalled balanced hybrid routing protocol or advanced distance vector routing


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protocol. Hello packets for every 5 sec, hold time 15 sec. It support for

VLSM, the multicast address is 224.0.0.10. It maintain neighbour table,topology table & routing table

1. Neighbour directly connected neighbour (feasible successor)

2. Topology all path reach to destination (feasible successor)3. Routing best path (successor)

DUAL: Diffusion update algorithm

1. Successor is available in routing table2. If successor failed means it will take the feasible successor

DUAL Parameter

1. A.D = Advertised distance (Reported Distance)

2. F.D = Feasible distance

Reported Distance: The metric for a route advertised by a neighbourFeasible distance: The distance advertised by a neighbour plus the cost toget to that neighbour

What is OSPF?

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a dynamic routing protocol for use inInternet Protocol (IP) networks. OSPF is designated by the Internet

Engineering Task Force (IETF). Specifically, it is a link-state routing protocoland falls into the group of interior gateway protocols, operating within an

autonomous system (AS). Unlimited router can be used. CPU usage will be

high, to reduce the CPU Usage using area.

What are the areas in OSPF?

The backbone area, which is also referred to as Area 0. All other areas

must connect to the backbone area. Hence, this area is obligatory.

An ordinary or standard area, which is an area that connects to thebackbone (Area 0) and is treated as a separate entity. All routers in astandard area have the same topological database, but their routing tables

will be based on the routers position in the standard area and will thus beunique to the router.

A stub area, which is an area that does not accept external summary


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routes. A router within a stub area can only see outside the autonomous

system if a default route has been configuration for it.

A totally stubby area, which is similar to a stub area. In this area, thedefault route must be configured as 0.0.0.0. This type of area is useful for

remote sites that have few networks and limited connectivity with the rest ofthe network and is a Cisco proprietary solution.

A not so stubby area (NSSA), which is a stub area that can receive

external routes but will not propagate those external routes into thebackbone area.

What are the network types in OSPF?

1. Non broadcast - This is the default on frame relay networks has aDR/BDR election. Neighbor command needed to establish adjacency.

2. Broadcast - This is the default on Ethernet/broadcast networks. Doeshave DR/BDR election.

3. Point-to-point - No DR/BDR election. This one is pretty selfexplanatory.

4. Point-to-multipoint - Does not have a DR/BDR election. Solves some

design issues with the next hop processing for NONBROADCAST. Treats as acollection of P2P links.

5. Point-to-multipoint non broadcast - Same as P2M but does not usepseudo broadcast. Must statically define neighbors.

6. Loopback - OSPF treats these as stub hosts. (/32)

What are BGP and their attributes?

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an inter autonomous system routing

protocol. An autonomous system is a network or group of networks under acommon administration and with common routing policies. BGP is used to

exchange routing information for the Internet and is the protocol usedbetween Internet service providers (ISP). Customer networks, such asuniversities and corporations, usually employ an Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP) such as RIP or OSPF for the exchange of routing information within

their networks. Customers connect to ISPs, and ISPs use BGP to exchange


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customer and ISP routes. When BGP is used between autonomous systems

(AS), the protocol is referred to as External BGP (EBGP). If a serviceprovider is using BGP to exchange routes within an AS, then the protocol is

referred to as Interior BGP (IBGP).

BGP Attributes are

1. Weight 5.AS_path

2. Local preference 6. Next

hop

3. Multi-exit discriminator 7.Community

4.Origin

What is PPPoE?

Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is network protocols that allowdata communication between two network entities or points, which supportsnetwork layer protocols including IPv4 and IPv6. PPP supports three types of

user authentication protocols that provide varying levels of security.

1. PAP 2. CHAP 3. EAP

PAP CHAP1. Clear text 1. Encrypted2. Less secure 2. High secure

3. Two way handshakemethod

3. Three way handshakemethod

Auth. Request ChallengeAuth.

Acknowledgment ResponseSuccess

4. No periodic Check up 4. Periodical Check up

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is most commonly used forauthentication on wireless networks

What are the timers for dynamic routing protocol?

Rip IGRP EIGRP OSPF


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Hello None None 60 sec 10 secUpdate timers 30 sec 90 secDead timers 180 sec 3*hello 3*hello 4*hello

What is the AD Value for Dynamic routing protocols?

