WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface...
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Transcript of WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface...
![Page 1: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
WIND FORCES
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wind load
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![Page 4: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.
![Page 5: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
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SEISMIC FORCES
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seismic load
![Page 8: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Seismic Load is generated by the inertia of the mass of the structure : VBASE
Redistributed (based on relative height and weight) to each level as a ‘Point Load’ at the center of mass of each floor level: FX
VBASE wx hx
(w h)
( VBASE )
(Cs)(W)VBASE =
Fx =
![Page 11: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Where are we going with all of this?
![Page 12: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
global stability & load flow (Project 1) tension, compression, continuity
equilibrium: forces act on rigid bodies,and they don’t noticeably move
boundary conditions: fixed, pin, roller idealize member supports & connections
external forces: are applied to beams & columns as concentrated & uniform loads
categories of external loading: DL, LL, W, E, S, H (fluid pressure)
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internal forces: axial, shear, bending/flexure
internal stresses: tension, compression, shear, bending stress,
stability, slenderness, and allowable compression stress
member sizing for flexure
member sizing for combined flexure and axial stress (Proj. 2)
Trusses (Proj. 3)
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EXTERNAL FORCES
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( + ) M1 = 00= -200 lb(10 ft) + RY2(15 ft)
RY2(15 ft) = 2000 lb-ft
RY2 = 133 lb
( +) FY = 0
RY1 + RY2 - 200 lb = 0
RY1 + 133 lb - 200 lb = 0
RY1 = 67 lb
( +) FX = 0
RX1 = 0
RY1
200 lb
RY2
RX1
10 ft 5 ft
67 lb
200 lb
0 lb
10 ft 5 ft 133 lb
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= 880lb/ft
RY224 ft RY1
RX1
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RY224 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
RY1
RX1
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RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 22: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0 RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 23: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0–21,120 lb(12 ft) + RY2(24 ft) = 0
RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 24: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0–21,120 lb(12 ft) + RY2(24 ft) = 0
RY2(24 ft) = 253,440 lb-ft
RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 25: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0–21,120 lb(12 ft) + RY2(24 ft) = 0
RY2(24 ft) = 253,440 lb-ft
RY2 = 10,560 lb
RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 26: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0–21,120 lb(12 ft) + RY2(24 ft) = 0
RY2(24 ft) = 253,440 lb-ft
RY2 = 10,560 lb
( +) FY = 0
RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 27: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0–21,120 lb(12 ft) + RY2(24 ft) = 0
RY2(24 ft) = 253,440 lb-ft
RY2 = 10,560 lb
( +) FY = 0
RY1 + RY2 – 21,120 lb = 0
RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 28: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0–21,120 lb(12 ft) + RY2(24 ft) = 0
RY2(24 ft) = 253,440 lb-ft
RY2 = 10,560 lb
( +) FY = 0
RY1 + RY2 – 21,120 lb = 0
RY1 + 10,560 lb – 21,120 lb = 0
RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 29: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0–21,120 lb(12 ft) + RY2(24 ft) = 0
RY2(24 ft) = 253,440 lb-ft
RY2 = 10,560 lb
( +) FY = 0
RY1 + RY2 – 21,120 lb = 0
RY1 + 10,560 lb – 21,120 lb = 0
RY1 = 10,560 lb
RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 30: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0–21,120 lb(12 ft) + RY2(24 ft) = 0
RY2(24 ft) = 253,440 lb-ft
RY2 = 10,560 lb
( +) FY = 0
RY1 + RY2 – 21,120 lb = 0
RY1 + 10,560 lb – 21,120 lb = 0
RY1 = 10,560 lb
( +) FX = 0
RX1 = 0
RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 31: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
( + ) M1 = 0–21,120 lb(12 ft) + RY2(24 ft) = 0
RY2(24 ft) = 253,440 lb-ft
RY2 = 10,560 lb
( +) FY = 0
RY1 + RY2 – 21,120 lb = 0
RY1 + 10,560 lb – 21,120 lb = 0
RY1 = 10,560 lb
( +) FX = 0
RX1 = 0
= 880 lb/ft
24 ft 10,560 lb
0 lb
10,560 lb
RY1 RY2
RX1
24 ft
resultant force - equivalent total load that is a result of a distributed line load
resultant force = area loading diagram
resultant force = ( L)
= 880 lb/ft(24ft) = 21,120 lb12 ft 12 ft
![Page 32: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SIGN CONVENTIONS(often confusing, can be frustrating)
External – for solving reactions(Applied Loading & Support Reactions)
+ X pos. to right - X to left neg.+ Y pos. up - Y down neg+ Rotation pos. counter-clockwise - CW rot. neg.
