Wind Energy (China Case Study)
-
Upload
yu-chia-lim -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
0
Transcript of Wind Energy (China Case Study)
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 1/21
Wind Power
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 2/21
• Worldwide capacity of wind energy isapproaching 100 000 MW
• Costs of generating electricity fromwind today are only about 10% ofwhat they were 20 years ago due toadvances in turbine technology
• At well chosen locations wind powercan compete with conventionalsources of energy
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 3/21
Advantages of modern multimegawatt turbines !repowering"
• More wind power from the same areaof land
• #ess wind turbines
• $igher eciency& lower costs
• 'nhanced appearance ( turbinesrotate at a lower speed ) are morevisually pleasing
• *etter grid integration ( connectionmethod is similar to conventionalpower plants
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 4/21
Concerns
• $uge turbines located nearby will blighthomes ) a+ect property values
• $um of turbines disturbing people ) wildlife
• ,-ylines in scenically beautiful areas ruined• .urbines can -ill birds ( migratory /oc-s
tend to follow strong wind
• A+ect . reception
• Cost of investing in wind energy is highcompared to the alternatives
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 5/21
WindChinas fastest growing
renewable energy resource
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 6/21
• Chinas wind power production actuallyincreased more than coal power productionfor the rst time ever in 2012& according
to new statistics from the China 'lectricityCouncil
• .hermal power use !coal" grew by onlyabout 045% in China during 2012& an
addition of roughly 12 terawatt hours !.Wh"more electricity4 6n contrast& wind powerproduction e7panded by about 28 .Wh4
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 7/21
• .otal amount of wind powerproduction in China is brought to 100
.Wh&
• Coal still accounts for 9:% ofelectricity production in China& but ischallenged by competition from
cleaner energy& as wellas government policies and publicconcerns about air pollution4
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 8/21
#argest yet most inecient windpower system in the world;
• 6n 2012& 15 gigawatts !<W" wereadded to the system& andincremental wind electricity
production e7ceeded coal growth forthe rst time ever
• 6n the same year& unused wind
electricity hit record highs while windnot connected to the grid wasroughly half the si=e of <ermanys
/eet
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 9/21
>isadvantages
• Wind pro?ects are typically far fromcity and industrial centres whereelectricity is needed& however& and
transmission investments to connectto the grid did not -eep up pace4
• A third of the turbines in 2010 were
languishing unconnected& unable tosell their electricity
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 10/21
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 11/21
• China had until mid2011 a uni@uepolicy that e7acerbated the windgridmismatch
• all pro?ects smaller than B0 MW couldbe approved directly by localgovernments& bypassing more
rigorous feasibility analyses& inparticular& related to grid access4
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 12/21
• 6f you are a wind farm owner and havesuccessfully connected to the grid& youmight still face hurdles when trying to
transmit your power to load centres4• <rid operators ma-e decisions a day
ahead on which thermal plants to turn on&so if wind is signicantly higher than
forecasted 2 hours before& the di+erencemay be curtailed !or DspilledE" to maintaingrid stability4
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 13/21
• 6f wind is at the end of a congestedtransmission line& the grid operator mayalso have to curtail& as happens in 'FCG.
!.e7as grid" and northwest China4• .o manage hourly variation& grid operators
will accept wind as much as they canramp up and down other generators to
maintain supply and demand balance4 .hethermodynamics of fossil fuel plants placelimits on this /e7ibility
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 14/21
Chinas curtailment problems aremuch more severe than for its peers
• .his di+erence is largely& though note7clusively& attributable to twofactors Chinas mi7 is coalheavy
which is more sluggish whenchanging output than& for e7ample&natural gas4
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 15/21
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 16/21
Political fragmentation
• 6diosyncrasies of Chinas power sectorgovernance results in spilled wind4
• A product of the partial deregulation !1::9
and 2002" the establishment ofDgeneration @uotasE for coal plantsminimum annual generation outputs 7edby province loosely to recover costs and
ensure a prot4• .here may be messy politics if wind cuts
into the @uotas of e7isting plants4
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 17/21
solutions
• .argeted reforms
• .he guiding document for power sector reformpublished in 2002 !,tate Council H2002I Jo4 B"
14 establish a wholesale mar-et in each dispatchregion to encourage competition in generationK
24 open up interregional electricity mar-etsK
54 allow for retail price competition and direct
electricity contracts between producers andlarge consumers& among others4
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 18/21
• *etter implementation of e7isting regulations!such as a mandate that grids give precedenceto renewables over thermal plants"
•
additional re@uirements on wind forecastingand automated turbine control& andcompensation schemes of coal generators forramping services4
•
>ue to these policies and central governmentpressure to better accommodate renewables all provinces e7cept $ebei saw an increase inutili=ation hours in the rst half of 2015
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 19/21
conclusion
• >ue to the uni@ue mi7 of power plants andregulation in China& typical wind integrationapproaches such as increased transmission
are important but not sucient4• China aims to generate at least 5:0 .Wh of
electricity from wind in 2020& which is roughlyB% of total production under businessas
usual& over twice in percentage terms ofcurrent levels4 .his will put additional stresseson the nations purse and power grid4
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 20/21
• $ow China chooses to face thesecon/icts and grow its wind sector (through a combination of more
investment and targeted reforms (will have unavoidable implications forthe longterm viability of wind energy
in the country4
7/21/2019 Wind Energy (China Case Study)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wind-energy-china-case-study 21/21
,ources
• httpLLthin-progress4orgLclimateL2015L05L20L1991Lchinaswindpowerproductionincreasedmorethancoalpo
werdidforrsttimeeverin2012L• httpLLtheenergycollective4comLmicha
eldavidsonL2B:91Ltransformingchin
asgridintegratingwindenergyitblowsaway• httpLLtheenergycollective4comLrobe
rtrapierL5:9011Lwhenwinddoesntb
low