Wind Beyond, Vol 2, Part 1

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BeyondWindThe and

BeyondWindThe and

A Documentary Journey into the

History o Aerodynamics in America

Volume II: Reinventing the Airplane

James R. Hansen, Editor

with Jeremy Kinney, D. Bryan Taylor, Molly Prickett,and J. Lawrence Lee

A Documentary Journey

into the History o

Aerodynamics

in America

Volume II

James R. Hansen,Editor

with Jeremy Kinney,

D. Bryan Taylor,Molly Prickett, and

J. Lawrence Lee

NASA SP-2007-4409

The Wind and BeyondA Documentary Journey into the History

o Aerodynamics in America

Volume II: Reinventing the Airplane

The airplane ranks as one o historys most inge-nious and phenomenal inventions. It has surely beenone o the most world changing. How ideas aboutaerodynamics rst came together and how the scienceand technology evolved to orge the airplane into the

revolutionary machine that it became is the epic storytold in this six-volume series, The Wind and Beyond: ADocumentary Journey through the History o Aerodynamics inAmerica.

Following up on Volume Is account o the inventiono the airplane and the creation o the original aero-nautical research establishment in the United States,Volume II explores the airplane design revolution othe 1920s and 1930s and the quest or improved air-oils. Subsequent volumes cover the aerodynamics oairships, fying boats, rotary-wing aircrat, breaking thesound barrier, and more.

In 2005, the Society or the History o Technologyawarded its rst annual Eugene S. Ferguson Prize oroutstanding and original reerence works to The Windand Beyond. The citation read in part:

The Wind and Beyond is remarkable in its breadth ovision. Its purview includes not just aerodynamical the-ories and research results, but also innovative airshipsand airship components as well as the institutions inwhich and through which aerodynamics developedEach [chapter] essay is original in two ways. First, each isa rst-rate piece o scholarship in its own right. Second,the very decision to include these narratives is signi-cant: they comprise roughly 10 percent o the contents

o the volume, but they make the other 90 percent bothaccessible and meaningul to the nonspecialist reader,simultaneously enhancing the value o and enlargingthe potential audience or the whole volume.TheWind and Beyond will be a boon both to students and toestablished scholars in several ways. Like many similarcollections, it provides one-stop access to documentsthat were previously scattered in many dierent places.Going beyond other similar collections, however, TheWind and Beyondmakes the documents intellectually aswell as physically accessibleThe end result is an emi-nently readable reerence work, one that is truly, as itstitle suggests, the beginning o a journey rather thanthe end.

BeyondWindThe and


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he Wind and Beyond

Vol. II


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NASASP20074409

he Wind and Beyond: A Docmentary

Jorney into the History o Aerodynamicsin America

Volume II:Reinventing the Airplane

James R. Hansen, Editor

with Jeremy Kinney, D. Bryan aylor, Molly F. Prickett, and J. Lawrence Lee

he NASA History Series

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASA History Division

Ofce o External Relations

Washington, DC


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able o Contents

Frwrd xxiiiAckwdms xxvIrdci Vm II xxvii

Rivi Airpa xxviiBirapis Vm II Cribrs xxxiii

ChAPteR thRee: the DeSIgn ReVolutIon 1

essay: T Dsi Rvi i Aircra Ardyamics 1T Dcms 47

31, excrps rm Frdrick W lacsr,Aerodynamics: Constitutingthe First Volume o a Complete Work on Aerial Flight (nw Yrk: DVa nsrad Cmpay, 1908 47

32, ldwi Prad, Mi Fids wi Vry li Viscsiy,nACA tcica Mmradm n 452 Wasi, DC, 1928 71

33a, Axadr Kmi, Capr X: Rsisac Varis AirpaPars 80

33b, grvr C li, Miiary Arpas:An Explanatory Consid-eration o their Characteristics, Perormances, Construction, Mainte-nance, and Operation Bs: WS Bs, 1918 87

34, lis Br, Ardyamica eicicy ad Rdci Airtraspr Css,Aeronautical JournalAs 1922 102

35, Capai W h Sayrs, t lss Scidr Cp Rac,Aviation 15 5 nvmbr 1923 119

36, J K nrrp, qd i garry R Pap, Northrop Flying Wings:A History o Jack Northrops Visionary AircratA, P: Scir,1995 128

37, B Mvi Js, t Srami Arpa,Aeronautical Journal33 1929 129

38, excrps rm Frd e Wick ad Jams R has, From theGround Up: he Autobiography o an Aeronautical EngineerWasi ad ld: Smisia Isii Prss, 1988 164

39a, Wsr ui ram, Jrry V, lckd Aircra C,Brbak, CA, nACA, Ai lia tm Carr, 5Fb 1929, cpy i nACA Rsarc Arizai i 215, nASAlay hisrica Arcivs 176

39b, Frd e Wick, t nw nACA lwDra Cwi,Aviation25 17 nvmbr 1928 177

Library o Congress Cataloging-in-Pblication Data

T Wid ad Byd: A Dcmary Jry i hisry Ardyamics i Amrica/ Jams R has, dir; wi D Brya tayr, JrmyKiy, My Prick, ad J lawrc l

p cm T nASA hisry Sris nASA SP20074409

Icds bibirapica rrcs ad idxCs: v 2 Rivi Airpa1 ArdyamicsRsarcuid Sashisry 2 Araicairsuid Sas I has, Jams R II Sris III Sris:nASA SP4409

tl570W64 2007

2002035774


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310a, h C h twd, Rdci Dra Radia ei byAacm Ris Ari Sci, Briis AraicaRsarc Cmmi Research and Memoranda1267 1929 184

310b, uid Aircra ad traspr Crprai tcica AdvisryCmmi, Mi Mis, Dcmbr 1929, Bi hisrica

Arcivs, Sa, Wasi 203

310c, t Criss AiDra Ri, Curtiss-Wright Review1 Dcmbr 1930 225311a, uid Aircra ad traspr Crprai tcica Advisry

Cmmi Mis d a Pra & Wiy pa, harrd,Ct, 1923 May 1930 228

311b, t Rmiisccs hard hicks, As 1951, rascrip,pp 6169 hry Frd Msm ad grid Via RsarcCr, Darbr, Mic 232

312a, hara D Fwr Rb h F, 8 Jaary 1929,FdrFwr Fap, cpy i Sa Di Arspac Msm, CA 238

312b, Csidad Aircra Crprai hara D Fwr, 21Jaary 1929, Fdr Fwr Fap, cpy i Sa Di ArspacMsm, CA 241

312c, hara D Fwr, Variab li, Western Flying10 nvmbr1931 242

312d, hara D Fwr Wiiam B May, 15 As 1932, cpyi Accssi 18, Bx 96, Fdr Fwr Variab Wi, hryFrd Msm ad grid Via Rsarc Cr 250

312, hA hicks hara D Fwr, 10 Spmbr 1932,cpy iAccssi 18, Bx 96, Fdr Fwr Variab Wi, hry FrdMsm ad grid Via Rsarc Cr 251

312, tP Wri, t Appicai Ss ad Faps AirpaWis i Amrica, U.S. Air ServicesSpmbr 1933 252

312, Rbr C Pa, Ardyamic Caracrisics a Wi wiFwr Faps icdi Fap lads, Dwwas, ad Cacad

ec tak, nACAechnical Report534 Wasi,1935 257

312, hara D Fwr, Ardyamic Caracrisics FwrWi,Aero Digest29 Spmbr 1936 267

313, Sadard S Prpr Cmpay Rya Airis, dad caApri 1927, i Cars A lidbr, he Spirit o St. LouisnwYrk: Scribr, 1953; rpri, S Pa: Misa hisrica SciyPrss, 1993 276

314, C B A, hami Sadard Wis Cir trpy r Crab Pic Prpr, he Bee-Hive8 J 1934 277

315a, Smi J DFrac, t Ardyamic ec a Rracabladi gar, nACAechnical Note456 Wasi, 1933 283

315b, ha l hibbard, Prbms i Fas Airtraspr Dsi,Mechanical Engineering55 ocbr 1933 285

315c, Primiary Sdy Rracab ladi gars r hi adlw Wi Mpas,Air Corps Inormation Circular7 18 Fbrary 1933 289

315d, Ricard M Mck, Rracab ladi gars,Aviation 32

Fbrary 1933 302315, Ry g Mir, r dir,Aviation, Rracab ladigars,Aviation 32 Apri 1933, wi rsps rm Ricard MMck 311

316a, Frd e Wick hamp Viriia, uS Pa 2,110,516Fid 18 Ja 1934; issd 8 Marc 1938 321

316b, Frd e Wick & Asscias, Ic, Wac Aircra C, tryoh, 8 Apr 1938 340

316c, Wick & Asscias, Ic, Wac Aircra C, try, oh, 2Fb 1939 340

316d, C J Brkr, Prsid, t Wac Aircra Cmpay, try,oh, Frd e Wick ad Asscias, Ic, evy Pac, C

Park, MD, 16 Fb 1939 341316, Wick & Asscias, Ic, t Wac Aircra Cmpay, try,oh, A: Mr C J Brkr, Prsid, 22 Marc 1939 342

316, Wick & Asscias, timm Aircra Crprai, gradCra Air trmia, 1020 Airway, gda, CA, A: Mr R APw, VicPrsid, 22 Marc 1939 343

316, Aps Bars, t Wri Cmpay, 11 Pi Sr,nwYrk, Mr grvr C li, c/ U.S.S. Mississippi, Psaca,Fl, 16 Ja 1915 344

316, grvr li, Wa Mi hav B, i Our Wings GrowFaster1935 344

317a, A l Ki, ec Fis WiFsa Irrc,

ransactions o the American Society o Mechanical Engineers561934 355317b, Jams A Wi ad May J hd, WiFsa Irr

c, tai Bi, ad Air Fw Ab tai a lwWiMpa, nACAechnical Report482 Wasi, 1934 367

318a, Sasw obr, Rpr Wid t Md tss, Frd triMr Pa4At, 17 Fbrary 1927 396

318b, Aircra eiri Dparm, Frd Mr Cmpay,Rc Dsi Cas 5At ad ir ec hiSpd, dad ca 1929 403

318c, t Rmiisccs hard hicks, A 1951 407319, lckd Siris Mpa,Aero Digest16 Jaary 1930 412


7/188

320a, t nw Mari Bmbr: Md XB907, g l MariCmpay eiri Rpr n 240, 5 As 1932 417

320b, g l Mari War g Kir, dad ca 1933 427320c, g l Mari Cmpay, hisry ad Dvpm

Mari Bmbr, 20 Jaary 1938 428321, Jack Fry Das Aircra Crprai, Ai: Mr

Dad Das, 2 As 1932 A acsimi is r appardiAmerican Heritage o Invention and echnology, Fa 1988 434322a, Cark B Miika ad Arr l Ki,Rpr Wid t

ts a Md Das traspr DC1 wi VarisMdiicais 438

322b, eiri Dparm, Das Aircra Cmpay, Dvpm Das traspr, tcica Daa Rpr SW157A, dad ca 193334 455

323, Das Airir r trascia Srvic,Aviation 32 ocbr 1933 461

324, Dad W Das, Sr, t Dvpm ad Riabiiy Mdr Miei Air lir, he Journal o the Royal Aeronau-

tical Societynvmbr 1935 465325a, gr W lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, nACA, Mr R D Ky, Rsarc Sprvisr, uid Air lis trasprCrprai, Cica, Il, 3 Sp 1937 482

325b, J W Crwy, Jr, Sir Araica eir, eiriCar [hry J e Rid], lay Mmria Araicalabrary, lay Fid, VA, 5 oc 1937 483

325c, R D Ky, Rsarc Sprvisr, uid Air lis trasprCrprai, Fid hadqarrs, 6 oc 1937 485