Internal – for P V M diagrams(Axial, Shear, and Moment inside members)Axial Tension (elongation) pos. | Axial Compression (shortening) neg.Shear Force (spin clockwise) pos. | Shear Force (spin CCW) neg.Bending Moment (smiling) pos. | Bending Moment (frowning) neg.
![Page 33: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:
INTERNAL FORCES
P V M
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INTERNAL FORCES
Axial (P)
Shear (V)
Moment (M)
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V
+P + +
M
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V
- -
M
-P
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RULES FOR CREATING P DIAGRAMS
1. concentrated axial load | reaction = jump in the axial diagram
2. value of distributed axial loading = slope of axial diagram
3. sum of distributed axial loading = change in axial diagram
![Page 38: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
-10k
-10k
+20k
- 0 +
-20k 0 compression
-10k
-20k
-10k
-10k
+20k
![Page 39: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
RULES FOR CREATING V M DIAGRAMS (3/6)
1. a concentrated load | reaction = a jump in the shear diagram
2. the value of loading diagram = the slope of shear diagram
3. the area of loading diagram = the change in shear diagram
![Page 40: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
= - 880 lb/ft
24 ft
+10.56k
0 lb
10,560 lb
P
V
Area of Loading Diagram
-0.88k/ft * 24ft = -21.12k
10.56k + -21.12k = -10.56k
-10.56k
0 0
0 0
-880 plf = slope
10,560 lb
![Page 41: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
RULES FOR CREATING V M DIAGRAMS, Cont. (6/6)
4. a concentrated moment = a jump in the moment diagram
5. the value of shear diagram = the slope of moment diagram
6. the area of shear diagram = the change in moment diagram
![Page 42: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
= - 880 lb/ft
24 ft
+10.56k
0 lb
10,560 lb
P
V
M
Area of Loading Diagram
-0.88k/ft * 24ft = -21.12k
10.56k + -21.12k = -10.56k
-10.56k
0 0
0 0
-880 plf = slope
10,560 lb
0 0
Slope initial = +10.56k
Area of Shear Diagram
(10.56k )(12ft ) 0.5 = 63.36 k-ft
pos.
slope
zero slope 63.36k’ neg. slope
(-10.56k)(12ft)(0.5) = -63.36 k-ft
![Page 43: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
W2 = 30 PSF
W1 = 20 PSF
Wind Loading
![Page 45: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
W2 = 30 PSF
W1 = 20 PSF
1/2 LOAD
SPAN
SPAN
1/2 LOAD
1/2 +
1/2 LOAD
Wind Load spans to each level
10 ft
10 ft
![Page 46: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
roof= (30 PSF)(5 FT)
= 150 PLF
Total Wind Load to roof level
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second= (30 PSF)(5 FT) + (20 PSF)(5 FT)
= 250 PLF
Total Wind Load to second floor level
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second= 250 PLF
roof= 150 PLF
![Page 49: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
seismic load
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![Page 52: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Seismic Load is generated by the inertia of the mass of the structure : VBASE
Redistributed (based on relative height and weight) to each level as a ‘Point Load’ at the center of mass of the structure or element in question : FX
VBASE wx hx
(w h)
( VBASE )
(Cs)(W)VBASE =
Fx =
![Page 53: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Total Seismic Loading :
VBASE = 0.3 W
W = Wroof + Wsecond
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wroof
![Page 55: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
wsecond flr
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W = wroof + wsecond flr
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VBASE
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Redistribute Total Seismic Load to each level based on relative height and weight
Fx =
Froof
Fsecond flr
VBASE (wx) (hx)
(w h)
![Page 59: WIND FORCES. wind load Wind Load is an ‘Area Load’ (measured in PSF) which loads the surface area of a structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081416/56649c755503460f94929c0e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Load Flow to Lateral Resisting System :
Distribution based on Relative Rigidity
Assume Relative Rigidity :
Single Bay MF :Rel Rigidity = 1
2 - Bay MF :Rel Rigidity = 2
3 - Bay MF :Rel Rigidity = 3
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Distribution based on Relative Rigidity :
R = 1+1+1+1 = 4
Px = ( Rx / R ) (Ptotal)
PMF1 = 1/4 Ptotal