Will Find World Class Museums With Wonderful Works

8/14/2019 Will Find World Class Museums With Wonderful Works

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Unit 17

Anaesthetic Sore throat Blood stream Vales Artery Veins Carbon dioxide Bypass

Insomnia Infected Circulation Temporarily Fever Remedy Era Fatal Lungs Sterilize Surpasses Carbolic acidOperate Epidemics Founder Appalling

G Idioms and expressions* an expert on hospitals . * conditions were appalling .* soldiers lie on bare and dirty floor .* she is widely regarded as the founder of modern nursing .

1 Doctors :-

Surgeon Physician Oculist Dentist Psychiatrist Pathologist

2 Operation / Surgery / Plastic surgery / Transplant / Open heart surgery.Operation : ex : The surgeon performed an operation on her for a kidney problem .Surgery : ex : He has to undergo abdominal surgery .

Open heart surgery : ex : The era of open heart surgery began in the fifties .Plastic surgery : ex : Several of the fire victims needed plastie surgery .Transplant : ex : an operation in which an organ is tranpanted .

Ex : He performed a heart transplant and is now in good condition3 Contract / Shrink / Expand / Dilate

Contract : ex : Metals contract as they get cooler .Shrink : ex : This kind of shirt shrinks in the wash .Expand : ex : Metals expand when they are hearted .Dilate : ex : The pupils of your eyes dilate when you enter a dark room .

1 - Read the following then complete table :-Some human organs are damaged , yet they can continue working artificially with a

machine . A kidney machine keeps people alive removing waste products from the body when their kidneys fail to so . The heart lung machine can maintain breathing when there extreme lungdamage . In open heart surgery blood is sent through machine , bypassing the heart . Thus the

surgeon works inside it .Machine Function When it is used

1 ..1 . 2 ..3 ..2 ..4 . 5 .. ..6 ...

2 - Read and complete the table :-Vitamins are very important for good health . One vitamin that you need to have

regularly is vitamin C . Certain fruits and vegetables are rich in this vitamin . Some examples areoranges , lemons and grapefruits , as well as tomatoes . Vitamin C can be destroyed by heat , so itis a good idea to eat lots of uncooked fruits and vegetables .

Importance of vitamins : ..The vitamin needed regularly :


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Where it is found : Examples : How to be destroyed : Advice :

3 - Supply the missing parts in the following dialogue: -Ahmed is asking about Hassans health :

Ahmed : Oh, Hassan ! Whats wrong with you ?Hassan : 1 ..

Ahmed : If the beats of your heart are not normal , you should see a specialist doctor Hassan : ..2 .

Ahmed ; 3 . Hassan : He said that there are some disorders of the heart .

Ahmed : What did he advise you to do ?Hassan : 4 ..

4 - Supply the missing word in each sentence from the list :-Veins arteries die surgeon heart lung diseased

Bloodstream supply

1 If your heart stops , you will .in about five minutes .2 In a heart transplant surgeons replace heart with a healthy one .3 All the bodys cells need a constant of oxygen .4 The oxygen you breathe in enters your through your lungs .5 The heart pumps blood round the body through 6 - .take the blood back to the heart when it has given up all its oxygen .7 Dr John Gibbon was the first person to develop a .machine .8 Professor Magdi Yacoub is a famous heart ..

A) Translate into Arabic :-Doctors measure pulse rates to find out if the heart is beating normally . They usually feelthe artery in the wrist . But the pulse can be felt whenever an artery passes over a bone . Thenormal pulse rate for men is 72 beats per minute .

B) Translate into English :-1 72 . 8072

. 2 .85 50

5 - Supply the missing parts in the following dialogue:-Between surgeon and Samira who are talking about the hearts .

Samira : . 1 .. Surgeon : Because if it stops , you will die in about minutes .

Samira : 2 Surgeon : Yes , a diseased heart can be replaced by a healthy one .

Samira : Whats the hearts job ?Surgeon : ..3 ..

Samira : . 4 . Surgeon : Its Dr. Magdi Yacoub .

6 - Read the following passage then answer the questions :- Everybody agrees that it is safer, easier and cheaper to /// a disease than to try to cure it . In

the 1860 the germ theory of disease was advanced a doctors began to devise ways of preventinggerms from invade the body . and of fighting them once they did . We can handle most germdiseases now , but the great dart to human life heath are the so called degenerative diseases . Thoseinvolve the breakdown of the body mach so that a person may come to suffer from cancer , heart .