Rip IGRP EIGRPOSPF BGPAD 120 100 90 110 20

What is SMPS ?Switch Mode Power Supplies are the current state of the art in high

efficiency power supplies. Conventional series-regulated linear powersupplies maintain a constant voltage by varying their resistance to cope with

input voltage changes or load current demand changes. The linear regulatorcan, therefore, tend to be very inefficient. The switch mode power supply,

however, uses a high frequency switch (in practice a transistor) with varyingduty cycle to maintain the output voltage. The output voltage variations

caused by the switching are filtered out by an LC filter.

What is SDRAM ?Short for Synchronous DRAM, a type of DRAM that can run at much higherclock speeds than conventional memory. SDRAM actually synchronizes itself

with the CPU's bus and is capable of running at 133 MHz, about three timesfaster than conventional FPM RAM, and about twice as fast EDO DRAM and

BEDO DRAM. SDRAM is replacing EDO DRAM in many newer computers.

What is an Operating System?An operating system is a program that controls the normal functions of yourcomputer. There are two mainstream operating systems today - Windowsand MacOS.

There are different versions of both operating systems, and it is important to

determine which one you have before we can assist you.

If you have a Macintosh, go to the Finder (or click on the desktop in OS X).

Select the Apple Menu, and choose About This Macintosh or About ThisComputer. The operating system version your computer is running will bedisplayed on the window that pops up. Mac OS X versions include 10.0,

10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 and 10.5.

If you have a PC, chances are you are running some form of Windows. Ifyour computer starts up with a splash screen that says "Windows Vista" and

have a round Start Button, then you are running Windows Vista. Other


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versions of Windows, identified by their splash screens, include Windows 98,

Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista andWindows 7.

Name a few ports in your computer ?

USB, IEEE 1394 ps/2 PS/2 ethernet port lpti vga line in microphonegamejack.

What is Last Known Good Configuration ?The Last Known Good configuration" is one of the methods which are used torepair our computer system. In this method a restore of data from the

backup is not required. This "last known good configuration" is a backup

replica of the existing configuration which is stored on the registry key"HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet". This registry key is always updated

whenever the system is shut down by the user after successfully andeffectively logging on. Our system can be repaired by restoring information

from this updated registry key. For instance in case when we install somedriver which causes our operating system not to be loaded, this type of

repair is helpful and useful.So it is a very good practice to repair our system without any loss. So

whenever we see our operating systemfails to load, simply press F8 andwhen the message "please select the operating system to start" appears,just select the Last Known Good Configuration. This option can be seenunder the "Windows Advanced Options Menu". The Last Known Good

Configuration is only useful in the case if we have not logged on yet.Whenever we logon and then shut down or even restart, all of the current

configurations always become the "Last Known Good Configuration".

What is windows Device Manager ?Device Manager is an extension of the Microsoft Management Console that

provides a central and organized view of all the Microsoft Windowsrecognized hardware installed in a computer.

Device Manager is used to manage the hardware devices installed in acomputer like hard disk drives, keyboards, sound cards, USB devices, and

more.

What is MSConfig ?msconfig.exe is a file which helps to edit and administer text configuration

files such as win.ini and autoexec.bat.

Msconfig is used to control what programs and services start with yourcomputer. Its very helpful in troubleshooting startup problems as well as


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poor performance and getting rid of spyware and viruses.

What is the Blue Screen of Death and what could be it's causes ?Sometimes bad or flaky memory (RAM memory, not your hard drive) cancause seemingly random system crashes. If you have just the right

combination of programs open and system memory in use, and yourcomputer tries to access a "bad spot" on a RAM chip, the results can be

unpredictable. Or they can be the Blue Screen of Death. You can tryreplacing your RAM sticks one at a time to see if the problem goes away.This involves opening up the system unit and looking at scary wires andstuff, so for some people just living with the problem may be a workable

option.

More likely, you have a software problem. Some programs just don't get

along... they trample on each other's memory spaces and confusion (or theBSOD) results. And it seems that Windows just gets old and cranky the

longer you have it installed. You may solve the problem by using the SystemFile Checker, or if all else fails, by

re-installing the Windows operating system and/or your software packages.If the problem seems to be limited to one particular program, try re-

installing just that one first.

Spyware or a computer virus can also make strange things happen

What is Cold Boot and Warm Boot ?A cold boot means turning it on from a powered-down state. A warm boot is

pressing the restart button when the computer is already on.

