Wind Turbine Modelling Approaches for Dynamic Power System Simulations
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Transcript of Wind Turbine Modelling Approaches for Dynamic Power System Simulations
8/3/2019 Wind Turbine Modelling Approaches for Dynamic Power System Simulations
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Wind Turbine Modelling Approaches for
Dynamic Power System SimulationsJ. Soens, J. Driesen and R. Belmans
- (fast) output power or frequency control; Abstract —The level of detail for modelling wind turbines
depends on the application. In the first part, a detailed model is
described for assessing the turbine and grid behaviour in a
distribution grid. In the second part, the development of a
simplified turbine model is described for constructing generic
wind farm models. This allows estimating the potential in a given
point of the transmission grid to absorb an amount of wind
power. Simulation examples are given for both the detailed and
the simplified model, applied for respectively a Belgian
distribution grid and the Belgian transmission grid.
- voltage control;
- black start capability;
- economic dispatch and financial trade reinforcements
The relation between wind farms and grid support has been
extensively discussed over the past years, especially in
Denmark and Germany, where the relative amount of wind
power in the power grid is the highest of Europe. Specific grid
connection requirements for wind turbines were issued first bythe Danish and German grid operators, and are used as a
reference by most European grid operators who have to take a
large amount of wind power in their power system into
account.
Index Terms-- Power system simulation, Wind power
generation, Wind power modelling,
I. I NTRODUCTION The actual existing grid connection requirements are mainly
focussed on the first two mentioned ancillary services: (fast)
output power control and voltage control. With advanced
technology for wind turbines generators, the performance of
those generators can be considered as high as with
conventional generators, regarding these issues.
The steadily increasing amount of wind power throughout
various UCTE-countries puts new challenges to the power
system operators, who have to ensure a reliable, safe and
economically manageable grid operation. Therefore, the
modelling of wind turbines for power system simulations is a
matter of high interest. The development of these models has
been the subject of many discussions: it requires a
compromise between making substantial simplifications toreduce computational efforts on the one hand, and maintaining
the necessary adequacy to be able to predict the farm’s
influence on the system’s dynamic behaviour on the other
hand.
On the other hand, even the most advanced turbine
technology does hardly improve the capability of wind power
to facilitate the economic dispatch of the power market and
financial trade reinforcements. These issues can not be
enforced by technical grid connection requirements, but must
be part of the economical risk that a wind farm operator is
willing to take. The criterion for success in these issues is
mainly the accuracy of wind speed predictions on a (mid-
)long term, rather than the turbine technology. This will not be
further discussed in this paper.
Apart from the static impact on the power grid, also the
dynamic behaviour of a wind farm must be investigated. This
way, more insight is obtained about the ability of a wind farm
to provide ‘grid support’. ‘Grid support’, also known as
‘ancillary services’, represents a number of services that the
power system operator requires from power generators, in
order to secure a safe, reliable, stable and economically
manageable grid operation. These ‘ancillary services’ include
support for [1]:
This paper gives an overview of the required properties for
a detailed wind turbine model. A simulation example is
performed to demonstrate the impact of a wind turbine in the
distribution grid of Leuven (Belgium). Regarding ancillaryservices, the connection requirements for wind turbines in
distribution grids are at this moment not yet focused on
dynamic voltage control. In most cases, the power factor
(cosφ) is required to be as close as possible to 1. A simulation
example shows the impact of various types of wind turbine
generator types on the voltage at the neighbouring nodes.
This research is part of the IWT-GBOU research project ‘Embedded
Generation: A Global Approach To Energy Balance And Grid Power Quality
And Security’, and of the Belgian Federal Science Office project ‘Optimal
Offshore Wind Energy Developments in Belgium.’
The authors are grateful to the Belgian ‘Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk
Onderzoek (F.W.O.) - Vlaanderen’ for their financial support of this work. J.
Soens is a doctoral research assistant of the F.W.O.-Vlaanderen. J. Driesen
holds a postdoctoral research fellowship of the F.W.O.- Vlaanderen”.
In the second part of this paper, an introduction is given to
the modelling of a wind turbine as an equivalent transfer
function. This is more deeply discussed in the referred paper
[6]. The purpose of this less-detailed model is to make an
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT-
ELECTA, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
(corresponding author’s email: [email protected])
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estimate of the impact of large wind farms on the transmission
grid behaviour. A simulation example with a hypothetical
offshore wind farm connected to the Belgian transmission grid
is given.