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arthritis diabetes senility and so on . The medical profession has learned a great deal about how toorganize the way we eat so as to make such diseases less likely . They have learned how to usevitamins and hormones to keep body machinery in better shape . However , do what we may ,those degenerative diseases will come eventually , and the body will break down altogether . So ,in the end , every human being must die . Still . if the diseases are postponed as long as possible ,we will have a stronger and healthier old age . If we die let us at least not have a long period

weakness and pain before we go . That means that medical piaenicemf the future will concentratemore and more on diagnosis , or detecting changes in the body at an early stage . Any breakdownis easier to treat if you catch it at the very start , before it has had a chance to establish itself and

begin to do much damage . .

Answer the following questions :-1 What is the great danger to human life and health ?2 What do degenerative diseases include ?3 How can such diseases be controlled ?4 What will the medical practice concentrate on in the future ?

7 -Choose the correct answer :-5 It is better to ( see prevent treat heal ) diseases than to cure them .6 Vitamins and hormones keep body ( job function practice machinery ) in better order .7 Any breakdown is easier to treat if you detect it ( eater earlier easier simply ) .

1 - Nouns , verbs and adjectives following by prepositions Noun + preposition

Noun + for Cheque demand need - reason . * Ahmed is crying butwe dont know the reason for his weeping .

Noun + of Advantage disadvantage cause a photograph a picture a map a plan a drawing .

Noun + in Anincrease a decrease arise a fall in . Noun + to Damage invintation a solution an attitude answer aleey to replay to reaction to .

Noun + with + between .. Contact a connect relationship . .

8 - Complete the sentences with the correct preposition :-1 Ahmed is sorry he hasnt written to Yara for so long . The reason . this is that

hes been busy .2 What was Yaras reaction the news ?3 Ahmed showed Mohammed a photograph the house where he lived as child4 The company has rejected the workers demands a rise pay .5 What was the answer questions 3 in the test ?6 The fact that Abeer was offered a job has no connection the fact that her

eosin is the managing director .7 There are some difference ..British and American English .8 Everything can be explained . Theres a reason ..everything .9 If Ahmed gives Yara the camera , can she faike a photograph .me ?10 Money isnt the solution .every problem .11 There has been an increase ..the amount of traffic using this road .12 When Mohammed opened the envelope , he was delighted to find a cheque .. 50013 The advantage .having a car is that you dont have to rely on public transport .14 There are many advantages being able to speak a foreign language

15 When Paul left home , his attitude ..his parents seemed to change .16 Mona and Nadia used to be good friends but Nadia doesnt have much contact ,,,,her now17 There has been a sharp rise rise .....the cost of living in the past few years .


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2 Adjective + Preposition

Adjective + of Nice / kind / stupid / good / clever / generous / rash silly chilly polite careful careless bad ashamed proud scared frightened fond jealous .

To

* Yara is a lway kind to Ahmed [ him ]

Adjective + about with Angry pleased annoyed furious worried excited upset nervous delighted satisfied disappointed .

about* . .Dont be angry about little things ) +for + v + ing + +With. )

* Ahmed was annoyed with Yara for breaking his camera .Adjective + at + by + with Shocked / amazed / astonished / at / by +

impressed ( with / by ) / bored fed up / with something .Sorry About / for / + some body .

9 - Put in the correct preposition :-1 The man we interviewed for the job was intelligent but werent very impressed ....

his appearance .2 Are you still upset what I said to you yesterday ?3 Ahmed said he was sorry .the situation but there was nothing he could do .4 Yara felt sorry .the children when on holiday . It rained every day and they

had to spend most of the time indoors .5 Ahmed was delighted the present you gave me .

6 It was very nice you to do my shopping for me . Thank you much .7 Why are you always so rude ..your parents ? Cant you be nice ..them ?8 It was a bit careless .you to leave the door unlocked when you went out .9 Asmaa didnt reply to our letter , which wasnt very polite them .10 We always have the same food every day . Im fed up .it .11 Ahmed cant understand people who are cruel ..animals .12 Ahmed enjoyed his holiday , but he was a bit disappointed .the hotel .13 Ahmed was surprised the way Mohammed behaved . It was completely

out of character .14 Ive sbeen trying to learn Spanish but Im not very satisfied .my progress .15 Haydi doesnt look very well . Im worried .her .16 Are you angry what happened ?17 Im sorry ..what I said . I hope youre not angry ..me .18 The people next door furious ..us ..making so much noise last night .19 Yara starts her new job next week . Shes quite excited ..it .20 Im sorry .the smell of paint in this room . Ive just decorated it .