What does X mean in the term 16X on the CD/DVD ROM ?"x" = speed; i.e. 48 speed CD-ROM. Refers to how quickly the drive will read

the disk. same deal for writing to disks. Speed increased incrementally fromsingle speed (1X) CD-ROM. On a burner, it'll say for example 4X4X8, which

would be 4 speed write, 4 speed rewrite, 8 speed read (I may have write &rewrite backwards). Those are always max speeds, doesn't necessarily mean

the rated speed is constant.

What are PCI Slots?A PCI slot is used to add extension cards to a machine. The PCI world is

somewhat of a mess right now. There are at least TEN different types of PCIsockets in use!

* Original PCI.* Wide PCI.

* Fast/wide PCI.


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* Fast/wide 3.3-volt PCI.

* PCI-X.* Narrow PCI-X.

* PCI-Express x1.* PCI-Express x4.

* PCI-Express x8.* PCI-Express x16.

Today, mainly the x16 is used for Graphic cards, and PIC is used to connectnetwork cards.

What are the types of Printers?Dot matrix printers, Characters printer, Ink jet printers, Laser printers .

What is the difference between DDR1, DDR2 and DDR3 memories ?# DDR stands for Double Data Rate. Like SDRAM, it operates at the rate ofthe computer's clock cycle. However, unlike SDRAM, it can transfer data

twice per clock cycle. It does this by using the rising and falling edges of theclock signal, also known as "double pumping" and employing a prefetch

buffer capable of accessing two datawords at a time. This means that it canstore and move a value in the same amount of time it takes SDRAM to do

one or the other, effectively doubling the memory's speed.

# DDR2 also utilizes the same double pumping technique as DDR. Itachieves performance gains by using a prefetch buffer that retrieves four

datawords per memory access. This allows it to transfer data four times perclock cycle (compared to twice in the case of DDR). According to Bit-Tech.com, its improved efficiency allows it to consume less power than DDR.

# Like all other forms of DDR, DDR3 transfers data twice per clock cycle.However, its prefetch buffer can access eight datawords at a time, according

to Benchmark Reviews. Thus, it can transfer data eight times per clock cycle,giving it a maximum data transfer rate twice that of DDR2 while using less

power.

What are the types of Hard-disk drives ?Disk drive technologies have advanced quickly over recent years, making

terabytes of storage available at reasonable cost. When researching the typeof hard disk storage system appropriate for your needs, keep in mind the

format and data rate of the video youre capturing. Depending on whether

you work as an independent video editor or collaborate with others, theamount of storage you require and the bit rate of data transfer will be

important factors to match up with your storage needs. Outlining all of the


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hard disk storage technologies is beyond the scope of this documentation,

but four common choices include:

* ATA* FireWire

* SCSI* RAID and Fibre Channel

What is Disk Cleanup?Disk Cleanup is a feature of Windows that enables a user to delete system /junk files safely.For example, by using the disk cleanup feature, you can free up a

considerable amount of space on your pc, like getting rid of TIF (TemporaryInternet Files) and other 'useless', and not required, files.

What is Disk Defragmentation?Disk defragmentation describes the process of consolidating fragmented fileson your computer's hard disk.

Fragmentation happens to a hard disk over time as you save, change, ordelete files. The changes that you save to a file are often stored at a location

on the hard disk that's different from the original file. Additional changes aresaved to even more locations. Over time, both the file and the hard disk

itself become fragmented, and your computer slows down as it has to look inmany different places to open a file.

Disk Defragmenter is a tool that rearranges the data on your hard disk andreunites fragmented files so your computer can run more efficiently. In thisversion of Windows, Disk Defragmenter runs on a schedule so you don'thave to remember to run it, although you can still run it manually or change

the schedule it uses.

What would you do if a PC is not turning on ?First Check the Power cables and power supply.

What is the latest Operating System ?

Windows 7.

What is a Heat Sink ?A component designed to lower the temperature of an electronic device by

dissipating heat into the surrounding air. All modern CPUs require a heatsink. Some also require a fan. A heat sink without a fan is called a passive


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heat sink; a heat sink with a fan is called an active heat sink. Heat sinks are

generally made of an aluminum alloy and often have fins.