325d, Mvi n g, Sir ts Pi, lay Mmria Araica labrary, lay Fid, VA, eiriCar,

Ssi a crc Sai b d wi irsdprs sid labrary, 2 Marc 1938 487

325, edward P Warr, nw Yrk Ciy, Dr gr W lwis,nACA, 6 Apr 1938 488

326a, excrps rm lwis A Rdr ad A R Js,Pri DraIvsiais a Airpa Wi eqippd wi Rbbr Iaab DIcr, nACA Advac Cidia Rpr, Dc 1939 495

326b, excrps rm gr W gray, Capr 14,ha Aais Ic,i Frontiers o Flight: he Story o NACA Research nw Yrk: Ard

A Kp, 1948 506327a, Ricard V Rd, Asscia Araica eir, Mr

Cars Parkr, Scrary, Araica Cambr Cmmrc,lad Facrs, Apri 14, 1932 522

327b, h J e Rid, eiriCar, nACA, Prram prpsd by Mr Rd r drmiai dyamic vrsrss wis i ss, Marc 15, 1933 524

327c, gW lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, lMAl,Rsarc arizai sdy ad ad ad yp disribi cmmrcia yp airpa, Apri 5, 1933 525

327d, Ricard V Rd, Araica eir, eiriCar, Prpsd daiy war is ad s ai ad masrms mdr airpa, J 6, 1935 526

327, exracs rm r dad Apri 12, 1936 rm edward PWarr Dr J S Ams, naia Advisry Cmmi r Araics, wi cmms Dr DM li, uid Sas WarBra 528

327, edward P Warr Dr J S Ams, naia Advisry Cmmi r Araics, Apri 18, 1936 531

327, C W lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, Mr lVKrbr, Ci, Aircra Airwriss Sci, Bra Air Cmmrc, Fbrary 26, 1938 532

327, Irviw Ricard V Rd by Mica D Kr, Jaary 10,1967 534328a, Fyd l tmps, Asscia Araica eir, ei

riCar [hry J e Rid], nACA lay, Primiarysdy cr rqirms r ar raspr airpas, 14 Jy1936 540

328b, edward P Warr Mr li W Rrs, AraicaCambr Cmmrc, Sram Bidi, Wasi, DC, 19nv 1936, cpy i Rsarc Arizai RA i 509, lhA 547

328c, Wiiam h hrsi, Jr, Assisa Araica eir, eiriCar, nACA lay, Visi Mr e P Warr labrary, Dcmbr 3, 1936 549

328d, easma n Jacbs, Araica eir, eiriCar, nACA lay, Mr e P Warrs visi labrary discss airpa ssDcmbr 3, 1936 551

328, hary A S, Assisa Araica eir, eiriCar, nACA lay, Visi Mr Warr i sci J 14, 1937, 15 J 1937 552

328, Fyd l tmps, Asscia Araica eir, eiriCar, nACA lay, tss yi qaiis MariM10B airpa, 14 Jy 1937 553

328, edward P Warr, 11 Ws 42d Sr, nw Yrk Ciy, Drgr W lwis, nACA, navy Bidi, Wasi, DC, 28Dc 1937 556


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328, Rbr R gir, Rqirms r Saisacry FyiQaiis Airpas, nACA Advacd Cidia Rpr,

Apr 1941 558329a, C h Darbr, FSca Widt tss navy XF2A

1 Fir Airpa, nACA Cidia Mmradm Rpr, 17May 1938 578

329b, h J e Rid, eiriCar, lMAl, nACA, Drardci ivsiai XP40 airpa, 7 Apr 1939 582329c, D R Bri, Ci eir, Criss Arpa Divisi,

Criss Wri Crp, Majr Car F gr, Mari Divisi,liais oicr, nACA labrary, 4 A 1939 584

329d, C h Darbr, Araica eir, lMAl, eiriCar, Ivsiai r drmii mas icrasi ispd XP41 airpa, 8 J 1939 586

330a, gra hry h Ard nACA, FSca Widttss XP39, 9 J 1939 591

330b, Smi J DFrac Ci, Ardyamics Divisi, layAraica labrary, esimad hiSpd XP39

Airpa, 25 A 1939 592330c, larry B, Prsid, B Aircra, gr W lwis, nACA,17 Ja 1940 593

331a, excrps rm Ci h Darbr, t ec Riv hads Caracrisics a 6 By 36 F Cark Y Ma Airi,nACAechnical Note461, May 1933 596

331b, excrps rm May J hd, t ecs Sm CmmSrac Irrariis Wi Dra, nACAechnical Note695,Marc 1939 605

331c, Cars Py Ary, Bi Aircra Cmpay, Dra Rivd Wis, iAviation May 1941 618

332, J D Akrma r Bi Aircra Cmpay, xcrps rmManual or Design o Details Aecting Aerodynamical Characteristicso an Airplane, Bi Rpr n D2789, 12 Sp 1940 624

333a, larc K li, Jr Cap 6, Dsi Mariy, 19451980,i Quest or Perormance: he Evolution o Modern AircratWasi, DC: nASA SP468, 1985 640

333b, larc K li, Jr Cap 6, Dsi trds, i Quest orPerormance: he Evolution o Modern AircratWasi, DC:nASA SP468, 1985 648

ChAPteR FouR: on the WIng 657

essay: T Dsi Rvi i Aircra Ardyamicst Dcms 695

41, edar S grr ad hS Mari, Aris adAri SrcraCmbiais, nACAechnical Report18 Wasi, 1918 695

42, C Viriis e Cark, Dsi Yr ow Airis,Aviationoc 1927 70343, Max M Mk, gra try ti Wi Scis, nACA

echnical Report142 Wasi, 1922 71244, Max M Mk ad e W Mir, Md tss wi a Sysmaic

Sris 27 Wi Scis a F Ryds nmbr, nACAech-nical Report221 Wasi, 1925 715

45a, Rh ups nACA, Ai: Mr Vicry, 19 nvmbr 1928, i Rsarc Arizai RA i 270, hisrica

Arcivs, nASA lay Rsarc Cr, hamp, Va 72345b, easma n Jacbs e W Mir, Ssis rm Mr R

h ups, dad ca 1 Fbrary 1929, RA i 270 724

45c, R h ups Dr gW lwis, 19 Marc 1929, RA i 270 72545d, easma n Jacbs e W Mir, 4 Apri 1929 72645, g W lwis lay Mmria Araica labrary, Air

i ss ssd by Mr Rh ups, 22 Apri 1929 72745, easma n Jacbs Ci Ardyamics Divisi e

W Mir, Airi si prram i Variab Dsiy t, 17May 1929, RA i 270 728

46, easma n Jacbs, K e Ward, ad Rbr M Pikr,t Caracrisics 78 Rad Airi Scis rm tss i Variabdsiy Wid t, nACAechnical Report460 Wasi, 1933 730

47a, CW hward, Majr, Air Crps, ad Ci, eiri Sci,Mari Divisi, oic Ci Divisi, Wri Fid,Day, o, 13 Ja 1933, i RA i 290, lhA, hamp, Va 739

47b, Mmry Ki, Dircr, Dai gim Sc Araics, gria Sc tcy, Aaa, gria, gr W lwis, nACA, navy Bidi, Wasi, DC, 19

Jaary 1932, i Rsarc Arizai RA i 290, lhA,hamp, Va 740

47c, edward P Warr, edir,Aviation, nw Yrk, nY, grW lwis, nACA, 20 Jaary 1933, i RA i 290, lhA, hamp, Va 741

47d, gW lwis Dr Jsp Ams, Js hpkis uivrsiy, Baimr, Md, 10 J 1933, i RA i 290, lhA 742


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47, Pssib Savi by us nACA 2415 Airi, dad casmmr 1932, i RA i 290, lhA 743

48a, Cars h Caid, Rsarc Divisi, uid Aircra Crprai, eas harrd, Ccic, Dr gW lwis, nACA, 8

Apri 1937, i Rsarc Arizai RA i 290, lhA, hamp, Va 746

48b, gW lwis Cars h Caid, uid Aircra Crprai, 1 May 1937, RA i 290, lhA 747

49a, gW lwis, nACA,t t Mmbrs Bard Award,Syvas Abr Rd Award r 1937 751

49b, RC Pa, Mmradm r Dr lwis, Airi scismpyd r wis mdr airpas, 2 Spmbr 1937, RAi 290, lhA, hamp Va 754

410, hJe Rid, eiriCar, lay Fid, nACA, Paprid A Fw Prs Prbms i Ardyamics, by Dr vKrm, 8 Fbrary 1933 756

411, easma n Jacbs, Mmradm eiriCar, Scac airis, crc, 11 Apri 1934, i RA i 88,lhA,hamp, Va 760

412, gW lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, nACA, MrJl nayr, Scrary, Araica Rsarc Cmmi, naiaPysica labrary, tddi, Middsx, ead, 13 Apri1937, i RA i 290, lhA, hamp, Va 764

413, h B Frma Ci Ardyamics Divisi [eW Mir], Bdaryayr rsarc, 18 Apri 1932, i RA i201,lhA, hamp, Va 769

414, tdr tdrs, Sir Pysicis, eiriCar,Bdary ayr rmva, 4 Fb 1932, i RA 88, lhA, hamp,Va 773

415, tdr tdrs, Irdci,try Wi Scis Arbirary Sap, nACAechnical Report411 1931 776

416, easma Jacbs, Mmradm eiriCar,Prramr sdy sca c airis, 13 nvmbr 1929, i RA i88, lhA, hamp, Va 783

417, B Mvi Js, Fi exprims Bdary layr,Journal o the Aeronautical Sciences5, Jaary 1938 786

418, easma n Jacbs, Sir Araica eir, eirICar, ns isry dvpm amiarw airis ad ra saps icdd, 27 Dcmbr1938, cpy i lhA, hamp, VA 823

419, easma n Jacbs, lamiar ad trb Bdary layrs asAci Pracica Ardyamics,Journal o the Society o Automo-tive Engineers40, Marc 1937 828

420, easma n Jacbs, Sir Araica eir, Ivsiai wdra airi scis avi xsiv amiar bdary ayrs,dad b ypd 27 J 1938 840

421, easma n Jacbs, Sir Araica eir, Ci Ardyamics Divisi, Pa airi dvpms, 9 Dcmbr 1938 845

422, nw h Adrs,Aircrat Layout and Detail Design, 1941 849423a, easma n Jacbs eirICar, Cvrsai wi

Dr lwis rardi appicai amiarw airis, Fbrary1939 857

423b, hJe Rid, eiriCar, lMAl, nACA, Ardyamicay sm iiss r airpasirmai r V

Aircra, Ic, nvmbr 1940 858423c, gW lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, Cairma

nACA Dr Jsp Ams, Ivsiai amiarwwdra wis, nvmbr 1939 861

423d, gW lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, layMmria Araica labrary, Ivsiai i i amiarw wdra wis, Jaary 1940 862

424a, Rbr J Wds, Ci Dsi eir, B Aircra Crp,2050 emwd Av, Ba nY, nACA, A: Dr gr

W lwis, Marc 1940 865424b, gW lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc lay

Mmria Araica labrary, Rqs r irmai w airi scisB Aircra Crprai, Marc 1940 866

424c, hJe Rid, eiriCar, nACA, Rqs r irmai w airi scisB Aircra Crprai, Marc1940 867

424d, gW lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, Rbr JWds, Ci Dsi eir, B Aircra Crprai, Marc1940 868

424, easma n Jacbs eiriCar, Visi Mr RbrJ Wds B Aircra lMAl, Fbrary 1941 869425a, easma n Jacbs, Pricipa Araica eir, Mm

radm Dircr Araica Rsarc gr W lwis,Appicai w air i daa xprima miiary airpas,J 1940 873

425b, gr W lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, nACA, Ci Bra Araics, navy Dparm, Wasi,DC, Cidia mmradm rpr rardi appicai w airisci daa amiarw yp r crr adw airpa dsis, 17 J 1940 874

425c, W h hrrsi, Araica eir lMAl, eir


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iCar, Discssi bw Dr g W lwis ad mmbrs labrary sa raiv airi sci prbms, Jy 1940 875

