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Wind Turbines

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Different types of wind turbines Drag-type turbines Persian windmill Chinese wind wheel Saviounus

Lift-type turbines VAWT, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Darrieus

HAWT, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine The Danish concept American multiblade Grumman windstream

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Drag-type turbinesSavonious

The Persian windmill

The Chinese wind wheel

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Drag-type turbines

Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html

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Lift-type turbinesVAWT, Darrieus

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Lift-type turbinesVAWT, Darrieus

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Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html

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Lift-type turbinesHAWT, American Multiblade

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Lift-type turbinesHAWT, Grumman

Windstream

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Lift-type turbinesHAWT, The

Danish Concept

The blades upwind the rotor Constant speed on the rotor Power output limitation Stall control

Brakes Mechanical Aerodynamic

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Development of HAWTHEIGHT [M]

SPEED

n

20

17

13

5 15

3 10 rpm

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Wind power and energy Power output from wind turbines:c Power ! V A L 23

A

C

Energy production from wind turbines:Energy ! Power Time

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Energy flux for wind turbinesc P ! V A L 2Where: P = Power [W] [kg/m3] [m/s] [m2] [-]

3

V

= c = A = L =

Density Velocity Area Efficiency

Recommended literature: Wind Turbine Technology, David A. Spera,ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7

14 The worlds energy potential for land based wind turbines

Estimated energy output in kWh/kW from a wind turbine that are dimensioned for 11 m/s

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Global Installed wind power

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Installed wind power

Source: www.gwec.net

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Wind power capacity global forecast

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Wind Power in Norwayper 1st January 2006 Energy goal for 2010: Wind farms in operation: Number of wind farms: Number of wind mills: Installed power: Energy production: 13 165 ca. 320 MW ca. 900 GWh

3 TWh

Planned wind farms (License is given, but not built) Number of wind farms: Number of wind mills: Installed power: Energy production: 15 439 1214 MW 3866 GWh

Planned wind farms (Applied for License) Number of wind farms: Number of wind mills: Installed power: 36 1444 4496 MW

Hitra

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Norwegian wind farms in operationNAVN FJELDSKR GARTEFJELLET HARY HAVYGAVLEN HITRA (ELDSFJELLET) HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-1 HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-2 MEHUKEN I NYGRDSFJELLET SANDHAUGEN SMLA TILTAKSHAVER AGDER ENERGI NETT AS STATKRAFT ENERGI AS SANDY VINDKRAFT A/S ARCTIC WIND AS HITRA VIND AS NORD-TRNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF NORD-TRNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF KVALHEIM KRAFT AS NARVIK ENERGI AS NORSK MILJKRAFT TROMS AS STATKRAFT ENERGI AS FYLKE VEST-AGDER FINNMARK MRE OG ROMSDAL FINNMARK SR-TRNDELAG NORDTRNDELAG NORDTRNDELAG SOGN OG FJORDAN NORDLAND TROMS MRE OG ROMSDAL ROGALAND NORDTRNDELAG KOMMUNE LINDESNES LEBESBY SANDY MSY HITRA NRY NRY VGSY NARVIK TROMS SMLA UTSIRA VIKNA Installert Effekt MW 4 40 3,75 40 55 2 3 4,25 7 9 150 1 2,2 Energi Produksjon Antall [GWh] Turbiner 5 120 11 120 150 ? ? 13 21 20 450 5 6 12 20 5 16 24 1 1 5 3 3 68 2 5

NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJON AS UTSIRA VIND- OG HYDROGENA NORD-TRNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF VIKNA HUSFJELLET

