Advanc ed and Alternative

E nerg y S ys tems LVA302.064

Wind E nerg y

Saeid Samiei Yeganeh

1029575 Student of Vienna University of Technology

Study of literature for the Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Institute for Energy Systems and Thermodynamics

*The wind energy utilization in the world. *The development of offshore wind power. *Mechanism of wind creation *Influence of planetary boundary layer. *Overview about global wind energy markets *The various turbines technology *Substructures for offshore wind frams

Content :

Historical background

The power of the wind has been utilized for at least 3000 years.Sails were used to drive a mill stoneFor the grinding of grain.It is known that the Persians used vertical axis wind turbines during 700BC. The earliest windmills had vertical axis.In Europe, windmill performance is continuously improved between the 12th and 19th centuries.

Why wind Energy ?

With increasing significance of environmental problems, clean energy generation becomes essential in every aspect of energy consumption.It is well known that wind energy is one of the cleanest and most environmentally friendly energy sources, and unlike fossil fuels, the wind will never be depleted.All forms of energy production have an environmental impact, but the impacts of wind energy are low, local, and manageable.

Pros of Wind EnergyIt is clean source of energy it is an efficient renewable energyWind is a never-ending resourcecheapest forms of energyEconomic Benefits

Cons of Wind Energy turbines can get damaged it does not eliminate electricity problems

completelyNoisethe production of electricity depending upon

the speed of the windBird and MortalityLocation

The number of installed wind power plants is increasing every year and many nations have made plans to make large investments wind power in the near future . Over the last decade, interest in wind power has increased dramatically in many countries such as Denmark, Spain, Germany, United States, and India

Global wind energy production capacity

Development of offshore wind power in Europe by the end of 2010, 2,946 MW of offshorewind capacity in 45 wind farms spread across nine countries were feeding an estimated 10.6 TWh of electricity into the European grid. In 2001 the 50.5 MW of installed offshore capacity represented 1% of total new European annual wind capacity, the 883 MW installed in 2010 represented 9.5% of the annual European wind energy market

How Wind is Created ?

In the day, the air over land heats quicker than the air over water. The warm air over the land expands and rises, and the cooler air, which is heavier, takes its place, creating wind. In the night, the wind’s direction is reversed because the air cools quicker over land than over water.

Wind

Created by differencesin air pressures.

Flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

Near equator and pole surfaces winds are weak. Near surface winds occur by pressure gradients and these gradients cause to temperature gradients, which lead to strong winds

Anemometer Blades Brake Controller Gear box Generator Shaft Nacelle Pitch Rotor Tower Yaw drive

Parts of a wind turbine

How Big is a 2.0 MW Wind Turbine?

Throughout the past 20 years, average wind turbine ratings have grown almost linearly.with each new generation of wind turbines ,the size has grown along the linear curve and has achieved reductions in life-cycle cost of energy

Different Substructures for offshore wind farms

A major difference between onshore and offshore wind farms is the relative complexity and cost of civil works, especially the substructures required for offshore turbines.The size and water-depth constraints of manufacturing, transporting and installing wind turbines are vital factors in determining the current techno-economic limitations of offshore wind farms.

Monopiles Substructure designA monopile foundation consists of a single steel pile which is embedded into the sea bed.Typically, the turbine tower is mounted onto the foundation via a transition piece which itself is fixed on to the pile using a specialized grouted joint.

Gravity-based structuresThey are designed to avoid tensile or uplift forces between the bottom of the support structure and the seabed. Gravity structures are usually competitive when the environmental loads are relatively modest.

Space frame structures

For deeper locations, space frame structures are likely to be considered

Tripods: The tripod is a standard three-legged structure made of cylindrical steel tubes.

Tri-piles: Tri-piles consist of three foundation piles connected via a transition piece to the turbine tower with the transition piece located above the water level.

Jackets: they consist of a larger plan area through the majority of the structure

planetary boundary layer (PBL)It is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behavior is directly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface. In this layer physical quantities is strong. The PBL is covered by a layer of warmer air, creating what is known as a temperature inversion .

Above the PBL, the wind speed is much more uniform and stronger due to a marked decrease in friction

Above the PBL the wind is approximately geostrophic (parallel to the isobars)

An 'ideal' location for a wind turbine would have a near constant flow of non-turbulent wind throughout the year and would not suffer too many sudden powerful bursts of wind. An important turbine siting factor is access to local demand or transmission capacity.

An 'ideal' location for a wind turbine would have a near constant flow of non-turbulent wind throughout the year and would not suffer too many sudden powerful bursts of wind. An important turbine siting factor is access to local demand or transmission capacity.

Thanks for your attention