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All rights reserved © 2006, Alcatel

WiMAX Enabling a world of broadband wireless opportunities

Ing. Armando RegusciMVD Telcom 2006


Agenda

Introduction

Wimax – Key Technologies

802.16e Performance & Apps

WiMAX Standardization Overview

Conclusions

Market Drivers


WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

-Wireless Broadband Access

- IP/Ethernet based

- Point-to-Multipoint Microwave : up to 15km

- Non Line of Sight

- Cellular coverage design

- Standard-based : IEEE 802.16

- Cost-effective

- Supported by more than 380 industry players to make it interoperable


Agenda

Market Drivers

Wimax – Key Technologies



Conclusions

Introduction


How is access evolving?

It is going Broadband It is going Wireless

ÑIncreasing demand for multimedia data hungry applications

Ñ Fixed triple play is a reality

ÑMultiple types of usage: professional, entertainment, radio &TV

Broadband Wireless Access

Ñ Access to services everywhere with every terminals

Ñ Means to address copper-less areas

Ñ End-user’s readiness to pay “mobile” premium


Differentiated and advanced features for high end user

Differentiated and advanced features for high end user

Business drivers:Offer the ideal solution for the end users

Mobile TV§ Few Broadcast channels and 100+ Unicast channels

for unlimited usage

Mobile Gaming§ Full interactivity, low latency for both server-based or

peer-to-peer gamers§ Leveraging the location + presence + speed info to

enhance level of game

High Speed Internet§ Peak rate: 8 Mbps DL, 256 Kbps UL, unlimited volume

Data…VoIP: A strong telecommunications industry trend

Video…

+ High Speed Internet / Data …

Always on

Voice …

Mobility

Affordable voice and internet services for low income usersAffordable voice and internet services for low income users


WiMAX 16e empowers operators to address two main end users markets

Next Billion users

Ñ Combine BB connectivity and voice enabled services (VoIP)

Ñ Kiosk, residential and nomadic

Enable new mass market

Convergence on WiMAX 802.16e

Next generation Mobile Broadband users

“End-user is expecting low cost voice andinternet connectivity”

“Operators want to address untapped customer base”

“User is ready to pay premium for a new breed of applications”

“ Operators want to get more value from existing customer base

ÑBroadband in the pocket (e.g. mobile office, gaming)

ÑMobile IPTV in addition to Voice, Data, Video


Seamless Services… Make it transparent

Seamless Broadband Experience

At HomeAt Home On the MoveOn the MoveOn the PauseOn the Pause At the OfficeAt the Office

Broadband Wireline Broadband Wireless Broadband Mobile

IPTelephony

InteractiveTV

VideoTelephony

NetSurfing

OnlineGaming

MobileInteractive


WiMAX terminal roadmap – drastic price drop & Affordability as effect of standardization

2006

50$

2007 2008 2009

100$

150$

200$

250$

Yearly sales (k units)

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

Pricerange

x

x

x

PCMCIA

x

Low Cost CPEEmbedded

Multi-users CPE

Simple CPE

Outdoor CPE

2 phones4 PC

WiFi

1 phone1 PC


Fixed On the pause

Fixed operators expansion(integration in Fixed Networks)

Beyo

nd

3G

Full IP

RA

N A

pp

roa

ch

Full Mobile

Mobile operators expansion(integration in Mobile Networks)

Fixe

d op

erat

ors

Mob

ile o

pera

torsDSL

2G/EDGE

3G/HSDPAWiMAX

WiMAX

WiMAX WiMAX

Operators strategic moves

New Entrants / ISPs


WiMAX

Speed/user

UMTS/FDDEDGE/GPRS

WiFi

FibrexDSLWired

Satellite

High-end PDALaptop

“Fixed” “On the move””On the pause”

Very High

High

Medium

Global coverageHot spots

TDDTD-SCDMA*

Hot zones

HSDPA

”Always on”

Make the right technology choice

Mobility

Complementary access solutions for different mobility and nomadic needs

PDA with phone Phone


Alcatel 9100 WiMAX solutionImproved cell capacity and coverage

10 100 1000 10000 100000

Data rate [Kbps]

EDGE900 (200 KHz)

HSDPA FDD (5 MHz)

UMTS TDD (5 MHz)

CDMA2000 EV-DO

WiMAX (5 MHz)

WiMAX (10 MHz)

Throughput per Sector

AveragePeak

WiMAX provides High Peak and Average Throughput

andSeveral Mbps at cell edge

WiMAX re-use existing 2G/3G sites in urban areas.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

EDGE 900

EDGE 1800

HSDPA FDD (2GHz)

UMTS TDD (2GHz)

UMTS TDD (3.5GHz)

CDMA 2000 (2GHz)

WiMAX PCMCIA (3.5GHz)

WiMAX RG (3.5GHz)

WiMAX PCMCIA (2.5GHz)

WiMAX RG (2.5GHz)

Range (km)