What is the difference between SATA and PATA Hard-Disk Drives?Serial ATA and Parallel ATA are both specialized interface and data transfer

devices, that are used in computers to connect peripheral storage devices.Both serve the same purpose of data transfer but differ in their basic

technology, speed of performance and therefore their niche applicationsthese days.

What would you do if your system is running slow ?1.Empty Recycle Bin.

2.Empty Windows Temp folder.3.Run Scandisk.4.Run Defragmenter.5.Full System Virus scan.

What are Plug & Play devices ?They are peices of computer hardware that already have the software for

them in you system. simply put, you just have to plug it in and youcomputer does the rest.

What are Device Drivers?Device drivers are small files that act like liaisons between hardware in acomputer system and the operating system (OS). Hardware requires device

drivers so that the OS can see the devices and handle them effectively and

efficiently.

Difference between IE6 & IE7 ?ie 6-security issuse are less

ie 7-security issuse are more.

ie 6-tabbed browsing is not thereie 7-tabbed browsing is available.

ie 6-no advanced printing.ie 7- advanced printing.

ie 6-no phishing filter.

ie 7-phishing filter available.

ie 6-no tool bar search box.

ie 7- tool bar search box.


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ie 6-no advanced delete history.

ie 7-advanced delete browing history option.

ie 6-no page zoom.ie 7-page zoom.

ie 6-no add-ons disable mode

ie 7-add-ons disable mode.

What is the difference between a Serial and a Parallel Port ?Basically a serial port sends and receives data 1 'bit' at a time over a singlewire, while a parallel port sends the data a 'byte' at a time over several

wires simultaneously.

Explain the Windows XP Boot Process ?1.First is the POST, this stands for Power On Self Test, for the computer.This process tests memory as well as a number of other subsystems. You

can usually monitor this as it runs each test. After that is complete thesystem will run POST for any device that has a BIOS (Basic Input-Output

System). An AGP has its own BIOS, as do some network cards and variousother devices.

2.Once the POST is complete and the BIOS is sure that everything is working

properly, the BIOS will then attempt to read the MBR (Master Boot Record).This is the first sector of the first hard drive (called the Master or HD0).

When the MBR takes over it means that Windows is now in control.

3.The MBR looks at the BOOT SECTOR (the first sector of the active

partition). That is where NTLDR is located, NTLDR is the BOOT LOADER forWindows XP. NTLDR will allow memory addressing, initiate the file system,

read the boot.ini and load the boot menu. NTLDR has to be in the root of theactive partition as do NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI, BOOTSECT.DOS (for multi-

OS booting) and NTBOOTDD.SYS (if you have SCSI adapters)

4.Once XP is selected from the Boot Menu, NTLDR will run NTDETECT.COM,

BOOT.INI and BOOTSECT.DOS to get the proper OS selected and loaded.The system starts in 16-bit real mode and then moves into 32-bit protected

mode.

5.NTLDR will then load NTOSKRNL.EXE and HAL.DLL. Effectively, these twofiles are windows XP. They must be located in %SystemRoot%System32.

6.NTLDR reads the registry, chooses a hardware profile and authorizesdevice drivers, in that exact order.


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7.At this point NTOSKRNL.EXE takes over. It starts WINLOGON.EXE that in

turn starts LSASS.EXE, this is the program that display the Logon screen sothat you can logon.

What do you know about the PING Command ?

Pinging is a command which tells you if the connection between yourcomputer and a particular domain is working correctly.

Eg : C:\Administrator\>Ping 192.168.1.100 or Ping techiebird.com

What are the different types of RAMs ?There are main types of RAM: SDRAM, DDR and Rambus DRAM.

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)Almost all systems used to ship with 3.3 volt, 168-pin SDRAM DIMMs.

SDRAM is not an extension of older EDO DRAM but a new type of DRAMaltogether. SDRAM started out running at 66 MHz, while older fast page

mode DRAM and EDO max out at 50 MHz. SDRAM is able to scale to 133MHz (PC133) officially, and unofficially up to 180MHz or higher. As

processors get faster, new generations of memory such as DDR and RDRAM

are required to get proper performance.