II. DETAILED SINGLE TURBINE MODEL
A. General
References [1], [4], [5] describe detailed models of windturbines for power system simulations, equipped with either
squirrel cage induction generators, doubly fed induction
generators or synchronous generators. Those models consist
generally of:
- a wind speed model;
- an aerodynamic model for the turbine;
- a model for the shaft coupling and gearbox;
- a generator model, containing the voltage differential
equations and flux equations, mostly in a rotor- or stator-
flux oriented (d,q) reference frame, as well as the
generator motion equation;
- models for the power electronic devices (if any);
- controller models: pitch control, generator active and
reactive power and current control, maximum power
tracker;
- protective relays;
The wind speed model is mostly a time series of measured
or well-chosen wind speed values. However, wind speeds can
also be generated as stochastic signals, based on a power
spectral density function [3].
The aerodynamic turbine model consists mostly of an
approximate formula for the coefficient of performance C p, as
a function of wind speed, turbine speed and turbine design.For more detailed models, the Blade Element Method (BEM)
can be used, as suggested in [4] but is by many authors
assumed to require too much modelling and calculation effort.
Shaft and gearbox are mostly modelled as an equivalent
torsional spring [1], [4], [5]. The spring stiffness is relatively
low. This may result in large torsional vibrations between
turbine and generator, affecting considerably the electrical
behaviour towards the power system. The shaft model must
therefore always be included in models for turbines with fixed
speed induction generators, as the shaft stiffness has a
considerable impact on the torque pulsations and thus
generator current. For variable speed turbines, the torque pulsations are mainly damped by the turbine speed variation,
and the modelling of a soft shaft is only necessary when very
fast transients are to be investigated.
The model for a doubly fed or induction generator contains
the stator and rotor voltage differential equations, the flux
equations and the mechanical motion equation, as described
a.o. in [5]. This is the so-called fifth order model, named after
the number of differential equations in the model.
In the seventh order model, the voltage equations for the
damper winding in the d- and q-frame are also included. This
level of detail is however rarely required for power system
simulations. In the third order model, the stator transient flux
terms are neglected, which is a reasonable assumption in
many cases. In the first order model, also the rotor flux
transients are neglected, resulting in a set of algebraic voltage
equations.
The protective relays include over- and undervoltage
tripping relays and an overspeed relay. For a doubly fed
induction generator, special precautions must be taken inorder to protect the rotor frequency converter from
overcurrent, as the converter is the most sensitive part of the
system to be damaged by overcurrents. In case of rotor
overcurrent, the basic action can be:
- opening the rotor circuit;
- bypassing the converter by shorting the rotor circuit
with a ‘crowbar’;
In [4] is claimed that the 3rd order generator model is
sufficiently accurate for small signal stability investigations
(e.g. flicker). However, the 3rd order model may give
inadequate results for the calculated rotor and stator current.
When simulating the transient behaviour of a doubly fed
induction generator, these inadequate results may lead to a
wrong assessment of the rotor current protection actions. The
5th order model must be used to obtain a correctly simulated
transient behaviour.
The controllers include pitch control, and, for variable
speed turbines, also speed control and active and reactive
power control. The reference speed is calculated by a
maximum power tracker. The speed of the active and reactive
current control loops depends on the generator type. With a
synchronous generator with frequency converter, the reference
current can be immediately obtained. For a doubly fed
induction generator, the stator current is controlled through
magnetic interaction with the controlled rotor current. Becauseof this, the stator current control speed is lower than for the
synchronous generator with frequency converter. This is
further discussed in paragraph III.B.
B. Simulation Example
1) Model Description
A detailed model of a wind turbine with fifth-order
generator model was developed, following the guidelines of
the previous paragraph. The model is fully described in [5]. A
summary of the simulations performed in [5] is given here.
The distribution grid of Haasrode, an industrial site near
Leuven (Belgium), was modelled ( ). It consists of four
radial 10kV-lines connected to a 70kV substation, at which
the short circuit power is 430MVA. The total load is 10MW,
equally distributed among the different nodes. A 2MW wind
turbine is assumed to be connected at node 408.