3 Verb + Preposition

Verb + at Look have a look glance stare smile aim point shoot laughVerb + to Talk / speak / listen / write / invite .Verb + for Blame / apologize / thank / excuse / cane .Verb + of Hear / cure / approve / contain / accuse / consists / think .

to .at * Shout [ at to ] * Yara got very angry and started shouting at me .* Yara shouted to me from the other side of the street .


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* Throw [ at to ] : some body threw an egg at Anoska [ to hit ] .* Throw something to somebody . Ahmed threw the keys to Yara from the window .

10 -Put in to or at where necessary :-1 They only invited a few people ..their wedding .2 Look these flowers . Arent they pretty ?3 Please dont shout ..me ! be nice to me !4 I saw Sue as I was cycling along the road . I shouted he but she didnt hear me .5 Dont listen when he says . He doesnt know what hes talking about .6 Can I speak you for a moment ? Theres something I want to ask you .7 Do you think I could have a look .your newspaper , please ?8 Im a bit lonely . I need somebody to talk ..9 She was so angry she threw a chair ..me .10 The woman sitting opposite me on the train kept staring ..me .11 Do you hear .Ahmed Zewail .12 Ahmed apologize ..Yara .13 Mohammed cure the cold .14 Mona invited Nadia her birthday .15 Dont throw stones .the birds .

11 - Insert the proper preposition in each space :-1 Ahmed accused the man theft .2 Mr. Khaled was angry him .3 Ahmed was angry the weather .4 Ahmed is now ashamed his conduct .5 I congratulate you your success .6 Ahmed died .malaria .7 Ahmed suffered .typhoid . 8 I was disappointed ..his work .9 Their house is opposite ..ours . 10 Yara was married ..a rich man .

11 If you are interested .reading such old history books , you can look .some in the public library .

12 Some people think he is good .drawing and painting , while others think heis good .nothing

13 The government supplies the new agricultural projects .a constant supply water .14 Ahmed works a new economic plan , but she doesnt work .along time15 We are very proud .our great scientists . We really take pride their achievements .16 Ahmed joined the army .the age of twenty one .17 I will finish the reports ..two days time .18 . The way , did meet Samir your way to school yesterday ?19 You cant stop him doing such evil things ; he is the sort of person who

will stop .nothing .20 Yara is always afraid the mad dogs she sees in the streets . Her mother

thinks her child is in real danger and she is always worried .her

12 - Choose the correct answer :-1 Ahmed is keen ( in on at about ) carrying out this giant project .2 The cause ( for about of on ) his mental disorder is still mysterious .3 We are ( keen proud assured blamed ) of being Egyptian .4 I congratulated my son ( at with on about ) achieving marvellous results .5 It is a step ( backward on forward upward ) to reach his aims .6 The artificial kidney machine can take ( over after to down ) the function of the

natural kidney .7 We ran ( out over out of in ) petrol , so I was late for work .8 Dont blame him ( about on for in ) such a mistake . He wasnt trained thoroughly .


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9 The car ran ( on in into at ) a tree .10 The teacher is fed up ( for on at with ) the students carelessness .11 Only a small part of the petroleum obtained from the ground consists ( in with of on ) petrol .12 They died ( at of by for ) starvation .13 Ahmed applied ( to at for on ) the post but did not get it .14 Yara was interested ( in at of by ) reading novels .

15 The mother cares ( on at for to ) her children .16 He was terrified ( at of with on ) the monster .17 She was bored ( with at on- by ) the film and left before it ended .

13 - Write a paragraph on Egypt has witnessed a medical revolution You can make use of the following points :* newly well equipped hospitals . * sending newly graduated doctors abroad ..* using technological devices appropriately . * encouraging medical research .

14 - Read and then write notes on the passage :-Cotton cultivation needs much skill and much work . The soil must be ploughed . On the

hot days of August , cotton begins to flower . From this flower springs the pod . When the pod is

fully ripe , it bursts open showing a mass of white fiber . Cotton is sometimes attacked by a fatalenemy which is the cotton worm . If the farmers do not destroy this enemy , the cotton crop will be greatly damaged .

A mass of white fiber appears when ..The cotton crop is in danger Its the farmers duty .

15 - With the help of the meaning given against each word fill in themissing letters :-

1 I n - s

2 d s - - d3 e re l te4 - r 5 p ys e - - n

= the two breathing organs .