Ref. www.nve.no

321,2

921

165

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Norwegian wind farmsLicense is given, but not builtNAVN ANDMYRAN BESSAKERFJELLET FAKKEN HARBAKSFJELLET HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-3 HG-JREN KARMY (OFFSHORE) KVITFJELL LISTA NYGRDSFJELLET - TRINN 2 SKALLHALSEN TYSVR VALSNESET VALSNESET TESTSTASJON YTRE VIKNA TILTAKSHAVER ANDMYRAN VINDPARK AS FYLKE NORDLAND KOMMUNE ANDY ROAN KARLSY FJORD NRY TIME OG H KARMY TROMS FARSUND NARVIK VADS TYSVR BJUGN BJUGN VIKNA Installert Effekt MW 160 57 60 90 51 80 3 200 102 40 65 39 12 6 249 Energi Produksjon Antall [GWh] Turbiner 620 150 200 200 160 260 ? 660 280 120 190 110 30 16 870 64 25 17 33 15 27 1 80 31 11 16 13 4 3 99

TRNDERENERGI KRAFT AS SR-TRNDELAG TROMS KRAFT PRODUKSJON AS NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJON AS NORD-TRNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF JREN ENERGI AS NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJON AS NORSK MILJKRAFT TROMS AS NORSK MILJ ENERGI SR AS NORDKRAFT VIND AS STATKRAFT ENERGI AS TYSVR VINDPARK AS TROMS SR-TRNDELAG NORDTRNDELAG ROGALAND ROGALAND TROMS VEST-AGDER NORDLAND FINNMARK ROGALAND

TRNDERENERGI KRAFT AS SR-TRNDELAG VIVA AS SR-TRNDELAG NORD-TRNDELAG NORDELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF TRNDELAG

Ref. www.nve.no

1 214

3 866

439

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HAWTHorisontal-Axis Wind Turbines

SMLA

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HAWTMain Components Foundation Tower Nacelle Hub Turbine blades

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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TowersLattice tower Tubular steel towers, Guyed Pole Tower

Concrete tower

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Tower designs

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Nacelle and Yaw system

Ref. www.windpower.org

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Yaw system

Ref. www.windpower.org

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Nacelle

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Nacelle

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Nacelle Design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Nacelle Drive Trains

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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VESTAS V903 MW 108 TONS

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Multibrid M5000Power output: 5 MW Diameter: 116 m. Turbine speed: 5,9 -14,8 rpm

Masses: Blade: Hub: 16.500 kg 60.100 kg

Nacelle: 199.300 kg

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(tons)

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Hydraulic transmission - 5 MWP = Hydraulic pump (Assumed weight 20 ton) M = Variable displacement motor 8 x A4VSO1000 G = Generator placed at the bottom of the wind turbine

P

W eights in ton

M

G

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Hub design

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Hub design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Hub design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Blade Design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Design at different TSR

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Energy Flux in the windc P ! V Area 2Where: P = Power = Density c = Velocity [W] [kg/m3] [m/s]

3

V

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Wind velocity, power and energy1000 900 800 700

Time [h/year]

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

c3 Power ! V A L 2

Velocity [m/s]600 500

Energy [kWh/m ]

400 300 200 100

Energy ! Power Time

2

0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Velocity [m/s]

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Power output10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000

Wind Power

Power [kW]

6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 0 5 10

Turbine Power

15

20

25

Wind Speed [m/s]

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Aerodynamic brakes

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Stall control

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Turbine blade pitch system

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Turbine blade pitch system

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Links www.windpower.org/ www.ewea.org www.nve.no www.hydro.com/no/our_business/oil_energy/new_energ y/wind/index.html www.statkraft.no/pub/vindkraft/index.asp www.gwec.net http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_wind /article_1101_en.htm

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Recommended literature Wind Power Plants, Fundamentals, Design Construction and Operation R. gasch, J. Twele, ISBN no. 1-902916-38-7

Wind Turbine Technology David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7

Guidelines for design of Wind Turbines DNV, RIS, ISBN no. 87-550-2870-5

Wind Energy Handbook T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, E. Bossanyi, ISBN no. 0-471-48997-2

Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines Martin O. L. Hansen, ISBN no. 1-902916-06-9