5MHz


Agenda

Market Drivers


Conclusions

Wimax 802.16e – Key Technologies


Introduction


Worldwide spectrum for WiMAX


TDD vs. FDD

TDD is preferred by Alcatel for WiMAX due to:§ Efficient handling of asymmetric traffic§ Compliant with non-paired spectrum or paired spectrum§ Simpler duplexing circuit in CPE / BS§ TDD is selected for WiMAX 16e products§ Channel reciprocity for AAS

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

Time Framef

t

Ch

an

nel

Downlink

Uplink

Downlink

Uplink

Downlink

Uplink

f

t

Time FrameCh

an

nel 1

Ch

an

nel 2

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink UplinkDownlink UplinkDownlink Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

Time Framef

t

Ch

an

nel

Downlink

Uplink

Downlink

Uplink

Downlink

Uplink

f

t

Time FrameCh

an

nel 1

Ch

an

nel 2

TDD

FDD


IntroductionOFDM(A)

OFDM is the solution for very high data rate transmission§ Robustness to multi-path / selective fading environmentsü Signal is transmitted on orthogonal narrow-band sub-carriersü Robustness is preserved when BW is increased (SOFDMA)

§ Low complexity modulator / demodulator (iFFT/FFT) and equalizer§ Flexible allocation (sub-channelling / OFDMA)§ Spectrum efficiency: Modulation scheme and power adjustable per

sub-channel

Data Subcarriers Pilot SubcarriersDC Subcarrier

Guard band Guard band


IntroductionOFDM: Why ?

ISI

Inter Symbol Interference

§ Function ofü Symbol durationü Delay spread

ISIt

→ Mobile/NLOS environment

§ Multipath§ High delay spread

t

+

t

High data rates

§ Short symbol durationü Ts = 1/BW

§ 16 QAM, 64 QAM, …

OFDM makes possible radio transmission of large BW signalsin NLOS environment


IntroductionOFDM principle

Seri

al to

pa

rall

el

Modulator

~ f1

Modulator

~ f2

Modulator

~ f3

+

§ High data rate§ Short bit duration

§ Lower data rate§ Longer symbol duration

§ fn=n.∆f§ Orthogonal subcarriers

OFDM = Transmission of high number of orthogonal narrow band signals in parallel


Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)Principles

§ set of modulation/coding schemesü QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMü distributed over one sector:

– SINR distribution– automatic selection mechanisms QPSK

16QAM64QAM

§ Maximum throughput per sectorü Highest modulation schemeü Lowest coding protection

§ Mean throughput offered per sectorü Contribution of different modulationsü Average over the area

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Cov

erag

e pr

obab

ility

(%

)

QPS

K 1/

2

QPS

K 3/

4

16-Q

AM 1

/2

16-Q

AM 3

/4

64-Q

AM 2

/3

64-Q

AM 3

/4


802.16e advanced featuresSOFDMA

SOFDMA: OFDM modulation is also used for Multiple Access

§ Additional flexibility in resource allocationü Especially small packets (VoIP)

§ Range extension in DL and ULü Sub-Channeling is by nature

§ No preamble in UL ü Pilot for each allocation blocks

FCH

FCH

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

DL part UL part

Pre

am

ble

DL

Pre

am

ble

DL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

FCH

FCH

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

DL part UL part

Pre

am

ble

DL

Pre

am

ble

DL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

DL part UL part

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

DL part UL part

OFDM

SOFDMA


IEEE 802.16e SOFDMA OFDMA: Additional Flexibility in Resource Allocation

QPS

K 1

/2

QPS

K 3

/4

16Q

AM

1/2

16Q

AM

3/4

64Q

AM

2/3

64Q

AM

3/4

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Efficiency UL G729 - 20 ms framing

16d (Average 48%)16e (Average 94%)

QPS

K 1

/2

QPS

K 3

/4

16Q

AM

1/2

16Q

AM

3/4

64Q

AM

2/3

64Q

AM

3/4

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Efficiency DL G729 - 20 ms framing

16d (Average: 74%)16e (Average: 94%)

G729 – 20 ms: 78 Bytes / Packet

For VoIP Applications: . Max 50% efficiency with 802.16d (OFDM). ~ 95% efficiency with 802.16e (SOFDMA)


Sub-ChannellingPrinciple

+ 3,3 dB

# Sub-channels: 8

Sub-channels: 1

+ 9 dB5 MHz

#Sub-channels: 17

x 2,125 x 8

Link Budget

UL data rate @ cell edge

AssumptionsPUSC mode

5 MHz

Reminder+3dB in LKB

-35% sites

Trade-off Coverage / UL data rate @ cell edge


IEEE 802.16e SOFDMAScalability: Key Benefits

SOFDMA: Scalable OFDMA§ Number of FFT points is adapted to channel bandwidth ü Similar robustness to multi-path for higher bandwidth ü Same range when bandwidth is increased

x2

BW

2xBW 2xBW

=

BWOFDM SOFDMA

Sites: + 35%Tg: / 2

Sites: =Tg: =


From day one in A9100 Alcatel solution

§ Coverage Enhancement

ü beam forming array gain

§ Interference Reduction

ü explicit interference cancellation

ü general side lobes suppression

§ Capacity Increase

ü enhanced distribution of SINR

802.16e advanced features Beamforming

QPS

K 1

/2

QPS

K 3

/4

16Q

AM

1/2

16Q

AM

3/4

64Q

AM

2/3

64 Q

AM

3/4

No AASAAS

93 91

7464

4337

7769

4840

2418

0102030405060708090

100

Better link quality and

coverage probability with

beamforming


Beamforming Coverage Enhancement

2,13

1,39

1

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

Num

ber o

f site

s (r

atio

)