425d, edwi P harma, Wsr Crdiai oicr nACA,Saa Mica, CA, Crdiar Rsarc, Visi Rya

Araica Cmpay, As 1940 877425, easma n Jacbs, Pricipa Araica eir, ei

riCar, Visi Ba Cris pa a rqs D Br i, Spmbr 1940 878

425, Arr e Raymd, Vic Prsid eiri, DasAircra Cmpay, Ic, Saa Mica, CA, Dr gW lwis,Dircr Araica Rsarc, nACA, Marc 1941 880

425, e W Mir, Ci Ardyamics Divisi lMAl eiriCar, Visi Mr l C Mir BrwsrCmpay labrary Jaary 3, 1941, 4 Jaary 1941,RA i 290 881

426a, gr J Mad, Dircr, Airpa ad ei Divisi,naia Ds Cci, Fdra Rsrv Bidi, Araica Bard, Rm 1907, navy Bidi, As 1940 885

426b, Ira C eakr, lia C, Air Crps, Fr Ci

Air Crps, Dr gr J Mad, Dircr, Airpa adei Divisi, naia Ds Cci, Fdra Rsrv Bidi, Spmbr 1940 886

426c, gW lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, nACA, edward J hrky, Ardyamics Dparm, nr Amrica

Aviai, Ic, Iwd, CA, 1 nvmbr 1940 887426d, excrps rm nr Amrica Aviai, Ic, Maacri

Divisi, eiri Dparm, Iwd CA, Ardyamiclad Cacais r Md nA73 Airpa, nr AmricaRpr nA5041, Marc 1941 890

427a, edward Warr, Civi Araics Bard, Wasi, DC, easma n Jacbs, Pricipa Araica eir, nACA la

y, ocbr 1940 900427b, easma n Jacbs, Pricipa Araica eir, nACAlay, Dr edward Warr, nACA, navy Bidi, Wasi, DC, ocbr 1940 901

427c, easma n Jacbs, Pricipa Araica eir, Dredward P Warr, Cairma, Cmmi Ardyamics,nACA, navy Bidi, Wasi, DC, nvmbr 1940 902

427d, gW lwis lMAl, Rpr by Mr Jacbs prs sas amiarw wi dvpm, r x mi Ardyamics Cmmi, b d ar par Jaary,Dcmbr 1940 906

428a, Vavar Bs, Cairma, nACA, Briadir gra C

l lidma, Air Aac, Briis embassy, Wasi, DC,Dcmbr 1940 909

428b, gW lwis, Dircr Araica Rsarc, nACA, Sirhry tizard, Cairma, Araica Rsarc Cmmi, c/Dircr Iic, Air Miisry, ld, WC 2, ead,

Jaary 1941 910

428c, ht tizard, Miisry Aircra Prdci, Mibak, Drgr lwis, Dircr Rsarc, nACA, Fbrary 1941 911428d, g W lwis tizard via Briis embassy r Dipmaic

Pc, Marc 1941 912428 edward Warr, Amrica embassy, 1 grsvr Sqar,

ld, Dr gr W lwis, nACA 1500 nw hampsirAv, Wasi, DC, As 1942 914

428 easma n Jacbs, Pricipa Araica eir, nACAlay, eiriCar, lwdra airis i ead,Spmbr 1942 916

428, Iva h Dris, Aviai Dsi Rsarc Brac, Bra Araics, navy Dparm, Wasi, DC, exprimsad Dvpms Brac, BAr, Briis Viws p Airis rhi Spd Aircra, As 1943 917

428, Ira h Abb, Sir Araica eir, eiriCar, Briis viws p airis r ispd aircra,Spmbr 1943 921

429, edwi P harma, nACA Ws Cas Crdiai oic,Ci Rsarc Crdiai, nACA, Irmai rm idsry appicai wdra airis, ConFIDentIAl, Jy 1944 925

430a, tdr v Krm, lamiar Fw Wis, i Where WeStandwri i 1945 ad issd as a Army Air Frcs Rpr i1946 936

430b, v Krm, Ardyamic Prbms, i Science, he Key toAir Supremacyriiay pbisd i 1945 939

nASA hIStoRY SeRIeS 943

InDeX 953


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Foreword

Airpa rav is sry ms siiica cica acivms as cry t impac airpa s ar byd ram

isry cy ad cs p viray vry aspc sciy rm cmics piics iri ad scic Wi spac xprai caimsmr pbic ry a araics rsarc, may mr idividas av b ab y wii ears amspr a abv i ts araics ad air ravav ad a rms pracica impac may mr idividas

t irs w vms i Wind and Beyondsris ad sccdi r

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tis sris is dsid as a araics cmpai Exploring theUnknown: Selected Documents in the History o the U.S. Civil Space Program nASASP4407 sris bks As wi Exploring the Unknown dcms ccd


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icdd i is pbicai, ad w av avidd icdi wrds ad prass aad b dd i riia dcm ss y crib a drsadi i i i d i i ki d M i


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Acknowledgments

tis vm rprss ccd rs may mmbrs a sadi am A Abr uivrsiy, a mbr idividas prvidd rs assisac Dr Jams R hass prjc am Dr Pa F Parks, rmr uivrsiyPrvs, sry crad ad spprd prjc rm is icpi, as didDr Mica C Mriary, rmr Vic Prsid r Rsarc t drak isadrsip prjc, Dr has av p is jb as Cair Dparm hisry, smi wd av cmrab di wi bi craia admiisrai is dparm wd b i capab ads wrysccssrsirs, Dr larry grbr, ad Dr Wiiam F trimb B grbrad trimb av ary ad vca sppr Abrs nASA isry prjc Ambr cas i arspac isry av p prjc, icdi Disiisd uivrsiy Prssr Dr W David lwis ad Dr Sp l McFaradDr Ry V hci, w ard a PD dr has, aid ad cmr prjc am rm is vaa pi isid uS Air Frc A mbr hass rada sds pd prjc i varis ways, aby AdrwBaird, ad Kris Sarr, as did Dr David Ard, as uSAF, ad Dr Amye Fsr uivrsiy Cra Frida, w ard ir PDs i arspac


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Introdction to Volme II

Reinventing the Airplane

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t isry araica cy s s a ab r xisc as aiki, drami, pai, scmi, aspiri, ad pay spcis As arspac

idsry aayss Wiiam D Sir ad J D Bsick d i rai irsdy vi mdr aircra cy, makids jry r as as b asd ad accrad, b as complicatedby r iq ad irrprssib kack r cy ad ivi1 Frm s ax ad cay p cr micrscp ad hma gm Prjc, r cica crais avb iis, pma, ad ccasiayr d ad r i wrdsaki siiicac

tis is, by a mas, r r airpa, ms iis adpmai swcmivis i isry, ad sry mswrdsaki I w may ways as yi maci cad sciy? As

Ai d Sai expry wr i 1939, i as vid r s r ac ear2 I as br pp r, cad r cmy, addd a prc

dd w dimsi warar, acd vryi rm vrm, pbicadmiisrai, iraia rais, iraia picis, maacri, marki, mii, ciis, ad ra sa, mdia, rairads, ca sippi, aricr, ad rsry I as acd ppai, amiy, rii, a, rcrai,dcai, crim, ad v sx3

1 Wiiam D Sir, J D Bsick, Future Flight: Te Next Generation o Aircrat echnology, 2d dtab Bks, 1994, p 3

2 Ai d Sai expry, Wind, Sand, and Stars, rasad rm Frc by lwis gaair nwYrk, 1939, p 97

3 o ms rmarkab aayss vra impac aviai wrd cam ri arWrd War II wi Wiiam Fidi obrs Te Social Efects o AviationBs, 1946

xxvii


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Te Wind and Beyond: Volume IIxxviii xxixIntroduction to Volume II: Reinventing the Airplane

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6 Krazbrs laws, 5475487 Krazbrs laws, 548549

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Crary wa may irs, ms ccras, ad ra majriy idsria rprrs sm biv; crary pp w s Ir rad mri papr, r rs w ca jy a rd wiridi i a cric car ad swii a $500 iaimadd drivr; crary wa may pp i mdr csmr sciy sm biv, technology is notinherently good I wrds di ars isry cy as a discipi, Mvi C Krazbr, cy is ir d, r bad, ris i ra Krazbr cad is t Firs law hisry tcy4

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4 Mvi C Krazbrs cassic ssay tcy ad hisry: Krazbrs laws i echnology andCulture27 [Jy 1986]: 544560 rs prai ad wiy aaysis iracis bwcy ad is scia cx

5 S gr Wi, Wa Pas Wd nai hav tak had tayr livd? Washington Post,20 J 1991 Wis aric raiss asciai isss rva isrica wais ad miavbs


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Te Wind and Beyond: Volume IIxxx xxxiIntroduction to Volume II: Reinventing the Airplane

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Wris wd wa s y appy r bs prbmsvi ad ivivskis, b as i wic ivs r imiss capaciy p ad rs

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I is impra drscr as, ssia pi br mvi i isscd vm he Wind and Beyond. Js bcas isry cyivvs cy, i ds ma a cica acrs aways ak prcdcI ra wrd, s ad msy is sc as piics ad cr, r xamp, wa bakrs ik ca mak m my r wa aciviss say may arm virm, vrrid d cica r iri ic And they should.Sm mi say a is wy a Amrica SSt as vr w ta is wy i isry Amrica spac prram, a ad wiid akab x ica sp as ams vr d i Ar aci a ma ispac via Prjc Mrcry, nASA said a x ica sp was sabis aprma mad prsc i w ar rbi, b isad cry add m m Ar i m via Prjc Ap, x ica sp was bid a arrbii spac sai a wi a spac s srvic i, bisad, nix Admiisrai dcidd a cry cd ard b

ad cd maa mprariy wi js s, a spac sai adaways b ss mai ras r xisi Ar s, sry xica sp was bid a spac sai, b c aai, cry d rass psp bidi

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tr may b a bir mssa r as w I 1998, Micrss Bi gas saidab Wri brrs ivi i a spc av a ime Magazines 75aivrsary cbrai airpa a, W av drsad a iri brakrs ar js mcaica r sciiic, y ar ibrai rcsa ca ciay imprv pps ivs


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Biographies o Volme II Contribtors

James R. Hansen, Prssr hisry ad Dircr hrs C aAbr uivrsiy, as wri ab arspac isry r pas 26 yars hisws bk, First Man: he Lie o Neil A. ArmstrongSim & Scsr, 2005,

rs isi i i ad ims irs ma M, b as sdsw i may arspac vs ad prsaiis a sapd Amricai scd a 20 cry his wvm sdy nASA layRsarc CrEngineer in ChargenASA SP4305, 1987 ad Spacelight Revo-lution nASA SP4308, 1995 ard siiica criica accaim his r bksicd From the Ground Up Smisia, 1988, Enchanted RendezvousnASAMraps i Arspac hisry #4, 1995, ad he Bird Is On he Wingtxas

A&M uivrsiy Prss, 2003Jeremy R. Kinney is a crar i Araics Divisi, naia Air ad

Spac Msm, Smisia Isii, ad ds a PD i isry cy rm Abr, wi a spciaizai i arspac isry Prir jiinASM, srvd as Amrica hisrica Assciai nASA Fw i Ar

spac hisryD. Bryan aylor is a dcra cadida i isry cy a Abr

h ds a MA i isry rm Briam Y uivrsiyMolly F. Prickett ds a BA dr i eis rm Abr uivrsiyJ. Lawrence Lee ds BMe, MA, ad PD drs rm Abr h is

a irisria a hisric Amrica eiri Rcrd, a brac uS naia Parks Srvic, ad is rmr cair hisry ad hria Cmmi Amrica Sciy Mcaica eiri

xxxiii


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Capr TrTe Design Revoltion

Dsiai Dcm:

he DC-3 reed the airlines rom complete dependency on government mail pay. Itwas the irst airplane that could make money just by handling passengers. With previousaircrat, i you multiplied the number o seats by the ares being charged, you couldntbreak evennot even with a 100 percent ull load. Economically, the DC-3 let usexpand and develop new routes where there was no mail pay.