= sick or unhealthy .= to move or flow along .= a set of years .= a doctor who treats diseases with medicines .s

A ) Translate into Arabic :-Your body is a wonderful machine with many parts fad part has a special function and

all the parts work together keep you alive and healthy . Like all machines , your body needs fuel-food . The oxygen you breather in the form of are helps turn the food you eat into energy .

B) Translate into English :- .1 2 .

16 - Use will or may before the verb :-1 If you work hard , you ( pass ) the exam .2 If she comes , she ( meet ) the visitors .3 If he takes the medicine , he ( be ) healthy .4 If they practise well, they ( win ) the match .5 If you make a party , some friends ( come ) .6 If you get 95% you ( join ) the faculty of medicine .7 If she goes on a diet , she ( become ) fit .

17 - Rewrite the following sentences using the words in bracketswithout changing the meaning :-1 I want you to open the window for me . Mind


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2 Although he was clever . he failed his exam . However 3 Is Aly coming to the party tomorrow ? I dont know 4 It could not be used by them . They 5 It isnt necessary for you to hurry . Neednt 6 The price of petrol has been reduced to 20% . Reduction 7 He wants to be very wealthy . Ambition

8 The surgeon will perform an operation on the patient . Operate 9 All the bodys cells need a constant supply of oxygen . Constancy 10 Surgeons are able to carry out complicated operations . Abuiy 11 They think that he is the best surgeon in the world . Regarded 12 In the past , few women had jobs . Nowadays 13 She travelled in Europe and visited many hospitals . During 14 He is ambitious and wants to be wealthy . Ambition 15 The nurse treats injured people . Treatment 16 Dr. Magdi Yacoubs fame is in heart surgery . Famous 17 The oxygen you breathe in enters your bloodstream through your lungs . Without 18 Brain cells will die without oxygen supply . If

19 Before the twentieth century , few doctors dared to touch the heart . After 20 The heart pumps blood round the body through arteries . Unless 21 If your heart stops , you will die . Unless 22 If you have a fever , you will feel hot . Wont "23 All living things need oxygen . Without oxygen 24 If you have insomnia , you will have difficulty sleeping . Difficult 25 Metals expand when they are heated . Expansion 26 The surgeon operated on the patient last Monday . Operation 27 Yara made a quick recovery from the flu she had last week . Recovered 28 Nobody could find out the cause of the fire . What 29 Yara is greatly interested in computer games . Interest 30 I got bored with the story and went out for a walk . Boring

18 - Supply the missing parts in the following dialogue between :-Yara and Haydi

Yara : .1 ? Haydi : Because Saad Zaghloul was a national leader .

Yara : 2 .?Haydi : He studied in Al Azhar then he studied law .Yara : 3 ...?Haydi : He was the leader of the Egyptian revolution .Yara : 4 .. ?

Haydi : He was the symbol of the good and faithful citizen . Yara : Whats professor Sir Magdi Yacoub famous for ?

Haydi : 5 Yara : What happens if a person has a fever ?Haydi : .6 .Yara : What can a dentist give a patient before drilling tooth ?Haydi : ..7 .Yara : .8 .Haydi : The person who performs operations is called a surgeon .

19 - Read the following letter , and write a reply to it : You live at

20 El Haram Street , Giza :-


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58 Sherif Street ,Sohag .April 6 .

Dear Seif ,Im gland to write to you . I read about Professor Sir Magdi Yocoub

and his position as the best surgeon . So , please tell me everything about him .

Where he is from . Why he became famous . What kind of surgery he is interested in . How hewas awardedWaiting for your letter

Yours sincerely ,Hani

20 -Choose the correct answer :-1 The brain needs a constant supply of ( oxygen water air blood ) .2 Before inventing the heart lung ( tool instrument machine risk ) surgeons couldnt

easily operate on the heart .3 Disorders of the ( lung heart kidney stomach ) can be treated with surgery .4 The ( work style way function ) of the heart is to pump blood round the body .5 Dr. Magdi Yacoub is regarded as the best heart ( dealer doctor surgeon worker ) .6 The oxygen you breathe in enters the bloodstream through your ( lungs veins

arteries heart )7 If you eat too much food, you may get ( digestion indigestion difficulty troubles )8 At present the death ( rate percent ration result ) has been reduced .9 Yara wants to take a ( work job profession labour ) and be a nurse .10 During her ( trips visits stay arrival ) she visited some hospitals .11 During the war , she treated the injured ( men women soldiers foreigners ) .12 There were no medical ( subjects things ways supplies ) or food .