DDR(Double Data Rate SDRAM)DDR basically doubles the rate of data transfer of standard SDRAM by

transferring data on the up and down tick of a clock cycle. DDR memoryoperating at 333MHz actually operates at 166MHz * 2 (aka PC333 / PC2700)

or 133MHz*2 (PC266 / PC2100). DDR is a 2.5 volt technology that uses 184

pins in its DIMMs. It is incompatible with SDRAM physically, but uses asimilar parallel bus, making it easier to implement than RDRAM, which is adifferent technology.

Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)Despite it's higher price, Intel has given RDRAM it's blessing for the

consumer market, and it will be the sole choice of memory for Intel'sPentium 4. RDRAM is a serial memory technology that arrived in three

flavors, PC600, PC700, and PC800. PC800 RDRAM has double the maximumthroughput of old PC100 SDRAM, but a higher latency. RDRAM designs with

multiple channels, such as those in Pentium 4 motherboards, are currentlyat the top of the heap in memory throughput, especially when paired with

PC1066 RDRAM memory.

DIMMs vs. RIMMsDRAM comes in two major form factors: DIMMs and RIMMS.


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DIMMs are 64-bit components, but if used in a motherboard with a dual-

channel configuration (like with an Nvidia nForce chipset) you must pairthem to get maximum performance. So far there aren't many DDR chipset

that use dual-channels. Typically, if you want to add 512 MB of DIMMmemory to your machine, you just pop in a 512 MB DIMM if you've got an

available slot. DIMMs for SDRAM and DDR are different, and not physicallycompatible. SDRAM DIMMs have 168-pins and run at 3.3 volts, while DDR

DIMMs have 184-pins and run at 2.5 volts.

RIMMs use only a 16-bit interface but run at higher speeds than DDR. To getmaximum performance, Intel RDRAM chipsets require the use of RIMMs in

pairs over a dual-channel 32-bit interface. You have to plan more when

upgrading and purchasing RDRAM.

What are the important port numbers in Windows ?

HTTP - 80

FTP 20,21

TelNet - 23

SMTP - 25

DNS 53

TFTP 69

SNMP - 161

RIP - 520

IMAP 4 143

IMAP 3 220

RPC 135

LDAP - 389

Net Stat 15

WINS - 42


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BootP - 67

DHCP - 68

POP2 - 109

POP3 - 110

Net BIOS 139

SSL(HTTPS) 443

SQL Server - 1433

NFS 2049

SSH 22

RAP 38

BGP 179

Hardware RAID Levels

RAID

Level

Minimum

Number

of Drives

Description Strengths Weaknesses

RAID 0 2 Data stripingwithout

redundancy

Highest performance No data protection; Onedrive fails, all data is lost

RAID 1 2 Disk mirroring Very high performance;

Very high data

protection; Very

minimal penalty on

write performance

High redundancy cost

overhead; Because all

data is duplicated, twice

the storage capacity is

required

RAID 2 Not used in

LAN

No practical use Previously used for RAM

error environments

correction (known as

Hamming Code ) and in

disk drives before the

use of embedded errorcorrection

No practical use; Same

performance can be

achieved by RAID 3 at

lower cost

RAID 3 3 Byte-level data

striping with

dedicated paritydrive

Excellent performance

for large, sequential

data requests

Not well-suited for

transaction-oriented

network applications;Single parity drive does

not support multiple,

simultaneous read and

write requests


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RAID 4 3 (Not

widely

used)

Block-level data

striping with

dedicated parity

drive

Data striping supports

multiple simultaneous

read requests

Write requests suffer from

same single parity-drive

bottleneck as RAID 3;

RAID 5 offers equal data

protection and better

performance at same cost

RAID 5 3 Block-level datastriping with

distributed parity

Best cost/performancefor transaction-

oriented networks; Veryhigh performance, very

high data protection;

Supports multiple

simultaneous reads and

writes; Can also be

optimized for large,

sequential requests

Write performance isslower than RAID 0 or

RAID 1

RAID

0/1

4 Combination of

RAID 0 (data

striping) and

RAID 1(mirroring)

Highest performance,

highest data protection

(can tolerate multiple

drive failures)




the storage capacity isrequired; Requires

minimum of four drives

RAID

1/04

Combination of

RAID 1

(mirroring) and

RAID 0 (data

striping)

Shares the same fault

tolerance as RAID 1

(the basic mirror), but

compliments said fault

tolerance with a striping

mechanism that can

yield very high read

rates




the storage capacity is

required; Requires

minimum of four drives

RAID 0

RAID 1


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RAID 5

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