C. R. Smith, President of American Airlines, ca. 1938, quoted by Robert J. Ser-ling, Eagle: he Story o American Airlines (New York: St. Martins, 1985), p. 110.

On a Streamline to the DC-3

I 1935, naia Araics Assciai nAA awardd is prsiis


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Chapter 3: Te Design Revolution2 On a Streamline to the DC-3 3

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o cra prbms addrssd by airpa dsi rvi

1920s ad 1930s was ardyamic dra rdci I is isry ardyamics, J D Adrs as assrd a, t majr rs i a advacd prprdriv airpa ca b smmarizd i a wrd: streamlining1 Aircra dsirs irwar prid drsd sramii, i Adrss wrds,as adpi a rm a is s sapd ad s r prbracs a i prdcs ddis i airw vr i I ssc, sramii ma dra rdci,ad dra rdci abd aircra y arr ad carry avir ads Rdcddra wd as aw aircra y asr wi xpdi mr ry ad rsrcs, mai a sam siz airpa cd prrm sam wrk wiss ry cs A way back days Sir gr Cayy, araicaxprs ad b awar prsc ardyamic dra i, rsisac rward mvm bdy i a id ik air B bcas srcs ad

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rica ardyamics discvrd back i a 19 cry

I ky rspcs, i was wrk eisir ad ambi makr Frdrick Wlacsr a iarad irs ra a ardyamic ry Crisy, lacsrswrk was ary xprima ad qaiaiv, ivvi a prram xprims

1 J D Adrs, Jr, A History o Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying MachinesCambriduivrsiy Prss, 1997, p 319

Frederick W. Lanchesters experimental andnonquantitative search or a streamlinedorm resulted in his 1907 pioneering book,Aerodynamics. (SI Negative No. 45374-C)

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Araica irs sspcd a sbsaia icrass i ardyamic icicymi w s crrc aswrs js a w s cica ccrs,

b y did kw xacy w, r v wr ry, a mI siiica ways, prcss rivi airpa a dd i

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a ab airw i bdary ayr ar srac a ardyamicbdy prvidd irs raia basis r cacai wa cam b kw as

ski rici dra his ry as prmd vasy imprvd drsadi dyamics w sparai ard a ardyamic bdy, wic was a majrsrc rm dra Prads sds as ard a bs way ss cs parasiic dra i, cmbiai ski rici dra ad rmdra was dia smr crs r wis ad r ardyamic rmsI sm, Prads wrk, ik lacsrs, y iid prbm dra,i drscrd pracica advaas sramii

Wi wrk lacsr ad Prad prvidd a ssia ricabasis r drsadi dra, ccp sramii saw i pracica appicai i vas majriy aircra dsis mri rm Wrd War I Aarsaps ad draprdci prbracs wr si biqis ars nvrss, ida imprvi aircra prrmac r sramii did cac ai sm pp i araica cmmiy dri war o scidivida was Axadr Kmi, a civiia rsarc wrki r uS Army AirSrvic, w xprd ida sramii i a 1918 xbk idAeronau-tical Engineering and Airplane Design, irs wrks is kid pbisd i uid Sas s Dcm 33 A rada araica iriprram a MIt, Kmi cam ad Araica Rsarc Dparm a uS Army Air Srvics iri aciiy a McCk Fid, i Day, oi

Grover Loening (let), seen here with Orville Wright (right) in 1913, was one o the earliest aeronautical engineersemployed by the United States government and advocated the streamline orm as the ideal shape or an airplane.(SI Negative No. 80-5407)

iiiad i ary 1890s, wi cambrdairis t pricip bjciv lacsrs wrk was di a ici wdrasap wi sm crs a rd rsisac passa airwavs ais srac; cad is sap a sramirm lacsr raizd a irrariy i

a airis sap casd disrbacs i aairw ad rsd i a siiica am dra uray, lacsrs wrk did rciv ai i dsrvd a im, i par bcas is ris ackd yp ry qaiaiv mdy acd av pracicay aidd ary aircradsirs Dcm 31 prvids xcrpsrm lacsrs 1907 bk, Aerodynamics,ari is ccp sramii

Ar rmaiv ardyamic ikrr sbsq rvi i airpadsi 1920s ad 1930s was iia grma pysics prssr ldwi Prad,mc ws wrk spprd lacsrs

idas ab sramii t bs drsadi ardyamic dra a r cry was basd wa i was kw ab prrmac ydrdyamic rms Y b lacsr ad Prad raizd a air ad war wr ardir mdiar xamp, air crad mr ricia rsisac a war

Addrssi is iss a tird Iraia Crss Mamaicias a hidbr i 1904, Prad bsrvd a a ida airw mvd i sm paraayrs B i rawrd circmsacs, sc as w air vr a wi srac,is scad amiar w bcam rb, rsi i siiica dra WaPrad rprd i 1904 a ary disirsd adic prrmiddmamaiciaswas a a airw cad i dramaic asi rm zr

csa vciy i a vry i rasii ayr ri x srac airi I is xrmy arrw z, ar bcm kw as bdary ayr,rasii rm amiar rb w acd aircra prrmac prdy2,Prads bdaryayr ypsis 1904 xcrpd as Dcm 32 rdmajr w ppriis r aircra dsirs ad araica irs Wa

2 T rs kw rrc rm bdary ayr, accrdi Oxord English Dictionary,cam i 1921, w Dc id mcaics spciais J M Brrs wr i is crysProceedingso the Royal Academy o Science Prc K Acad Wsc [Amsrdam] a w ca caca disribi vriciy i bdary ayr, w w spps vciy sid bdary ar b kw T scd rcrdd s rm, accrdi OED, cam ia aric appari i Flightmaazi 20 nvmbr 1924: T ddcis rm bdaryayr ry av a rar pr apprximai r

German physics proessor Ludwig Prandtlpioneered the academic study o drag and theuse o streamlining to improve aerodynamic

eciency overall in the 1920s and 1930s. (SINegative No. 74-10601)


23/188


iciy xdi is ra t aciv a cmic ra r imprvm idra rai, Br cad r s sramii, spciicayssi sc masrs as s rracab adi ar h v did aar iss rai r cmmrcia aircraa rai imay acivd js vra dcad ar i dsi Das DC sris

Ar acr a prvd pay a criica r i sprri b dvpm ad ra accpac sramid aircra dsis was prrmac a

air racs, wic bcam rmsy ppar i erp ad Amrica i a1920s ad 1930s A iraia v, ras s racs, sc as Scidr trpy cmpii, prsd ppriis r bi cmpii bw wrd pwrs; vicris w adrcrds s wr prcivd by a as sis aia cica prwss Wii a ivcry, racs d simiar siiica mais;r xamp, i uid Sas, Army adnavy wrkd vrisy cm i irs i cmpiis, pi r irspac iiss ad wrd ad aia rcrds scrrar piica sppr r dvpm

air rcst air racs srd xprimai adrapid cica dvpm, mc as ambi racs did ad si d B Army adnavy sd wid s ri ir racrs ms spd m May raciaircra mpyd rdbraki dvics awd bcm par mdr airpa;s icdd sramid dsis, caivrwis, ad rracab adi ar I 1923, a

Amrica airpa, uS navy Criss CR3s,k irs ad scd pac i Scidr Cp

iraia sapa rac i Cws, ead, wir a a p spd 17738mis pr r mp t aircra mpyd w cy, icdi s wiradiars ad a sid amim ay prpr tis prpr icrprad ardyamicay advacd i airi scis basd dsis Dr Syvas ARd A ips prpr bads, airw racd spds appraci spd sd B i was sk, sramid sa aircra a raycaprd vrys y As cmprary bsrvrs d, vryi ab airpa spd spd s Dcm 35 Ar navy Criss racr, R2C1,w 1923 Pizr trpy Rac i S lis, Missri I di s, sdri airpa s w wrd spd rcrds 2438 mp r 100 km ad 2437 mpr 200 km vr a csd circi n r aircra yi a im cd bascar ardyamics Criss dsirs airpas zri dra cici

French aircrat builder Louis Breguet madeone o the strongest cases or the socialand economic benets o aerodynamicstreamlining in a 1922 speech deliveredbeore the Royal Aeronautical Society en-titled, Aerodynamical Eciency and theReduction o Transport Costs. (SI Nega-tive No. 77-542 or 78-13907)

eqai rsisac dra, d i is rdbraki xbk a asrami rm was ida sap r a airpa B majr bsacs bckd acivm ida sramii, aby raiis cvia dsipracic, wic cssiad icrprai mamm ad sray sapdis, bdis pis ad passrs, ps mssy srcra ims sc as

braci wirs ad srs Smw, Kmi ccdd, may s bsacswd av b vrcm i a airpa s ardyamic civss wr vr imprv mc

Ar war, mr ad mr aviai advcas pacd a mpasis aircra icicy, cmiai i 1922 w piri Frc aircra maacrrlis Br issd a cari ca r dvpm sramid dsis Ia addrss br Rya Araica Sciy i ld id Ardyamiceicicy ad Rdci Aircra Css s Dcm 34, Br id prbm i b cica ad cmic rms, ad aricad varis scia icivs r imprvm civiia aircra i pswar pridBr bivd a a imprvm i idra rai, wic cad

iss a aircra dsi, wd ac a airpas cmic pia by

Aircrat such as the biplane, strut-and-wire braced Martin MB-1 Bomber represented the state o the art inaerodynamic design circa 1917. The designers o the aircrat, Laurence D. Bell (let), Glenn A. Martin (secondrom right), Donald W. Douglas (right), and James Kindleberger (not pictured), would use the advances o thedesign revolution to create vastly dierent aircrat. (Martin test pilot, Thomas E. Springer, is second rom let.)(SI Negative No. 43067)

Ch T l O S l h C


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t cas ad ris air raci diiy ispird sramii, bi mids may, assciai sramid saps wi raci impida cy iy sk ad ici ardyamics bd y ram ispd appicais B is was ardy cas Advacd ardyamic rim i rm sramii was arady bii pay acriica r i dsi a mbr rviary civi ad cmmrcia aircraas w, a cica dvpm a wd p sima irs ra a

aviai as a civ md mass pbic raspraio irs miiary r raci aircra dmsra srami dsi

was bdy ivaiv lckd Va 1926, dsid by iri isJ K nrrp Sa, iy craiv,ad rmarkaby prici i rasrri aspcaiv dsi rm is mids y raiy, Jack nrrp sd rady a adi d sramii mvmi uid Sas, abi rm a dirciqi dir rm a bidi racrs rbi immrsd acadmicay i ardyamicry his r ardyamic rim

was mr asic, i a i ivvd aid ssiiviy r wa kd bai ad was i d as n a nrrpdid bas is dsis i iri pracicaiy t ky Vas ardyamicicicy rsd i ciqs sdi is csrci liwi, sr, adrmarkaby sramid, Va rprsda dramaic dparr rm prvis dsis ia i was a sii, iwi caivr mpa wi a smimcq monocoquemai s pywdsrssd ski sa t caivr wi ard ira braci A majr w

ar icrprad i ar Va airpas was a circar cwi srrdi 450rspwr Pra & Wiy Wasp aircd i tis cwi ccpdrivd rm nACAs sysmaic idiicai ici cwi rms, sa y rdcd dra b as a sam im, imprvd ci it y majr srami m Vas pri was is ixd adi ar,b i ar vrsis, v a ad airis cad pas ard is ws, wicas pd rdc dra As mid prvisy, airpa bid rm avry w zri dra cici, wic pd i rac a maximm spd 190mp Airis sd pa y passrs six a a im, ad a mbr pi s,icdi Amia earar ad R nics, brk rcrds i i I a Va amdWinnie Mae, Wiy Ps w s ard wrd i smmr 1933, d

Jack Northrops innovative construction tech-niques acilitated his design o highly ecientand aesthetic streamline aircrat designs suchas the Lockheed Vega and the Northrop Alpha.(SI Negative No. 75-5442)