13 She came from a prosperous ( family house place area ) .14 There is no ( method evidence matter element ) that he is a successful businessman . 15 The pupils are expected to study hard and pass their ( exams schools studies results )16 How can you achieve your ( success ambition way hobby ) ? By hard work .17 The clinic should be ( stained sterilized infected dirtied ) before performing

medical operation in it .18 When you exercise , your ( pulse beating drum motion ) rate mereases .19 The surgeon performed an ( application occupation operation engagement ) on

him for a lung problem .20 His kidneys are not working ; he is in bad need of a kidney ( change plantation

transplant transfer ) .

21 The nurse put a ( dress cloth ribbon dressing ) on the wound to keep it clean .22 The problem was so ( easy simple complicated direct ) that I couldnt solve it .23 Pressure in the container remains ( variable changeable different permanent ) it is

always fixed .24 If you dont pay your electricity bill, you may be cut ( off across on down ) .25 The blood ( hangs shakes circulates turns ) through the human body continuously26 The theatre is ( continuously temporarily usually permanently ) closed for

redecoration . It will be reopened next month .27 He had to transplant the ( healthy wholesome sound diseased ) kidney .28 We managed to ( cross follow keep bypass ) the shopping centre by taking side streets29 ( Effective Useful Waste Valuable ) materials produced during the

manufacturing process were thrown away or buried in the desert .30 In an open heart ( surgery treatment cure course )the blood of the sick person is

kept flowing by a machine .


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31 Ahmed will take ( over up on in ) as managing director when the present director retires .32 Ahmed was suffering form a severe ( order disorder fitness strength ) of the liver 33 He is a ( stupid foolish silly brilliant ) student . He always gets the best marks .34 I like to ( get angry relax hurt offend ) with a good book when I get back from work .35 Ahmed is a true gentleman . Ahmed always behaves ( badly wickedly properly improperly )36 Ai valve in the heart allows the blood to flow ( circularly in one direction in all

directions backwards and forwards ) .37 Metals expand when they are ( heated cooled beaten red ).38 Nurses ( wash clean sterilize cover ) the surgeons instruments before an operation .39 A friend of mine has had a heart ( change transplant plant pain ).40 The air you breathe in goes to your ( lungs veins arteries stomach ) .41 He is ( thought said spronoeed - regarded ) as the best dentist .42 She is an expert ( at with on by ) the field of surgery .43 Valves stop the blood ( from of with to ) getting back into the arteries .44 If your heart stops, you will die in about five ( seconds minutes hours days ) .45 If you take an aspirin , your headache may get ( good bad worse better ) .46 The brain needs a constant ( giving taking supply work ) of oxygen .

47 This girls ( liking ambition job dreams ) is to be a nurse .48 A ( design Prize ward wound ) is a large room in a hospital .49 The patient was delighted with the ( cause result doing carrving ) of his operation .50 Doctors always try to ( fight kill help finish ) disease .51 Brilliant surgeons could ( keep save find operate ) thousands of peoples lives .52 Sixty years ago , it was impossible to operate on a patient ( which what who

whose ) had heart problems .53 A heart lung machine ( uses may use is used is to use ) to maintain breathing .54 A heart lung machine is designed to ( take part take place replace space ) the

heart and lungs .55 ( Transport Transportation Transplants Planting ) is the transfer of an organ

from one body to another .56 Thousands are ( victim victimise sacrifices victims ) of cancer .57 It is now easy for doctors to carry ( on out off at ) heart operations .58 If the heart stops working ( dyeing deathly death dead ) follows .59 There have great ( improves proves improvement improvements ) in surgery .60 The dentist gave the patient ( medicine an anaesthetic tablets drugs ) before

drilling his tooth .61 The nurse put ( a dressing cotton water alcohol ) inter on the wound to keep it clean .62 This patient needs a heart ( change transplant planting cure ) .63 Before ( a treatment an operation an examination a treatment ) the instruments

must be sterilized .64 The heart pumps blood round the body through ( lungs veins arteries - ///// ) .65 Dr. Magdi Yacoub is a famous heart ( surgeon - operator worker - /////)66 The brain needs a constant ( work job supply - //////) of oxygen .67 If you feel ( headache stomachache insomnia - //////) you may have difficulty stand .68 The dressmaker uses a needle to ( sow see sew saw ) the button on .69 I have ( late lately later early ) agreed to help him with his studies .70 Ahmed filled ( out with off in ) the form to get a passport .71 The lesson has finished . It is ( on up over to ) .72 We didnt enjoy the play . It was quite ( bore boring bear bored ) .73 The waiter ( filled filled in fell completed ) the cup with tea .

