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Transcript of WIND POWER. Introduction Energy is a major input for overall socio- economic development of any...
WIND POWER
Introduction
Energy is a major input for overall socio-
economic development of any society
The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing
So renewables are expected to play a key role
Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable
Wind turbines are up to the task of producing
serious amounts of electricity
Principles
Uneven heating of earth’s surface and rotation
Velocity with Height
Power vs. Velocity
Lift and drag forces
Solidity and Tip speed ratio
Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion
Potential
Huge potential exists
Available potential can contribute five
times the world energy demand
0.4% contribution to total energy
Wind is currently the world’s fastest growing energy source
Growth of Wind EnergyM
W I
nsta
lled
Year
Wind Energy generating capacity by country, 1980-2003
Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005
Available potential in India
Wind Power Density of India
All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004
Hydro 26%
Gas10%Coal
58%
Nuclear2%
Wind3%
Diesel1%
Installed capacity (MW) in India
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
State wise potential in India, 2005
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Gross Potential 8275 9675 6620 875 5500 3650 1700 5400 3050 450
Installed Capacity 120.6 253.53 410.75 2 28.85 456.15 2 284.76 2040.3 1.1
APGujara
tKarnat
akaKerala MP
Maharashtra
OrissaRajast
hanTN WB
MW
Technology
Turbine Evolution
Used for
• Pumping water
• Grinding grain
Mainly used for
• Generating Electricity
Types of turbines
VAWT
Drag is the main force
Nacelle is placed at the bottom
Yaw mechanism is not required
Lower starting torque
Difficulty in mounting the turbine
Unwanted fluctuations in the power output
HAWT
Lift is the main force
Much lower cyclic stresses
95% of the existing turbines are
HAWTs
Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower
Yaw mechanism is required
Two types of HAWT
DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE
Counter Rotating HAWT
Increase the rotation speed
Rear one is smaller and stalls at high
wind speeds
Operates for wider range of wind speeds
Offshore turbines
More wind speeds
Less noise pollution
Less visual impact
Difficult to install and maintain
Energy losses due long distance
transport
A Typical HAWT
Turbine design and construction
Blades
Material used
Typical length
Tower height
Heights twice the blade length are
found economical
Number of blades
Three blade HAWT are most efficient
Two blade turbines don’t require a hub
As the number increases; noise, wear and
cost increase and efficiency decreases
Multiple blade turbines are generally used
for water pumping purposes
Rotational control
Maintenance
Noise reduction
Centripetal force reduction
Mechanisms Stalling
Furling
Yaw Mechanism
To turn the turbine against the wind
Yaw error and fatigue loads
Uses electric motors and gear boxes
Wind turbine safety
Sensors – controlling vibrations
Over speed protection
Aero dynamic braking
Mechanical braking
Improvements Concentrators
Future Wind TurbinesWind Amplified Rotor Platform
Disc type wind turbine
o Much more efficient than
HAWT
o Requires less height
o Low noise
o Works in any wind direction
Economics
Determining Factors
Wind Speed
Turbine design and construction
Rated capacity of the turbine
Exact Location
Improvements in turbine design
Capital
Wind Speed Matters
Assuming the same size project, the better the wind resource, the lower the cost.
Size Matters
Assuming the same wind speed of 8.08 m/s, a large wind farm is more economical
Overall cost distribution
Break down of capital cost
Energy Cost Trend
1979: 40 cents/kWh
Increased Turbine Size
R&D Advances
Manufacturing Improvements
2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh
2000:4 - 6 cents/kWh
Typical cost statistics
Size: 51 MW
Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour
Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW)
Annual production: 150 million kW-hr
Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents
Payback period: 20 years
Economic Advantages
Greater fuel diversity
No delay in construction
Low maintenance costs
Reliable and durable equipment
Additional income to land owners
More jobs per unit energy produced
No hidden costs
Future
Wind Capital Cost
Cost of Wind Energy
Germany now and 2020
At present 10% of the country’s energy is supplied by wind energy
By 2020 it is expected to go up to 26%
Australia now and 2040
So…..
Price of wind power is coming down
There is enormous capacity
Energy storage, however, is still a problem
Typical Concerns
Visual impact Off shore turbines
Arrangement
Avian concerns Suitable choice of site
Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower
Using radars
Noise Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed
Streamlining of tower and nacelle
Acoustic insulation of nacelle
Specially designed gear box
Use of upwind turbines
Reducing angle of attack
Low tip speed ratios
Changes in wind patterns
Reducing turbulence
Intermittent
Coupling with hydro or solar energy
TV, microwave, radar interference
Switching from conducting material to
non-conducting and composite material
Conclusion
Wind energy is pollution free and nature
friendly
Wind energy has very good potential and it is
the fastest growing energy source
The future looks bright for wind energy
because technology is becoming more
advanced and windmills are becoming more
efficient
THANK YOU
Furling