CD,ocsidrd by may xprs as bs idicar ardyamiccass r rim a aircra3 I ac, i raks am ws vas i ir isry ardyamics r prprdriv aircrawr a ajyd by r sks aircra prdcd by airpa dsi rvi 1930s: lckd Va 00278, lckd ori 00210, Bi 247D00212, ad Das DC3 00249 oy a w Amrica prpdriv pasav vr acivd wr zri dra cici nwry am s wr Bccra D17S rpac mpa 1939 00182, nr AmricaP51D ir pa 1944 00163, ad Bc Baza V35 ra aviaiaircra 1970 00192

3 Fr a car xpaai siicac zri dra cfci, s larc K li, Jr.,Quest or Perormance: Te Evolution o Modern AircratWasi, DC: nASA SP468, 1985,pp 45, 158160 li dd is cfci Cd, o as a dimsia mbr a ras zri dra aircra, i pds, is siz ad spd ad aid a wic i isyi gray spaki, smar va mbr, mr ardyamicay ca aircra As s as i is as a masr ardyamic rm, siicac zri dra cfci is imid i appicai bcas i is basd wi ara ad bcas, r aiv wi ara, svra dir sizs sa ad ai may b mpyd Ts, as li madcar, dircs i zri dra cfcis may b irprd as a dirc i ardyamicrm w, i ac, dirc may b prdc dircs i rai wdara i, ara ir bdy a cms i dirc cac wi airw wi arali, pp 158159

The streamlined uselage, fush wing radiators, and solid aluminum alloy Reed propeller o the navy Curtiss CR-3racer highlighted the role o aerodynamics in high-speed aircrat design. Lt. David Rittenhouse (in cockpit) few

the CR-3 to victory in the 1923 Schneider Cup international seaplane race in Cowes, England. (SI Negative No.A-47217)

Ch 3 T D i R l i10 O S li h DC 3 11


25/188


bsrvd a adi dvpr may s s ims was nACAis I is viw, r isii i wrd cribd mr diii mdr airpa5 t imprvd cmps, a wi dama drsadi mcaism dra a rsd rm nACA rsarc,bcam widy dissmiad r araica iri cmmiyad aircra idsry dri is crcia rasii prid

Wi qsi, nACA cribd ray viray vry aspc

airpa ardyamics dri a 1920s ad ary 1930s Sm msimpra wrk was i dvpm imprvd airis, a sbjc rad idai i x capr B nACA am a lay abrary i Viriiaas wrkd may r aras aircra cmp imprvm Fr xamp,sm irs prjcs i w Prpr Rsarc t PRt, wic baprais i Jy 1927, ccrd imprvm ardyamic qaiis i isaais, srs, ad adi ar t irs impra sp i is wrkwas drmi r sysmaic xprima paramr variai xacy wmc dra a paricar cmp prdcd

t s prram a iiiad nACAs mv ward widsprad rdci dra csd i cwis Ardyamic ss Armyssma Sprry Mssr airpas i lays PRt i a 1927 rvad a xpsd cyidrs aircd radia i casd 17 prc a dra pai aircra t ms bvis si is prbm was simpy cvr i wi sm sr sramid srd r cwi B sc a cvri, i was, wd rsric airw pas cyidrs ad cas i vra

Wi is i mid, cwis wr sd vry B dra prbm rwi a mr ad mr criica ccr, s mc s a a nACAs irs aamaacrrs crc, d a lay i May 1926, rprsaivs aircra idsry ad uS navys Bra Araics idiid i as a aiapririy t ca r nACA was di a rm cwi a siiicay imprvd ardyamic icicy wi dradi ci6

Dcms 38, 39, ad 310 a ra nACAs cwi prram, r

wic nACA w is irs Cir trpy i 1929 t irs s dcmsis rm abirapy Frd e Wick, lay ir w masrmidd dvpm nACAs wdra cwi I i, rcad i

5 Smi, Br, p 2406 Fr a cmp aaysis isry nACA cwi prram, s Jams R has,

eiri Scic ad Dvpm nACA lwDra ei Cwi, i FromEngineering Science to Big Science: Te NACA and NASA Collier rophy Research Project Winners,d,Pama e Mack Wasi DC: nASA SP4219, 1998, pp 127 Tis capr is a pdad adxpadd vrsi Capr 5 hass Engineer in Charge: A History o the Langley AeronauticalLaboratory, 1917-1958Wasi DC: nASA SP4305, 1987, id T Cwi Prram:exprima Impass ad Byd, pp 123139

i y sv ad a days I Dcm 36, nrrp rcrdd sm isviws sramii ad is raisip csrci cy as mbdidi lckd Va

t dvpm sramid aircra did cm a a c Praps mra ay r si m, i awaid widsprad rcii advaas sramii by sm is ms iia adrs, i araica cmmiy as a w s Dcm 37 t iiia cs rs riv airpa id idpd dvpm spciic airpa pars, waaviai isria Ricard K Smi rrrd as s ims 4 ts icddcmps sc as airis, i cwis ad acs, aps, prprs, is,ad rracab adi ar gvrm rsarcrs, irs i idsry, ad ivrs payd a par i dvpi s ivaisr ms par,

sparay ad idividay Dsirs ad maacrrs wd icrpraad sysiz w cy i ia aircra dsi as dd Dspi irsim sas, s ivais wr ry sada cis acd simpy b p airpa; y ad b irad i a a dsio impra ci prrmd by nACA was sca wid si ardyamic advaas ir a s varis cmps as y wrcad w airpas, wic prvidd daa abs ad cmpais s dsirscd s irmai r a variy r dsis Ricard K Smi rr

4 Ricard K Smi, Br: T Qs r excc, i Milestones o Aviation, d J tgrwd nw Yrk: MacMia, 1989, p 240, 2434

The Lockheed Vega o 1926 represented a dramatic departure rom previous designs with its monocoque con-struction, NACA cowling, and teardrop wheel pants. Wiley Post few the Lockheed Vega 5-B Winnie Mae soloaround the world in only seven and one-hal days during the summer o 1933. (SI Negative No. A-47516)

Chapter 3: Te Design Revolution12 On a Streamline to the DC 3 13


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The inclusion o the NACA low-drag cowling to the Texaco Lockheed Air Express allowed Frank Hawks to estab-

lish a new Los Angeles to New York nonstop record o 18 hours, 13 minutes in February 1929. (SI Negative No.A31250-G; Videodisc No. 2B-11966)

Hubert C. H. Townend o the British NationalPhysical Laboratory developed a low-drag enginecowling in 1929. Known as the Townend ring,the design reduced drag with little degradation oengine cooling and was widely adopted in Europeand America. (SI Negative No. 76-17366)

The inclusion o NACA Cowling No. 10, seen here undergoing tests in the 20-oot tunnel in September 1928,into the design o the Martin B-10 bomber increased the airplanes maximum speed by 30 mph to 225 mph andreduced its landing speed signicantly. (NASA Image No. 1974-L-02730)

The NACA won its rst Collier Trophy in 1929 or its innovative work on low-drag cowlings. (NASA Image No.L-1990-04348)



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Chapter 3: Te Design Revolution14 On a Streamline to the DC 3 15

xrardiary dai car xprima prcss by wic nACA arrivda is awardwii sap t scd ivvs a sri dcms, irs wic ras si prrmac i Fbrary 1929 a lckd Airexprss, a drivaiv lckd Va eqippd wi a nACA wdra cwi a icrasd is spd rm 157 177 mp, is aircra, pid by Frakhawks, sabisd a w ls As nw Yrk sp rcrd 18 rs ad13 mis t ird prss a ri dcms ccri apparac

r w rms i cwis a cam riva nACA dsiDri prcss dvpi br cmps r a aircra, wrk s im d sdy dir prbms tis siai appd i rard nACA cwi, as rsarc irs d a cwdid bi a aircra qay: is civss dpdd sap airpa bid i Wi s cmpxiis sprrd addiia wrk rad cwis, i as d r is ivsiai t riia prps nACAslay Prpr Rsarc t PRt was dvp imprvd prprs Bary ss i PRt dmsrad a maci cd b sd sdy rprbms, aby vra c a prpr i cmbiai wi pacm a i ad pacm i acs i rai wis tsidd is rsarc d y daa vry siiica aircra dsirs b a w iry w ccps I sdyi vra c prpri cmbiai wi pacm i, r xamp, nACA rsarcrscam xprss ir rss i a w qaiaiv raisip y cad prpsiv icicy tis rm rcd vra prpr p i rrc ismi aircra Prpsiv icicy cacais s bcam a sadardaayica i dsi prprdriv airpas ad payd a crcia r i dvpm mdr sramid aircra

As Frd Wick rcad i r xcrp rm is abirapy Dcm 38, ar s iadvr rsarc prrams, dvd prprpacm i acs, riiad i 1929 w PRt am a layba si cwi rms a mii aircra, Fkkr rimr Wspd rias wi bi raspr prvd xrmy disappii, Wick ad isasscias sard wdr w psii acs wi rspc

wi mi b aci dra tis was a criica dsi rvi, spciay rmii aircra, as bi cmmrcia ad miiary aircra wr bd b I cas Fkkr as w as Frd rimr, riia dsi cai wi is was siy bw wis srac As air wd backbw wi ad ac, xpasi rqird was ra r air w vr cr smy t nACA lay i rsarc divisi, iassciai wi PRt am, rid airi i is spac, b y acivd y asma imprvm

evay nACAs sysmaic mpirica apprac yidd dividds Wi p is assisas, Wick aid a sris md ss i PRt winACAcwd acs pacd i 21 dir psiis wi rspc wi:The NACA worked to improve existing designs such as the Fokker Trimotor with the addition o experimental

low-drag cowlings and streamline engine nacelles in 1929. (NASA Image No. L-03333)

The alternative to the NACA cowling was the Townend ring, seen here mounted on a Boeing P-26 Peashooter

perched in the Langley Full-Scale Tunnel or aerodynamic testing. (NASA Image No. L-09819)



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C p 3 g R O S C 3 7

I is praps cris s amiiar wi isry aircra cy ar a i k s r wi aps bcm cmmpac t basicida r m ad b ard sic air dvic ivd by Frcmahry Farma i 1908 ard Wri brrs pa r wi warpiFarma ivd wa cam b kw as air Varis ivrs ad crad air dvics prir Farma, b y ad a b spara raab sracs pacd i r bid a wi r smims, i cass bipas,

v bw m Wa disiisd Farmas air was a srac wasirad dircy i wi as aircra dsirs si icrpra m dayt mdr diii a air says a i is a mvab cr srac rdvic, a pair r s cad i r aacd wis b sids a airpa, primary sss wic is cri airpa aray r i rby crai qa r ppsi ii rcs ppsi sids airpa8 Bis diii appis wrd aileron y arFarmas ivai 1908

A w idas r aps sprd dri Wrd War I, b acay a may,sic yi spds wr si w mak sc dvics s As J D Adrs xpais i is isry ardyamics, w wi adis mad apsssiay rdda ad ms pis rary brd s m 9 Ar war,irs i varis cris prsd w ccps r ii mcaisms I

a cas ary simas ivi ccrri js br 1920, Dr gsav Vlacma i grmay ad Frdrick hady Pa i ead ivd wis lacmas riia dsi cad r simpy a , spawis s cad ar adi d his ida was cra a prssr diria bw wrad ppr sracs wi tis diria wd imp a iry j air r s tis j wd aiay vr p srac wi,a way rizi rasii ayr i, bdary ayr; dayd wsparai mc ir as aack; prvd sa; ad icrasd i iwid ss by a wppi 60 prc Frdrick hady Pa, w pdpa ris wi lacma i 1921 lacma acay w wrk r Pascmpay i 1929, w sp rr h cmbid a s ad a ap cra sd ap, a dsi a xpsd a s bw ap ad wi w

dcd I cmbiai wi ick w airi scis bi dsids x capr, Pa sd ap riaby prdcd v rar i Si,airpa dsirs msy sayd away rm aps I uid Sas, is cicdd a w yp spi ap ivd i 1920 by orvi Wri ad asscia J M h Jacbs i a sma abrary prvidd by Army a McCk Fidi Day I 1920s, i was ard id ay aircra wi aps xcp r sdsid by Pa ad lacma