74 Hunters of wild animals are ( rash timid adventurers cowardly ) .75 Where ( next other another else ) did you go besides Aswan ?76 Are you ( already ever still yet ) here ? I thought youd gone ages ago .


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77 There is ( hardly hard harder hardship ) any milk in the pot .78 I often ( lose dont get dont make miss ) the 7 oclock train .79 The brain needs a constant ( apply reply supply supplies ) of oxygen .

Unit 18

Heritage Polyp

Disastrous

Chlorine

Host Reefs

Pragile

Chrome

Buoys

Anchor Magnificent Surroundings

Licence Dump - Dial

Unique

Limestone

Delicate Chloroform Geological

1 Read the following passage about the Egyptian heritage and how we can protect it , then answer the questions :-

Our heritage constitutes our own civilization , glorious history and priceless riches . Thisheritage is located nationwide whether in remote deserts or seas . We have to protect our heritageas it does not only belong to our generation but the succeeding generations as well . Tourists , for instance, are attracted to the Red Sea area, to Hurghada and Safaga because of their beautiful coralreefs . Nowadays the Red area is host to thousands of tourists every year . Coral reefs arelimestone formations formed in the sea by the skeletons of millions of tiny animals, called polyps .Coral reefs look like beautiful sea gardens and they attract thousands of colorful fish . These coralreefs are expected to grow bigger and bigger as more polyps add to the reef . Man is to be blamedfor the destruction of these reefs and consequently part of our heritage . Many boats , year after year , carrying divers anchor by coral reefs , destroy and kill the delicate polyps . Dumping rubbishand oil into the sea results in the same drastic end Hence, the Egyptian Environment AffairsAgency is working hard to protect our Red Sea heritage . Buoys are being installed along the coastso that diving boats need not anchor on the fragile coral . Training courses are organised for boatcaptains to teach them not to destroy the reefs .

A) Answer the following questions :-1 Why should we protect the coral reefs ?

2 What is a buoy ? Why are buoys being installed along the Red Sea coast ?3 How are coral; reefs formed ?4 Why is dumping rubbish and oil into the sea very dangerous ?

B) Choose the correct answer :-5 The underlined word they in the second paragraph refers to ( colourful fish coral

reefs beautiful gardens sea resorts ) .6 Coral reefs grow ( suddenly rapidly slowly enormously ).7 The underlined part drastic end in the second paragraph means ( fatal result fruitful

end fragile results false end ) Practice: - 2 - Read the previous passage again and write notes on: -

1 formation of coral reefs .2 how to protect coral reefs .


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3 enemies of coral reefs

3 Supply the missing parts in the following dialogue: -Ahmed who has just returned from a trip to the Red Sea area and his cousin Hesham \:Hesham : Yes seem very excited . I think that you enjoyed every minute of your trip .

Ahmed : Really .? Hesham : .. Ahmed : Coral reefs are so fascinating and the marine life is fantastic . Hesham : . ? Ahmed : Oh! Many tourists go there . They come from all over the world .

Hesham : ? Ahmed : Not everywhere , the government restricts fishing in some areas to protect our

heritage there . Hesham : I see . I wish I could go there .

Grammar

Verb + Object + Preposition + (n.) or ( gerund )

1 I accused him of stealing my watch .2 Ahmed thanked his friend for helping him solve some mathematical problems .3 Mr. Khaled blamed the lazy students for not doing their best to succeed .4 Ahmed discouraged his friend from trying again to prove that he was worthy of success .5 The police charged him with stealing the bag .6 I told my friend about the journey I went on .7 I congratulated my nephew on achieving a wonderful success .

4 Rewrite the following sentences using the word (s) in brackets togive the same meaning :-

1 I blamed him Ahmed didnt take precautions . ( For )2 I expressed gratitude to him as him as he rendered me great services . ( Thanked )3 I persuaded him not to smoke . ( Discourage )4 Ahmed was charged with committing this horrible crime . ( The police )5 I told him that I had been fascinated by these historic places . ( About )

5 Choose the correct answer :-1 I ( charged blamed condemned accused ) the salesman of cheating me all the time .2 Ahmed ( thanked congratulated blamed accused ) his friend for not lending him a spare pen .3 He was worried ( with at from about ) the nightmares of his economic problems .4 Bad conditions sin the town there he wanted to settle discouraged him ( for on from

with ) working there .5 I was so happy she got her MA with honours and sent hey my congratulations ( with

about of on)6 I cant blame her for these errors ; you are responsible ( for on of about ) them .7 The men were taken to court because they were ( accused suspected alleged charged )

6 Use the proper preposition :-1 Ahmed insisted .improving his living conditions .2 I blamed her .not coming punctually .3 Friends congratulated me .achieving wonderful results .4 They persisted bothering their neighbors .