Fig. 1
2) Wind Speed Fluctuation
The simulated wind speed is shown in Fig. 2. Two
generator types are investigated: the squirrel cage (fixed
speed) induction generator and the doubly fed induction
generator (variable speed) of which the reference value for the
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III. SIMPLIFIED TURBINE AND FARM MODEL
A. Active Power Model
Starting from a detailed model, a more simplified model
active and reactive power is constructed [6]. The detailed
model of a variable speed turbine was taken from literature,
published by the manufacturer [7]. It was used to perform
simulations with sinusoidal wind speeds with a varying
average value and varying fluctuation frequency ( ).Fig. 10
Fig. 10. Wind speed and mechanical power for two values
of average wind speed and three different wind speed
fluctuation frequencies
0 20 400.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
v w i n d
/ v w i n d , r
, P m e c h
/ P m e c h , r
freq = 0.05Hz
a) 0 10 200.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6freq = 0.5Hz
0 5 100.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6freq = 2Hz
0 20 40
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
v w i n d
/ v w i n d , r
, P m e c h
/ P m e c h , r
time [s]
0 10 20
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
time [s]
0 5 10
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
time [s]
vwind
Pmech
b) c)
d) e) f)
All simulation results are summarized in the plot of Fig ,
in which the amplitude of the power oscillations is set out
against the fluctuation frequency of the wind speed, using the
average wind speed as parameter. Two sets of curves can be
distinguished: curves for high average wind speed (slope
20dB/decade in low frequency region) and for low average
wind speed (horizontal in low frequency region). The reason
for this is the different effect of speed and pitch control of the
turbine, below and above rated wind speed. The fullexplanation of the results is given in [6].
. 11
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. Frequency Characteristic of Power Fluctuation
Amplitude
The curves of suggest to simplify the complicated
active power model by two equivalent transfer functions (
), one for high and one for low wind speeds. The time
constants are calculated to have an optimal match between the
curves of and the frequency response of the transfer
functions. Suggested values are:
Fig.
12
Fig. 12. Equivalent Transfer Function for Active Power
available wind speed
vwind,avai l
transfer function for low wind speed
gradual transitionlow wind speed ->high wind speed
power curve
addit ional transfer functionfor high wind speed
low-passfilter
0
1
Thus, an equivalent active power model for a wind turbine
is constructed, which is well suitable to estimate the turbine
power fluctuations during continuous operation. The full
explanation of the model derivation, as well as the aggregation
into a model of an entire wind farm, is given in [6]. Also the
simplified simulation of turbine yawing and active power
control is given in [6].
B. Reactive Power Model
The modelling of the reactive power generation and the
behaviour during grid disturbances does not start from a
predefined detailed model from literature. It is believed thatfuture large wind farms will always be able to control the
reactive power output, either by control action on the
generator itself or by additional devices (such as SVCs or
STATCOMs) connected at the point of common coupling.
The supplied reactive power is calculated by either a P-
controller or PI-controller with anti-windup, making sure that
the reactive power that the wind farm must supply never
exceeds a limit value. The implementation of a PI-controller is
supported by most power system simulation software
packages, and does not contain any particularities in its use for
this model.
The speed of the reactive current control depends on thegenerator type. The two most common generator types for
variable speed turbines are
- doubly fed induction generators
- synchronous generators with frequency converter,
(mostly combined with a ‘direct drive’ turbine
configuration)
The current control loop of the synchronous generator can
be much faster than with the doubly fed induction generator,
as the entire machine active and reactive power is processed
by power electronic converters. Suggested values for the time
constant TICTL (the time constant of the current control loop)
are:
T low = 7 s d = 0.3
T 0 = 0.52 s K high = 0.06
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Pmech
amplitude-frequency characteristic
vwind
fluctuation frequency [rad/s]
f l u c t u a t i n g P
m e c h , a m p l i t u d e [ d B ]
vwind,avg
= 6 m/s
vwind,avg
= 7 m/s
vwind,avg = 8 m/s
vwind,avg
= 11 .. 20 m/svwind,avg
= 9 m/s
vwind,avg
= 10 m/s
- TICTL = 20ms for synchronous generator - TICTL = 200ms for doubly fed induction generator
A detailed description about the modelling of the current
controller, as well as the impact of the reactive current control
on the active power control (in case of overcurrents) can be
found in [6].
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C. Simulation example The active power production is shown in . The
moments at which the wind gust at t = 1000 s reaches each of
the five turbine rows can be clearly distinguished. A sudden
wind speed increase results in a power increase towards rated
power in approximately 150 s. The farm rated power is not
fully achieved because of the farm losses, causing a reduction
of wind speed for the turbines behind the first row.