8 Frak Davis Adams,Aeronautical DictionaryWasi DC: nASA, 1959, p 79 Adrs,A History o Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines, p 365

abv i, bw i, ad wii is adi d t rsi daa acsc i, dra, ad prpsiv icicy bi Fkkr rimr madi car a pimm cai ac was dircy i i wi wiad wi prpr airy w aad A ir primary mpasis was dra ad imprvd ci, ss a lay as cirmd a nACA cwin 10 rm a cmpy cvrd i b si maad c i bydirci air is s sps r dcs ad bascd acay icras

i airpas wi i sm cass, i i was siad i pimm psii7

I rasmii is impra irmai cidiay Army, navy,ad idsry, nACA pd bid a svrams ad r Amrica aircradsirs vr riva erpa cmpais Ar 1932, ary a Amrica rasprad bmbi airpasicdi Mari B10, Das DC3, Bi B17,ad may r ams aircra ra a wdmpyd radia wimd is wi nACAcwd acs cad apprximay i wa

Wick ad is asscias ad idiid as pimm psii Wi qsi,is cmbiai d a ir w rai iy civ airpas wiwic airis r irs im cd bcm iaciay ssppri ad r i d vrm sbsidis Paradxicay, as Dcm 311 sss,

sm adrs uS aircra idsry a im did y crdi nACArsarc r is ssia cribi wa was qicky bcmi a bssmidsi rvi

Ar criica cmp i rivi airpa was dvpm ii dvics, primariy aps essiay a sci wis raii d a cd b id dwward icras cambr wi, aap prmisd bs i ad rdc aircras sai spd I prmid abr a apprac ad wr spd adi, impra csidrais y r aircra icicy b as r say t aris raii d aps simpyicrasd aircra dra dri adi ad apprac isad bsi i, b dsirab m was a srcr a did b I 1930s, irdci ii dvics sc as aps awd irs dsi aircra wi ir wi

adis i, rai rss wi a airpa a parm ara is wi r wis tis was a w ardyamic cy a prvd crcia rasii rm bipas mpas

7 W csidrd icdi wi nACA cica rprs rm 1932 i is capr cci dcms, b, d , drmid, i wd sfc simpy rrc m i a :Dad h Wd, tss nacPrpr Cmbiais i Varis Psiis wi Rrc

Wis Par I Tick WinACA Cwd nactracr Prpr, nACAechnical Report415 Wasi, 1932; ad Dad h Wd, tss nacPrpr Cmbiais iVaris Psiis wi Rrc Wis IITick WiVaris Radiaei Cwistracr Prpr, nACAechnical Report 436Wasi, 1932



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p g

Wa nACA rsarcrs ms cribd was sysmaic crrai bw airiry, md prpr ss, ad isi id bs md dsiiardyamicay ici prprs Dircs bw r srcs irmaiab prprs swd a a siiica ap

si xisd bw mpirica ad ricakwd t irs md, ivvi wawas cad bad m ry, assmda a prpr bad was a sris isadairi scis a rprsd a rdiarywi as y ravd i a ica pa Badm ry abd irs dsiprprs a wr 70 80 prc icit miad Frd Wick, w arda xbk prprs r Mcgrawhi i1931, said a badm ry abd

mr a a cadry prcss w i cam dsii w airis

t scd md ivvd si md prprs i wid s tida was acqir riab daa rm sca mds a, r aw simiid, cd b appid simiar mric bdis siz By 1920s, isyp si arady ad a disiisd isry Frm 1917 1926, prssrs

Wiiam F Drad ad evr P lsy Sard uivrsiy cdcd a prram exprima Rsarc Air Prprs a prvidd a sadard ab prpr dsi cicis, wic ay dsir cd iiz11 uray, mak daa appicab r dsi, ad carry mamaica cvrsis a did aways wrk ri I was s via crra xprimarss wi ry ad wi sca si i rsi prpr sap was prrm as xpcd

t ia md, sca si, rprsd ia, ima cck r

prpr icicy ad dsi nACA rsarcrs i 1920s d a icicis sca prprs wr six prc rar a icicy crrspdi md prprs A nACA rpr 1925 asd arsarcrs ca vr ry absy p md daa i y vriy i rsca i ss tsi ra i i aca i virm, wvr, was xpsiv, imcsmi, piay dars, ad iaccra irsarcrs sd pry maiaid si qipm r iadqa ciqs

11 S War g Vici, Cap 6, Daa r Dsi: T Air Prpr tss W F Drad ade P lsy, 19161926, What Engineers Know and How Tey Know It: Analytical Studies rom

Aeronautical HistoryBaimr ad ld: Js hpkis uivrsiy Prss, 1990, pp 136169

William F. Durands long career in aeronauticsincluded his pioneering, with Everett P. Les-ley, a standard table o aerodynamic designcoecients or propellers rom 1917 to 1926.(NASM Videodisc No. 2B-57570)

I was i ary 1930s a ida aps sard ic mayairpa dsirs rs rapidy icrasi spd aircra ad irir ad ir wi adis t sri ims cmprisi Dcm 312racs dvpm ms araciv ad imay sccss s Amrica ii dsis, kw as Fwr ap Ivd i 1924, iswas a xsib raiid ap a icrasd b cambr ad wi araFwr aps cam b sd svra w aircra rm 1930s , aby

pas bi by g l Mari i 1933, Mari ird Fwr dsi aps rim, as w as lckd 14 wii airir 1937 t Bi B29bmbr Wrd War II mpyd Fwr wi aps a y did pmc imprv i sai spd 105 mp r bi pa; s, , didar vrsis lckd P38 lii, r rar mavrabiiy twis Bi B17 mpyd vry pwr Fwr aps, dsid spciicay kp adi spd wii accpab imis10 t grmas v av irMssrscmi Me 262 j ir Fwr ii aps, a raii d wi ad i cmbiai wi spa sasa is, arrw vas raxiiary airisi adi ds Ar war, Bis B52 bmbr amd is i via Fwr sisd aps cad a raii d wiS Fwrs ivi 1924 ad a s i

A Fwr ap was y may dir aps dsid adsd ar 1930, i is ii i Dcm 312 w w is brad ap dissmiad r Amrica araics cmmiy dri ary1930s Simiar sdis cd b mad wi spi ap, wic was acay ypirs rid Amrica aircra t nrrp gamma sd spi aps, as did Das DC1, i 1932, ad DC3, i 1935 Spi aps rd rs arysm ss i appd i drc orvi Wri, is ivrs

Ab im dsirs sar d cvr Fwr aps ad r srs sd aps, dbsd ap appard Iays 1937 M32 bmbr ad Das A26 bmbr 1941 Frm DC6 , Das p dbsdaps wis a is airirs t ripsd ap mad is irs apparacwi Bi 727 j airir i ary 1960s

Praps a v mr criica ara ardyamic rim cssary r airpa dsi rvi irwar prid ivvd advaci sa ar i prpr prrmac Aai, nACA payd a dama r, cdci ad sppri prpr rsarc a csis basis rm is icpias a raizai i 1915 t cmmis irsAnnual Reportackwdd d r mr ici air prprs, ab rai ir icicy vr a variy i cdiis I si yars, is srs ad ms rarydd prrams csd imprvm prprs

10 larc K li Jr, Quest or Perormance, pp 124, 132, ad 139



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S hSaw ad t e Bacam pad a variabpic prpr mcaism igra Briai i 1924, b i d i appicai, i par bcas d ri was as ra as i was i Amrica t ras was prapica travrsinr Amrica by air ma srmi bsacs ik Appaacia ad RckyMais I 1929, McCk ar Wri Fid ir Frak Cadw, wad dsid ms dacabbad ma prprs i s, rsid rm srvic bcm ci ir r hami Sadard Prpr Cmpayh mvd i is psii js as uid Aircra b Sadard S adjid w cmpais, rmi hami Sadard As ad hamisprdci pa i Pisbr, Cadw dvd ims prci a crabpic prpr, wic accmpisd by 1933 Cad ar si air, Cadws dvic abd pis adjs pic ir prpr badsamaicay mac dir i cdiis tis mcaism rsd i dramaic imprvm i prrmac ad w r Cadw ad hami Sadard Cir trpy i 1933 s Dcm 314 Imprvms i prprs c

Lindbergh gambled that a ground-adjustable pitch propeller set just below the optimum setting or cruise wouldgive him long-range eciency while saely getting the Spirit o St. Louis o the ground at Roosevelt Field. Theresultant dramatic takeo or Paris on 20 May 1927 highlighted the need or variable-pitch propellers. (SI Nega-tive No. A-4819A)

Icrasd awarss , ad xpsr , iadqacis ry, wid xprim, ad i si cvicd nACA a sm rm ybridizai r mds was cssary I 1925, nACA arizd csrci 20 PRt a lay I wi yars, Frd Wick, Dadh Wd, ad r lay rsarcrs cdcd varis s prrams a cribd dama dvpm prprspciay rardi s ma prprs tir ivsiais d a by si bads a wr

ir ward ips, y cd icras prpr icicy Prpr dsirsad arady b awar a i bad scis wr ida r ispd appicais bcas y did sr rm wa s cam b kw as cmprssibiiy brb, wic amd a sarp icras i dra a i spds B iprprs wr maacrd i ma, is bi cd b raizd Wdprprs ad ir ick scis, cssary r srcra iriy, srd svrdra imiais a i spds t r asr, prprs dd b ir,wic rqird sr ma

A siiica brakr i prpr ardyamics cam i rm ma, mipic, variabpic prpra cica dvpm msyassciad wi a rsarc rp, rm a 1910s i a 1920s, dr adrsip Frak Cadw i Armys aircra iri divisi a McCk

Fid Dri irs qarr cry, aircra prprs ad a cm wiixd pic, mai a a a wic ac prpr bad srck airrmaid saic Cadws rp a McCk rcizd arir a ida pic a prpr was sam r dir i cdiis lwpic siswr mr ici r aki ad cimbi, wi ipic sis wr brr crisi a aid Wi a ixdpic prpr, si pic ivvda ir cmprmis a smwr sacriicd icicy t ivi variabpic prpr bridd ap bw wa cd b csidrd wmajr rss airpa dsi rvi irwar prid: icrasdi pwr ad dcrasd dra

ni israd d r a variabpic prpr mr a Cars Alidbrs dramaic ak r Paris 20 May 1927 Cari p wirs a

d l Isads Rsv Fid by y 20 , lidbrs rdadjsab prpr was s a a bad a js bw pimm si r crisspciicay accmmda a br ak Sarci r vry bi cmyr 3,610mi rasaaic i, lidbr ams did rdDcm 313 ars a Apri 1927 r rm Sadard S Prpr Cmpay Rya Airis, a m br lidbrs ak, wic da wi criica pic si r lidbrs isric Spirit o St. LouisRyabi airpa

I was appar araica irs w br lidbrs ak aa md adjs pic prprs amaicay i i was dd imprv aircra prrmac B xpric prvd i was asy dsi amcaica sysm accmpis is ask riaby ad as prcisy as dsird Dr h



31/188

br t wi yar, 1924, VrviSprry w Pizr rac, b a aspd 215 mp, 30 mp swr a a acivd by A Wiiams i is CrissRacr Cary, rracab adi ar rprsd a majr ardyamic advac,b i was y acr dii prrmac a aircra

I rms irai a mbr criica w dsi ars, icdi rracab adi ar, Bi Mmai sads tis airpa wasprcdd i icrprai a ama srcr, a sm srssd ski, acaivrd wi, ad a twd ri cwi uray, i as pssssda iciv prpr a cacd ms bis wr draBcas is spd ra was s xsiv, Mmai dd a variabpicprpra dsi y avaiab Is ixdpic prpr cd mac pas i spd ad ak rqirms