5 The government is keen eliminating illiteracy .6 They were anxious ..passing the exam .7 He was responsible such drastic results .


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8 I thanked him guiding me to the travel agents .

Conjunctions : (that ) , as long as , unless1 Provided that : Il l lend you my car provided you drive it carefully .

Ill lend you my car if you drive carefully . Provided that = provided = If 2 As long as : Ill lend you my car as long as you drive carefully As long as = If 3 Unless : Ill visit you tomorrow unless I travel to Tanta .

Ill visit you tomorrow if I don travel to Tanta . Unless = If not :-

1 Providing Provided Ill lend you my car providing you drive it carefully .

Providing = provided = If 2 as long as because

As long as you not buys, could you help me ? .

Ill never speak to him as long as I live = during all my life .

7 Rewrite the following sentences using the word (s) in brackets to give the same meaning :-1 Were going to be in trouble if we dont do something about pollution . ( Fix )2 Providing you study hard, you wont get high marks . ( If )3 Thank you for calling . b ( Because)4 Tourists come to Hurhada because of its natural beauty . ( Because)5 The Red Sea resorts will be popular provided that remain unpolluted . ( Unless )6 Being irresponsible and reckless Ahmed will never be trusted . ( Unless )7 You should tell the truch, otherwise your father will be angry with you . ( Provided that )8 As a result of their industriousness, they realize their dreams . ( As long as )9 Ahmed was blamed for his bad behaviour . ( Unless )10 during his stay in Cairo , Ahmed has to get a work permit . ( As long as )

8 Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence :1 You can use my car (unless - as long as ) You drive carefully .2 Im playing tennis tomorrow ( unless providing) its raining .3 - I dont mind if you come in late ( unless as long as ) you come in quietly .4 Im going now ( unless provided ) you want me to stay .5 I dont watch television ( unless as long ) Ive got nothing else to do .6 Children are allowed to use the swimming pool ( unless provided )they are with an adult .7 ( Unless provided ) they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool .8 We can sit here in the corner ( unless as long as )youd rather sit over there by the window

9 Our holiday cost a lot of money . Did it ? well , that doesnt matter ( unless as long as )you enjoyed yourselves .

9 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences :-1 Well be late unless .2 I like hot weather unless ..3 I like hot weather provided .4 kate reads a newspaper every day as long as .5 I dont mind walking home as long as 6 I like to walk to work in the morning unless 7 We can meet tomorrow unless .8 You can borrow the money providing


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9 You wont achieve anything unless . 10 Read the passage and complete the from :-

Advances in technology and telecommunications have helped to establish English as aglobal language . Many inventions are important to modern life such as electricity , radio, the car and the telephone, were developed in Britain or the US . English became the language for international communications in air traffic control and shipping . Now, major computer systemsand software developers are based in the US, and English is the Common language of the Internet

English and TechnologyHow English has become : .1 An imernational language : 2 .Internet and English : 3 ..Inventions : 4 ..Computer science base : 5 ..English and communications : ..6

The role of English : .7

11 Write a paragraph eight sentences on : - Advantages and disadvantages of telephonesWhy telephone are necessary in our life .Saving time and trouble .Extra calls / extra money .Source of noise .An we do without telephones ?

12 A) Translate into Arabic ;- in the field of communication Egypt has achieved great progress . Modern telephone nets

have covered the country to meet the citizens needs .

B) Translate into English :- .1 2

. 3

. .4 5

. notice

take nothing but photographs . Leave nothing but footprints

They mean keep the environment clean

Practice :-1 Leave nothing ( and) footprints .2 Hurghada and Safaga are (guest ) to tourists .3 Tourists go to the Red Sea ( because) the beauty of the scenery .4 A ( health ) coral is a living thing .5 Changes in the environment have a ( disaster ) effect .6 Every driver will ( train ) to get a licence .7 It is ( legal ) to drive without a licence .


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8 Tourists come to the Red Sea ( because ) the beautiful environment .9 When a polyp ( die ) it becomes part of the reef .10 Tourists (stop) coming to the Red Sea resorts if they become polluted .