Fig. 15
1) Assumptions
As an illustration, a simulation for a hypothetical 500MW-
wind farm in the Belgian North Sea is performed. The wind
farm is connected at the 150kV-substation of Slijkens, one of
the three coastal 150kV substations in Belgium. The
connection is shown in Fig. 13. The wind farm power is
assumed to be collected at 30kV, and transformed by an
offshore transformer towards 150kV. The grid connection ismade by a submarine 150kV cable. The cable characteristics
have impact on the simulation results. Especially its
capacitance, which is proportional to the cable length, is not
neglectible.
The rated power is achieved when the wind speed increases
further to 25 m/s. The turbines then have to pitch the bladesout of the wind in order to avoid excessive mechanical loads
and excessive power production. The pitching action goes
rather fast, and the farm is able to maintain its output power
within a narrow range around its rated power. The moments at
which the wind speed gust reaches each of the five turbine
rows is again clearly seen.An active and reactive power model for the wind farm is
made as described above. The wind farm is assumed to consist
of five turbine rows, orthogonally oriented to the wind speed. The change in wind speed direction also causes a short drop
in power production, which is quickly restored by the yawing
action of the turbines.The Belgian power grid model contains:For the active power production, no differences were noted
between the four scenarios.- all 400 kV, 220kV 150kV and 70kV substations and
high voltage lines of Belgium, including the planned
150kV cable between the coastal nodes Koksijde andSlijkens;
The produced reactive power for each of the four scenarios
is shown in . In the cases with voltage control, the
reactive power production is negative: the farm behaves as an
inductor. The resulting voltage in Slijkens is shown in Fig. 17.
It is seen that, without voltage control, the voltage at Slijkens
fluctuates if the wind speed and farm active power production
changes. In the cases with voltage control, the voltage can
well be maintained at a fixed value.
Fig. 16
- all generation and load data for each substation, as they
have been recorded on a representative winter day
(19/01/1994);
- dynamic models of the governors and voltage
controllers of most generators in the Belgian Grid,
including the power plant of Herdersbrug, which is the
power plant nearest to the coast.The cable length has an impact on how the reactive power
must be controlled in order to control the voltage at Slijkens.
It is seen that the voltage at Slijkens either increases or
decreases at the moment of increased active power production.
This is because the cable capacitance, which has a largeinfluence on the system’s voltage behaviour, is proportional to
the cable length, and thus much difference in the behaviour
can occur with different cable lengths.Fig. 13. Assumed Grid Connection of Wind Farm to
Belgian Power Grid The voltage fluctuations at the 150kV substation of Slijkens
for the cases a) and b) are far less than 1% (Fig. 17), and thus
well within the normal voltage fluctuations that appear on a
power system. A wind farm operation strategy at which the
farm reactive power is controlled at a fixed value does not
result in a gravely decreased grid power quality.
2) Wind Gust Simulation
Four scenarios are considered:
a) the wind farm produces nor consumes reactive power at
the offshore 150kV-node; the transmission cable length
is 10 km It is concluded that the impact assessment of wind speed
fluctuations on the grid voltage does not provide an incentive
for installing highly advanced generator types or highlyadvanced voltage control algorithms.
b) same as a), but with a cable length of 50km;
c) the wind farm reactive power is dynamically controlled
in such a way that the voltage at Slijkens remains at a
fixed value. The transmission cable length is 10km;
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
time [s]
w i n d s p e e d [ m / s ] a n d d i r e c t i o n [ d e g ]
a- wind speedb- wind direction
c- farm angle mismatchd- rated wind speed
a
b
b
cc
d
d) same as c), but with a cable length of 50km.