I 1931, Mmai was wd by a mc mr sccss airpampyi rracab adi ar, lckd ori, a wwi vrsi piri Va As i 1931, uS navy prcrd is irs aircra wirracab ar, grmma XFF1 wsa ir I cmparis ixdwi lckd Va a cam js br, advaas oris rrac

ab ar wr bvis: a maximm spd 226 mp cmpard 190 mp ada zri dra cici 00210 cmpard 00278 ts irs ma a ori cd prrm ay cmprary miiary aircra

t s rracab adi ar was dayd r s primariy d ara bi i idsry a sc ar was avy r pracica s Cmpard wa appard b sb ardyamic bis, diicis dsii a riab drcarria a cd b mcaicay rracd i bdy aaircra wr ariy bvis Mr a ay r si acr, i was spcacar imprvms raizd wi ori, wic prvd a advaas arsprsdd wa acay amd sma icrass i wi, a p rracab adi ar r ad cr s w impra w aircra cmp

The highly successul Lockheed Orion utilized retractable landing gear and an aerodynamically rened shape togenerate unprecedented overall perormance. Nevertheless, its wooden construction and lack o a high-lit fapsystem and a variable-pitch propeller kept it rom being a truly revolutionary airplane. (SI Negative No. 1996-0012; Videodisc No. 1B-14112)

id, ad by 1936, svra w aircra ard csaspd prprs acd amaicay adjs pic t nACA cribd ky rsarc daa driis prid rva dsi ad prai crabpic prprs

Ar ssia s im dvpd dri dsi rvi irwar prid, ma imia a siiica src dra, was rracab adi ar As Frcma lis Br ad dcard i is 1922 Rya AraicaSciy cr Ardyamica eicicy ad Rdci traspr Css, drcarria sd b mad disappar rr Dcm 34, b i ka wi r br mc appd imia i Sm aviai isrias avwri a irs Amrica aircra icrpra rracab adi ar was Bi Mmai 1930, b is is icrrc12 I 1923 Pizr trpyRac a Mic Fid, l Isad, Army rd a wwi mpa, aadvacd vrsi VrviSprry R3, wic icrprad rracab adiar Mcaica prbms rcd R3 drp rac, wic was wby a sk Criss Racr w by l Ard J Wiiams a rriic spd 2453 mp ams 40 mp asr a spd rac was w a y a yar

12 S, r xamp, J D Adrs, Jr, Fasr ad hir: T Qs r Spd ad Pwr, iMilestones o Aviation nw Yrk: h lar lvi, 1989, pp 105106 T DayWri RB1 1920s was as qippd wi a adi ar a was smirracab

The Verville-Sperry R-3 racer, winner o the 1924 Pulitzer Race, was an important precursor or modern high-perormance aircrat with its streamline design and retractable landing gear. (NASM Videodisc No. 1B-95330)



32/188

adi ar tis was ar dvpm r wic nACA dsrvs csidrab crdi, ad aai, ary r piri wrk Frd Wick

As wi may r araica irs i 1920s ad 1930s, Wickdramd bidi a wcs ad simpy airpa a was s irysa ad ixpsiv pra ad maiai a air rav i i cd, r craiprpss, cmp wi ambis as a md priva ad amiy rasprs

Wick prsd is dram i ars i ary 1930s, w ad a sma rp

cas rm nACA lay dsid W1 i a priva vr tismbi xprima airpa ad svra iq ars, icdi a var wi pward rav a was imid pi wr airpa cd b rcd i a spi Ar ivaiv ar W1 was is crdiadcr sysm Wicks ida r was rdc mbr crs rm r w by cci airs ad rddr, s imiai pssibiiy crssi s w crs ad rby simpiyi prcss ari y

I rdr mak i asir b axi ad ad pa, Wick ad is asscias as qippd W1 wi wa was a cvia drcarria:y mvd w mai ws a sr disac bid pas cr raviy, k away ai w, ad addd a s w a cd b srd Sca arram, Wick , sd a vry d cac imiai rd

pi, a sris prbm v i 1930s A adpas i prdci wrsi bi qippd wi ai skidsr, w pavd rways cam i s, wiai ws ts ars ad ir mai ixdaxis ws cad aad cr raviy, wr aray sab dirciay, ad s dd rd p

Ambis, bicycs, ad mrcycs wr sab i is rard bcas ir maiixdaxis ws wr i back cr raviy t cvia aiwyp ars as sd vr asiy, bcas mai ws wr js a i aad cr raviy Sm ary psr airpas, ppar ard 1910,ad a si w w aad cr raviy ad w ws i back cr raviy, wic k car sivr diicy rasaby w Ba ws wr ixd axs ad cd b srd vry w rd A s raizais d Wick ccd a drcarria W1 dd

b qi dir Wick dbbd is w srabdrcarria a ricyc ar,ad i was a am a sck I Marc 1932, Wick rcivd a uS pa r isW1 dsi wi srab ricyc ar; rcivd ar pa r a wcrairpa dsi icrprai a ricyc adi ar i Marc 1938; s Dcm316 t ar prrmd xrmy w r W1; rss wr pbisdi nACA rprs W irs ari Wicks ar, sm pp i idsrysaid a i was js a rvrsi rwd ars a ad b sd psr airpas br Wrd War I, b is was cas Airpas dria ra ad ixd s ws, ad prais k pac i p rass ids, wi ara da mapwr avaiab r adi airpa tis ma a ppi s days ad card wr ar was sab i axii r tr is

s As w srami dsis sard yi i 1930s, sam ixd adiar a prvisy ad accd r y a sma prca vra dra a airpa, say i bipa rm, w accd r a siiica pri ampas dra As larc K li d i Quest or Perormance, t cirai ad dsi dais lckd ori rprsd a xrmy iv ardyamic icicy, a v a as sdm b xcdd i yarssic 1931 Y, as li as pid , ori ackd svra ars aar bcam a ira par prprdriv aircra i is ia diiivrm13 lik Mmai, i as did av a variabpic prpr, wicma is i was ici vr a ir ra i cdiis tisimiai bcam carr ad carr araica irs i ary 1930s,simai dvpm crabpic prpr, wi wic ardyamic pia a i prrmac, wdra aircra simpy cd b racd t ori as ad y a simp raiid ap, dsid icras dra r apprac ad adi b icras maximmi ciciI ray dd a ii sysm a icrasd maximm i ad rdcd saispd As ssd arir, a advacd rm aps was cssarysmia bcam sadard qipm iprrmac ai rcra by a 1930s

Ardyamicay spaki, rraci cy was ky adi arDcm 315 B br avi sbjc is paricar s cmp, i is impra criica imprac dvpisteerable, ricyc

13 li, Quest or Perormance, pp 8990

Fred E. Weicks W-1 home-built experimental airplane with steerable, tricycle gear precipitated a major change inhow engineers designed modern aircrat. (NASA Image No. L-11151)



33/188

araics a MIt, srvd as a csa is rp, ad visid layFid svra ims rviw pssibiiis appyi ricyc ar sc aar raspr14 t rs is aciviy was ady Das DC4e, irs ar raspr s ricyc ar ev , Das irsmad prvisis r rri a aiwyp ar i cas y wr iryappy wi ricyc ar Dri Wrd War II, a mdiid vrsi DC4was sd i miiary aciviis as C54, cmp wi ricyc adi ar t

ricyc ar was as sd r miiary aircra, icdi Das A20,lckd P38, B P39 ad P63, Csidad B24, nr Amrica B25,

Mari B26, ad Bi B29 I vay bcam sadard ar r ms amiiary, airi, ad ra aviai airpas ev nASA Spac S, araby wrds ms spisicad aircra, bis rm sam yp ricycar wi srab ad casrd s w a Wick dsid back i 1930s15

Aai, is dvpm did ra dircy imprvd ardyamics, b i

sws w varis w dsi ars syrizd i airpa dsi rvi irwar yarsAr par is syry cam i rm wi is, wic wr c

cav airis sd sm irir a wisa jcr Wi

14 Fr a acc edward P Warrs sadi carr i Amrica aviai, s Rr e Bisi,edward Pars Warr ad nw Air A, i Aviations Golden Age: Portraits rom the 1920sand 1930s, d Wiiam M lary Iwa Ciy IA: uivrsiy Iwa Prss, 1989, pp 113126 Ivaris ways, cicay ad piicay, Warr mad ab cribis rivi airpa

15 Fr Wicks acc is dvpm ricyc ar r W1 airpa, s Wick adhas, From the Ground Up, pp 131140

NACA engineers ound that with the later addition o wing llets and a NACA cowling, the diminutive McDonnellDoodlebug experienced greatly reduced bueting and aerodynamic intererence. (SI Negative No. A43437-C)

qsi a Wicks ricyc ar was a w i ad a wrwiimprvm A nACA crc i 1935, orvi Wri ad mad xacys pis Wick, wic crad im ray

I was as i 1935 a irs wi Das cmpay swd irsirs i appyi ricyc ar ar airpas Dr Arr Raymd, ciir a Das, s F R Cbam ad W Baiy oswad lay id ab ricyc ar W1 ad ask qsis ab wa i mid r arr airpas Ar ir visi, Das, i cprai wi Army,rid ricyc ar is Dpi airpas, wic riiay pssssd aaiwyp ar t Dpi was a ampibia yi ba, ad Das

irs simpy mvd ws mai ar back a bi ad p a casris w dr r ts ss cirmd ars advaasI ocbr 1935 trasCia ad Wsr Air as tWA was kw br1950 as askd r irmai ab pssib s ricyc ar a raspr airpa t nACA rspdd by pii varis advaas ar, ps ac a wi a wii raspr, cd xd rwardpar sa siciy sppr s ar w rward ad as prvid a saisacriy wbas

S rar, r r r airis m wi Das i p i araspr a was arr a v w DC3 a ad js appard edward P

Warr, a rmr nACA ci pysicis, dir Aviation maazi, ad prssr

The one-and-only Douglas DC-4E represented many o the aerodynamic innovations that evolved during the1920s and 1930s. It was the rst large transport to use tricycle gear and its design process helped originateNACA research in the establishment o stability and control specications prepared to insure good fying quali-ties. (SI Negative No. A0193510)



34/188

Aircrat such as the Lockheed Sirius Tingmissartoq fown by Charles and Anne Lindbergh represented thetransitional nature o aerodynamic design with its advanced streamline shape combined with an open cockpit,ground-adjustable pitch propeller, and large foats. (SI Negative No. A-5172)

The Martin B-10 represented the revolution in combat airplane design, and in key respects, presaged the totalpackage o a reinvented airplane. (SI Negative No. 78-1328)

is, irsci wi ad sa xpricd airw irrcA sm airi ara wr wi jid sa i, ii adsapi s as mak i sm ad sramid ray imprvd adicaracrisics ad icicy wwi mpas Dvpd a gim Araica labrary Cairia Isi tcy dr dirci tdr v Krm, i s bcam a sadard ar mpa dsis s Dcm 317 B Bi Mmai 1930 ad

nrrp Apa 1931 bid rm wi is, as wd cmiaiairpa dsi rvi, Das DC3 As r Apa, advaas wi is cd vrcm is basic ardyamic bsacs, abya ixd adi ar ad a p cckpi r pi I is cris a s mayw aircra dri is ra cmbid aacrisic ars wi impra wivais B sc cmbiais d ad w ar, i ac, ypica rasiryims br a ars a w cy cm r ad rm a wdsi paradim

eqay ypica rasiry prid is apparac a maisay dsi, a maximizd xisi sa ar b rd a spisicad vraprdc a ss ard impra ms ab r Sc a aircra was biqis Frd trimr, a 13 15passr raspr a d id

is sar wrk r Amricas bddi airis i a 1920s ad ar y 1930sA trimr rmaid ardyamicay primiiv i sm rspcs, scas is ixd adi ar ad cwd i acs, ardyamic rim, asDcm 318sws, ad b as Frd Mr Cmpays Aircra eiri Dparm w i sard dsii trimr rm 1925 1926 hry Frd ad bi a mamm rpai as a maacri ad prdci is i ambi idsry, ad wad d smi simiar

The Ford Trimotor 5-AT-B was a mainstay design or Americas growing commercial airline industry, but itsimproperly placed engine nacelles below the wing, angular windscreen, exposed engines, ground-adjustablepitch propellers, xed landing gear, and corrugated aluminum construction did not refect the rapid advances inaerodynamic streamline design. (SI Negative No. 47937-J)