1 2 4

Number of antennas M

Number of sites vs. number of antenna elements

100 sites with 4-element AAS leads to 213 sites without AAS. +110 % site in single antenna mode

Gains• DL: 20.log10(M)• UL: 10.log10(M)

§Four antenna elementlinear array gain:

Uplink: + 6dB Downlink: + 12dB


Smart Antenna – MIMO

Preferred Application Scenarios§ Independent fading channels§ Strong fading and large angular spread of multi-paths§ Typical scenario: BS has a lower

height than surrounding reflectorsü Micro-cellular and hot zones

Antenna System requirements§ Antenna spacing: > coherence distance (several λ)

– Alternative: use of cross polarised antennasü At Tx and Rx (MIMO schemes)

Techniques§ Spatial Diversity: Diversity combining or STCü Improved link quality§ Spatial Multiplexingü Maximised data rate and system capacity


WiMAX Network Architecture

OMC-R

WAC

BS

Outdoor

Indoor

INTERNETINTERNET

AAAserver

BillingCenter

NGNVoIP

WiMAX RAN

Base Station

WiMAXAccess Control

Authentication policyAuthorization policyAccountingProxying policy (Roaming)

Session Border Controller

Services

PSTNPLMN

MGW

Router withHA function

Access ControlAuthentication, Authorization, AccountingCACTraffic routingMobility Management

HA

SIP Controller


The Proxy Mobile IP approach

Inter AC handover is based on Proxy MIP

§ In Proxy MIP the MIP client is in the network and not in the Mobile Station (MS). Except this difference, PMIP is MIP (as defined in RFC 3344)

§ From the Home Agent (HA) standpoint there is NO difference between PMIP and CMIP

§ Why PMIP ?

ü No requirement on the MS (MS does not need to host a MIP client)

– Depending on the MS type (laptop, PDA…) it is not always possible to installa MIP client

ü Having a MIP client on the MS…

– Does not provide any advantage to manage mobility within the Wimax network

– Could be an advantage to manage inter-technology handover. But requires that the MIP client in the MS be at the OS level (shared among all physical layers). And this is not the case today.


Alcatel WiMAX 802.16Multi-layer mobility

Intra WAC handoverü Handover between base stations

keeping the same Access Controller (WAC) as anchor point (AC). No change of Mobile IP foreign Agent.

Inter WAC handoverü Handover between base stations

leading to a change of Access Controller (WAC). Requires a binding update with the Home Agent (HA)

802.16e

WAC(proxy MIP/FA)

HA

WAC(proxy MIP/FA)

BS

BS

BS

Corporate

IMS

Internet

intra WAC

inter WAC

Seamless handover HA: Home AgentFA: Foreign Agent

802.16e

WAC(proxy MIP/FA)

HA

WAC(proxy MIP/FA)

BSBS

BSBS

BSBS

Corporate

IMS

Internet

intra WAC

inter WAC

Seamless handover HA: Home AgentFA: Foreign Agent

Session disruption during handover is between 90 and 110 ms§ Allows to provide seamless handover for non real-time applications

§ VoIP user can experience a short « cut »

Near future implementations will provide optimization for full mobility : sub 50ms

MIP is defined in RFC 3344


Quality of Service

WiMAX Solution to provide QoS mechanisms for the air interface§ UGS : Unsolicited Grand Service§ BE : Best Effort§ nrt/rtPS : non Real/Real Time Polling services

QoS ensured in Network through usual IP/MPLS networks methods.

QoS Over the Air is triggered from the network§ Use of Core Session Border Gate (P-CSCF function)§ PDF function in WAC§ CAC Over the Air in the BS


Flexible authentication methods for every type of operator

WAC

WAC

WiMAXAccess

Mobile Core NetworkApplications Head End

AAA

AAA

Fixed Core NetworkApplications Head End

HLR/HSS

§ AAA framework to support different authentication methodsü PKM-EAP for user

authentication (TLS, TTLS, SIM,..)

ü CHAP/EAP-TTLS for secured and simple password based authentication

ü PKM-RSA for device authentication

§ Encapsulationü PKMv2 key hierarchy for

enhanced protection of control messages

ü AES support for strongest cryptographic algorithm option

WiMAX user authentication architecture

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