A wind speed sequence as in Fig. 14 is assumed. The wind
speed direction undergoes a sudden change of 28 degrees (0,5
radians) at t = 5000 s. The turbines must yaw towards the new
wind direction. The mismatch angle between the wind
direction and the turbines orientation, calculated according to
the description in paragraph 1, is also shown in Fig. 14. Fig. 14. Assumed Wind Speed and Wind direction for
Wind Gust Simulation
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1000 1100 12000
100
200
300
400
500
600
time [s]
f a r m p o w e r [ M W ]
2950 3000 3050 31000
100
200
300
400
500
600
time [s]4950 5000 50500
100
200
300
400
500
600
time [s] Fig. 15. Active Power Production by a 500MW-Wind
Farm
1000 1100 1200-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
time [s]
f a r m r e a c t i v e p o w e r [ M V A r ]
2950 3000 3050 3100-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
time [s]4950 5000 5050
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
time [s]
a,b- Q-neutr 10&50kmc- DVAR 10km
d- DVAR 50km
a, b
c
d
a, b
d
c
a, b
d
c
Fig. 16. Reactive Power Production by a 500MW-Wind
Farm
1000 1100 1200153
153.5
154
154.5
155
155.5
156
156.5
157
157.5
158
time [s]
V S l i j k e n s
[ k V ]
2950 3000 3050 3100153
153.5
154
154.5
155
155.5
156
156.5
157
157.5
158
time [s]4950 5000 5050
153
153.5
154
154.5
155
155.5
156
156.5
157
157.5
158
time [s]
a- Q-neutr 10kmb- Q-neutr 50kmc- DVAR 10kmd- DVAR 50km
a
b
a
b
c, d
a
b
c, dc, d
Fig. 17. Voltage at Slijkens 150kV-substation
1000 1100 1200154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
time [s]
V o f f s h o r e
[ k V ]
2950 3000 3050 3100154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
time [s]4950 5000 5050
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
time [s]
a- Q-neutr 10kmb- Q-neutr 50kmc- DVAR 10kmd- DVAR 50km
a
b
d
c
d
b
a
c
b
d
a
c
Fig. 18. Voltage at offshore 150kV-node
3) Voltage Disturbance Simulation due to Grid Fault
A grid fault is simulated at t = 1 s, by applying a short
circuit in the substation of Brugge, which is located further inland and connected by a 150kV line to Slijkens. The fault is
cleared after 300 ms. This results in a 300 ms voltage dip at
Slijkens. The depth of the voltage dip depends on the wind
farm reaction.
For the following simulations, next assumptions were
made:
- the rated wind farm power is 500 MW,
- the wind speed is constant and equal to 12m/s (below
rated wind speed);
- calculations were made with transmission cable lengths
of 1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 km;
- in one scenario the wind farm keeps its reactive power
output at zero ( );Fig. 19
Fig. 19
Fig. 19
Fig. 19. Voltage at Slijkens, wind farm keeps reactive
power output at zero
- in the other scenario, the voltage at Slijkens is monitored
and the wind farm provides dynamic support to control
this voltage. The time constant of the farm current
controller TICTL is either 20 ms ( ), 200 ms (
) or 2 s (F )
Fig. 20
Fig. 20
Fig. 20. Voltage at Slijkens, wind farm provides dynamic
voltage support, TICTL = 20 ms
Fig.
21
Fig. 21
Fig. 21. Voltage at Slijkens, wind farm provides dynamicvoltage support, TICTL = 200 ms
ig. 22
ig. 22
ig. 22
The voltage at Slijkens for each of the scenarios is shown in
, , and F . In terms of voltage
control, the scenario with a cable length of 1 km is also
representative for the case in which a dynamic voltage
controller, such as a static var compensator, is installed
onshore, near the point of common coupling (Slijkens).
The conclusions from the figures are:
- The voltage at the initial moment of the dip is the same
for all cases. However, the voltage can be better maintained if
voltage support is delivered by the wind farm generators.
- The duration of typical voltages dips is some hundreds of
milliseconds, and thus the dynamic voltage support by thewind farm must be fast enough. There is nearly no difference
between the voltages at Slijkens for the case where the wind
farm does not provide voltage support ( ) and where it
provides voltage support very slowly (F ).