35/188

dsi ad i ky rspcs prsad a packa a rivd airpa Mari B10 bmbr

B aircra a irad a ms dsirab ars mri rm airpa dsi rvi v mr y was Bi 247 Aviai isriascsidr is Bi dsi, irs w i Fbrary 1933, b irs mdrairir t diiiv vrsi airpa, md 247D, ad wiars: ama, srssdski csrci; caivr wis; rracab adi

ar; a iciy cwd, iwi radia i; crabpic prprs; ad sispd ard sprcarr Md 247D was as irs raspr aircra mpy rbbr dici bs ad av a siiica am isrmai r bid yi

Ardyamicay, dsi was qiar advacd, wi spiyp adiaps ad a airy i wi adiIs 00212 CD,o was rar w, adis 135 maximm idra rai wasqi i; b mbrs cmpardavraby wi prrmac viray a prvis aircra oprair airis, Bi 247 carridp passrs cmraby, a acrisi spd 185 mp a 7,500 I srvic maiy wi uid

Airisa wi Bi, is makr,par uid Aircra ad traspr Crprai, airpa sabisd a w sadard r cmmrciaair rav I di s, i prvkdr aircra maacrrs, as w as airi prars, sk dsi ir w mr rid aircra

o aviai xciv w ds

pray s a w airpa was Jack Fry, vic prsid r prais trascia ad Wsr Airis tWA, a cmpay a was prcdd rmbyi w Bi 247 bcas crpra cci bw Biad uid Airis o 2 As 1932, Fry s rs CrissWri, Frd,Mari, Csidad, ad Das ski prpsas r a w ama rimr dsi, a pd cd priaby rpac tWAs ai Fkkrrimrs ta r, rprdcd i is iry as Dcm 321, rcd Frysbi a rimrd aircra wr si rm r airi prai Irsiy, tWA adr sipad r dsi dais ad y ssd a w dsird prrmac caracrisics h i p maacrrs sabis rma dsi paramrs

Jack Fryes August 1932 letter to American aircratmanuacturers requesting a new all-metal airliner orTWA led to the creation o the Douglas DC-series air-crat. (SI Negative No. 75-5208)

wi airpas S rsvd, p rsrcs is ir cmpay bid bidi a Frd raspr h v b S eiri Cmpay,wic ad rc xpric wi prdci a ivaiv, caivrwi raspr dsi Ss raspr, wic was as a ma, wd s bcm amsr ri SFrd airis bw Cica, Dri, ad CvadFrd wd s av Wiiam B S ims a wrk, i is sma iriabrary i Darbr, Micia, dsi Frd trimr

tw r airpas a rprsd a ik bw d ad w wr prvisy mid lckd Va, wic appard wii yar Frd trimr, ad lckd Siris 1930 A r pas rc x ad idrmiacy ardyamic dvpm aircra dri a 1920s, br a cmps airpa dsi rvi cam r i a crw Syry a cssary s i ms was y pssib, bcas a s ims ad y appard, s spak, s B a r dsisidica a ir dsirs wr, wi qsi, payi ai rdciardyamic dra r sramii hard hicks rpacd gr Prd as ad Frds Aircra eiri Dparm hry Frd ird Prd r abrac cmpay iq; appard i a wspapr p as a rprsaiv Frd Cmpay ad vrsaw dvpm rimrs Dcm319 ccrs dsi Siris airpa Dcm 320 dais y ar s rasii yps a simad a rvi i cmba airpa

The Boeing 247D integrated all the most desirable eatures emerging rom the airplane design revolution, makingit the rst modern airliner. (SI Negative No. 75-12118)



36/188

KlM iisd scd i 11,300mi ldMbr MacRbrstrpy Racad amaziy did s wi a ad mai ad r passrsQicky, KlM rdrd a dz DC2s, wd by mrs rdrs rm rerpa carrirs Fr irs im, a Amrica airir ba cmp Fkkr rasprs, wic ad dmiad erpa airi srvic r svra yars

A a Briis pa ad w MacRbrs Rac, wir ad b aspcia csmizd racr, D haviad Dh88 Cm Briis aviai ad

rs rcizd a ra siiicac rac ay i Amrica cmmrciaairir cmi i scd t dir lds Saturday Reviewdcard sar rac: Briai as w ras a ir rac i isry, b s as y sar a v rar a ir rac: a rac i cmmrcia ad miiary sprmacy Sady, Briis airpa, v bs maci i rar s wi Rya Air Frc

a prs im is as av iisd rac wii a sad mis Amrica macis A Bi 247 w by Rsc trr ad CydPabr iisd ird i rac, w ad a a rs bid DC2 I isams icrdib, b i is r, Briis wspaprma amd16

I dsi Das DC2, w mai appracs a Amricairi ad b wi r prps sramii aircra dsis i,cmmrcia icicy ad rar spd cvrd vry sccssy, ad Amrica

aviai bid ray rm i, a wrdwid sca t DC2 cary prrmd a r airirs Fr irs im, Amrica idsry was prdci araspr s sprir a rs avaiab a v erpa carrirs cmmid ir w aia aviai idsris ad cic b sar yi

Amrica pas t siiicac DC2 ds d r As isriaRicard K Smi d, apparac DC2 as crad, r irs im,

a disic divisi abr bw dsi miiary ad civi aircra Br1933, bmbrs wr ypicay js cvrd airirs wi bmb sacks, armr,ad s addd B w sramid rms dicad mr spciaizd dsisSramii cad r bmbs b carrid iray, ad bcas bmbs k ssspac a a ad passrs, rm is pi crsssci dsis bmbrs ad airi qipm wd mv i ppsi dircis17 I is ss,

rivi airpa br rar spciaizai Sramii was ara bjciv, b spcia rms sramii rqird by aircra wi siiicay dir missis d cars bircais i aircra dsiisry tis was a criica m ca a is missd w discssi airpa dsi rvi irwar yars

As mid arir, DC2 dsi icrprad as rimsjyd by Bi 247, ps a ir wi adi ad spiyp aps tDas Cmpay d is i viab psii ryi i a vr

16 Qd i trry gwyJs, Farr: T Qs r Disac, iMilestones o Aviation, p 6717 Ricard K Smi, Br: T Qs r excc, iMilestones o Aviation, p 253

Irid by ca prdci a dsi a mi v r br a Bi 247, Dad W Das ad is dsi am i SaaMica, Cairia, ba wrk a 12passr wii airir icrprai a as advacs i aircra cmps ad dsi tis icdd craiars a Bi 247 ackd, aby variabpic prprs ad spi apsr ir wi adi A Das dai add by a y Cac rada, Arr e Raymd, ravd tWAs ics i nw Yrk Ciy ad w

crac r w airpa Ar ms dvpm wrk, irs w Das DC sris rasprs, DC1, k air i Jy 1933t pryp ama DC1 icrprad ms advacd ivais im I addii ws s ims, Das dsi am iizd as i araica dsi mds y ira m i vra dsitis iizai icdd a prcdd v rsarc r dsi cdcdwii a wid s Dcm 322

I was js cica iciv a d DC1s ivaiv dsiecmic icivs rr asd cica ivai w Das irsad sa DC1 pryp s Dcm 323 aw r wmr passrs, brii capaciy p 14 t rsa DC2 irs w 11 May 1934 ad bcam irs cmmrciay avaiab Das raspr Fyi

tWAs 18r Sky Ci rascia r rm nwark ls Aswi r sps a Cica, Kasas Ciy, ad Abqrq a spds p 175 mp, DC2 carrid sam am passrs as d rimrsa ss cs ad a asr spds t sccss DC2 was js aia biraia I was as si I 1934, a DC2 w by Dc airi

Dutch KLMs use o the DC-2 in the 1934 London-to-Melbourne MacRobertson Trophy Race announced to theworld the growing ascendancy o American aeronautical technology. (SI Negative No. 523183)



37/188

r Dsiai Dcm, i was irs airpa a abd airis mak myby sy carryi passrs tcicay,i rprsd a cmpd syry viraya majr ivais a ad ak paci aircra dsi sic 1920 Ardyamicay, airpa was xrmy ar advacd,

prdci a vry w CD,o 00249; iswas 17 prc ssici a Bi247, wic ad a xrmy w va 00212 B is dirc was bcas DC3 ad a mc arr sa accmmda rabras saia rsdi a arr rai wd ara r wis adwiik sracs, wd ara is rad xpsd parm ara wi arat DC3 jyd a vry i l/D, a rai 147 tis l/D was ir a ayia cam brad br a viraya a cam ar, craiy wi prprsoy Bi B29 bmbr 1944 ad lckd l1049g Spr Csai airir ary 1950s jyd ir l/Ds, 168 ad 160, rspcivy o vry wry ardyamic ar DC3 was is swpbackwi tis was ird r sam rass a wis rasic adsprsic aircra wd ar b iv swpback; rar, i ad d wi psiii airpas ardyamic cr prpry i rspc is cr raviyt sm x, is ad b d as wi DC2 B as dsi DC3 vvd, i bcam vid Dass irs a cr raviywas cad arr ward rar r a a y xpcd ty md r pas DC3 wi wi rar swpback, mvi ardyamiccr crrc psii tis ca pd airpa aciv a crisispd 185 mp a 10,000 w carryi a ad 21 passrs I

r wrds, DC3 bid rm a v mr sramid sap a isprdcssrs, wi icrasi capaciy by 50 prc taks y sramii b as ir prcss rivi airpa, r irs im,

Amrica airi idsry ad a passr aircra a cd mak a pri wia vrm airmai sbsidy

Wi a db, 1934, 1935, ad 1936 wr bar yars r b Amricaad ba aviai Frm pi viw aviai y, i as b ard ai was aircra dvpms assciad wi is prid a, as mc as ayi s cica cribd dircy by Amrica idsry, pd bi i uS cmy gra Dprssi; aircra dvpms craiypayd a par i ra rcvry a imay dpdd ivvm i

C.R. Smiths need or new aircrat or Ameri-can Airlines resulted in the DC-3, which Smithdeclared as the rst airliner to enable the air-lines to make money by solely carrying pas-sengers. (SI Negative No. 8094; VideodiscNo. 2B-75566)

wmi back rdrs r pa Dsii a v bir ad mr c

iv raspr bcam a rwi pssibiiy w Cyrs Rw CR Smi Amrica Airis, ird uS rascia srvic wi tWA ad uidwad a aircra rpac ai Criss Cdr bipas a Amrica ad b si is iim Pmasy spr srvic Amricas ciir, Wiiam liwd, drmid a by widi sa DC2 by 26 ics ad addi 10 is wispa, i cd accmmda 14 spi brs t rvisd airpa, kw as Das Skyspr traspr, madis maid i 17 Dcmbr 1935, i cbrai 32d aivrsary Wris i a Kiy hawk Fid wi Wri R1820 is ad idr 21 dayim passrs wi sprs, airpa w as DC3 o1 Jy 1936, Prsid Fraki D Rsv, ba naia AraicAssciai, prsd Rbr J Cir trpy Das Cmpay r

ras acivm i Amrica aviai i 1935, rim DCsris aircra I is rmarks, Prsid Rsv said, tis a irpa by ras is i spd, cmy, ad qi passr cmr as b ray adpd byraspr is r uid Sas Is mri as b rr rcizdby is adpi abrad, ad is ic ri dsi is arady appar18

S, DC3 bcam ms ppar ad riab prprdriv airiri aviai isry Is apparac markd cmiai dsi rvii Amrica aircra ad, as C R Smi, prsid Amrica Airis, d i

18 Qd i Das J Is, Te Plane that Changed the World: A Biography o the DC-3 Fabrk,CA: Ar Pbisrs, Ic, p 166

The highly successul DC series o aircrat, such as the Douglas Skysleeper Transport designed or Americanairlines, garnered Douglas Aircrat the 1935 Collier Trop

Wind Beyond, Vol 2, Part 1

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