- The cable length limits the voltage support that a wind
farm can deliver. In each of the cases of Fig. 20, the wind
farm supplies the maximum available reactive power (this was
set in the simulation model to 1 p.u., i.e. 500MVAr). The
effect on the voltage restoration is much less for a 50km-cable
than for a 10km-cable. This effect was not yet visible on the
curves of Fig. 21 and Fig. 22, because the maximum reactive
power was not yet obtained due to the slower control systems.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
time [s]
V o l t a g e a t S l i j k e n s [ k V ]
1km
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
0 0.5 1 1.5 2100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
time [s]
V o l t a g e a t S l i j k e n s [ k V ]
1km
10km20km
30km40km
50km
0 0.5 1 1.5 2100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
time [s]
V o l t a g e a t S l i j k e n s [ k V ]
1km
10km20km
30km
40km50km
0 0.5 1 1.5 2100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
time [s]
V o l t a g e a t S l i j k e n s [ k V ]
1km10km
20km
30km
40km50km
Fig. 22. Voltage at Slijkens, wind farm provides dynamic
voltage support, TICTL = 2 s
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IV. R EFERENCES Johan Driesen (S’93–M’97) graduated as an
Electrotechnical Engineer and received the Ph.D. degree
in electrical engineering from the Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium, in 1996 and
2000, respectively. In 1996, he became a Research
Assistant of the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-
Vlaanderen (Fund for Scientific Research of Flanders -
F.W.O.-Vl.). From 2000 to 2001, he was a Visiting
Lecturer with Imperial College, London, U.K. In 2002, he
was a Visiting Scholar with the Electrical Engineering Department, University
of California at Berkeley. He is currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow of
the F.W.O.-Vl. at KULeuven. Dr. Driesen received the 1996 R&D Award of
the Belgian Royal Society of Electrotechnical Engineers (KBVE) for his
Master’s thesis on power quality problems. In 2002, he received the KBVE R.
Sinave Award for his Ph.D. dissertation on coupled problems in electrical
energy transducers.
[1] S. Stoft, ‘Power System Economics’, John Wiley & Sons; 1st edition
(May 17, 2002)
[2] ‘Dynamic Modelling of Doubly-Fed Induction Machine Wind-
Generators’, DigSilent GmbH Technical Documentation, 2003, available
at http://www.digsilent.de
[3] M. Pöller, S. Achilles, ‘Aggregated Wind Park Models for Analyzing
Power System Dynamics;
[4] V. Akhmatov, ‘Modelling of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines with
Doubly-Fed Induction Generators in Short-Term Stability Analysis’,
Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Transmission Networks for Off-shore Wind Farms, Stockholm, April 11-12, 2002;
[5] J. Soens, T. Vu Van, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, ‘Modelling wind turbine
generators for power system simulations,’ European wind energy
conference EWEC, Madrid, Spain, June 16-19, 2003;
[6] J. Soens, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, ‘Generic Dynamic Wind Farm Model
for Power System Simulations,’ Nordic Wind Power Conference
NWPC’04, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 1-2
March 2004;Ronnie Belmans (S’77-M’84-SM’89) received the M.S.
degree in electrical engineering in 1979, the Ph.D. in
1984, and the Special Doctorate in 1989 from the
K.U.Leuven, Belgium and the Habilitierung from the
RWTH, Aachen, Germany, in 1993. Currently, he is full
professor with K.U.Leuven, teaching electrical machines
and variable speed drives. He is appointed visiting
professor at Imperial College in London. He is also
President of UIE.
[7] R. W. Delmerico, N. Miller, W. W. Price, J. J. Sanchez-Gasca, ‘Dynamic
Modelling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 MW Wind Turbine-Generators for Stability
Simulations,’ IEEE Power Engineering Society PES General Meeting,
13-17 July, Toronto, Canada;
[8] J. Soens, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, ‘Generic Aggregated Wind Farm
Model for Power System Simulations – Impact of Grid Connection
Requirements,’ International Conference of Renewable Energy and
Power Quality, Barcelona, 31 March, 1-2 April 2004 – Accepted for publication
He was with the Laboratory for Electrical Machines of the RWTH,Aachen, Germany (Von Humboldt Fellow, Oct.’88-Sept.’89). Oct.’89-
Sept.’90, he was visiting associate professor at Mc Master University,
Hamilton, Ont., Canada. During the academic year 1995-1996 he occupied the
Chair at the London University, offered by the Anglo-Belgian Society.
Dr.Belmans is a fellow of the IEE (United Kingdom). He is the chairman of
the board of Elia, the Belgian transmission grid operator.
V. BIOGRAPHIES
Joris Soens was born in 1978 in Belgium. He received the
M.S. degree in 2001 as Electrotechnical Engineer from the
K.U. Leuven, Belgium. He received the Sidmar Award for
his Master’s thesis on the power quality of a
cycloconverter-driven rolling machine. Since 2001, he has
been working as a doctoral research assistant of the
Belgian 'Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek -
Vlaanderen'. His research interests lie in the impact of
large wind farms and small distributed generation units,
on the transmission system and distribution system level.