13 Supply the missing word in each gap from the list :- damaging protect skeletons break coast slowly

1 Thousands of tourists visit the Red Sea every year .2 Coral reefs are formed by the of millions of polyps .3 Changes to the environment ; mostly brought about by human beings are having a ..

effect on the coral .4 Coral grows very .5 If you off a piece , it takes about 100 years for it to grow back .6 They are educating people about the need to .our heritage .

14 Read the following passage then complete the notes in the //// Those who watch the boat race on the Nile either from the bank of the river or on

television sets, know how exacting a sport rowing is, when it is a competition between boatsmanned by some of the finest oarsmen in the world . But not everyone need aim at this standard .

Rowing is a pastime in which those who can afford a few pounds for the hire of a boat can indulgeon the river or the sea . Boys and girls alike can soon learn to enjoy the satisfaction that comesfrom rowing smoothly and speedily through the water . with properly handled oars . Rowingexercises the legs, the arms. The back and the abdominal muscles . Thus it is an excellent means of keeping fit .

RowingThe Nile Competition : ..Pastime : ..

Uses : ... 15 Supply the missing parts in the following dialogues :-

Abber and Ranya are talking about the world heritage . Abeer : You see Ranya that most of the wonders of the ancient wold disappeared .

Can you tell me why ? Banya : ..1 . Abeer : That is why the world Heritage Committee has been established . Ranya : .2 .. Abeer : It is a world Committee which looks after the world heritage .

Ranya : 3 Abeer : It records the sites around the world of outstanding value . It also helps to

preserve these sites .

Ranya : 4 Abeer : Yes, it offers financial help and staff training to poor countries .

16 Rewrite the following sentences using the word (s) in brackets :to give the same meaning :-

1 We are doing our best to protect our heritage . ( So that )2 Pollution has a harmful effect on the environment . ( Affects )

3 The Red Sea coast is an area of natural beauty. ( That )4 Tourists go to Hurghada because of the scenery there . ( Because )5 A driver will have a test before he is given a driving licence . ( Until )6 Ahmed will do higher studies when he gets his BA . ( On )


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7 She wrote a composition about her preferred career . ( Prefers )8 We acted on the spot according to the managers orders . ( As )9 The witness described the accident in detail . ( Description )10 The pay in her new job isnt very good . ( Doesnt )

17 Write a paragraph of eight sentences about :-The sort of life you would like to lead when you finish your education .

Guiding points :-The job you would like to do . the place you prefer to live in .Your future family . spending spare time .

18 A) Translate into Arabic :-Nelson Mandela is one of the greatest African leaders who led a bitter struggle against

apartheid in South Africa . He was arrested and after 27 years in prison he was released in 1990 .Four years later, in 1994 , free elections were held . Mandelas party won and he become the first

black president of South Africa .[ apartheid (n) . elections (n)

B) Translate into English :-

.

unprecedented (adj) . information (n) . revolution (n)

19 Write a paragraph of eight sentences on : -Tourist attractions on the Red Sea Coast . You can make use of the following ideas :-

Fascinating scenery . * clean beaches . * colar reefs . * colourful fish * practising water sportsThe beauty of nature .

20 Choose the correct word :-1 Horghada and Safaga are ( guest hostess host resort )to hundreds of thousands of tourists .2 Tourists ( attracted attract were attracted are attracted ) to Hurghada because of its

beautiful coral reef .3 He enjoys ( to play the play played -playing) tennis .4 I congratulate you ( for by on with) passing your exam .5 I must ( forget remember apologise remind ) for coming late .6 What ( funny a fun fun the fun )the children had at Hurghada !7 Coral ( makes can make is made was made ) of the bones of millions of tiny sea animals .8 We should ( courage encourage discourage advise ) tourists from taking pieces of

coral home with them .9 They blamed the captain ( by at for with )damaging the coral .

10 Divers will come to Hurghada ( unless as long as if not no longer ) the coral remains beautiful .

11 The Red Sea resorts will be popular ( prvide that in case of if not provided that ) they remain .12 Were going to be in real ( fixing fixer fix fax )if we destroy the coral .13 The secretary is busy ( to type typed typing to typing )letters .14 ( Could Will Should Might ) I speak to the manager, please ?15 Ahmed enjoys ( to read the reading reading having read ) a novel .16 Yara felt ashamed ( by with from of ) having spoken loudly .17 I prefer walking if you dont ( annoy mind blame speak ).18 Have you been to Luxor ( early later late lately )?19 please ( let accept agree allow )me to go home .20 Ahmed is slow ( in with of at ) running .

21 It ( gave had struck took ) me a shock when I heard the news .22 Its no good ( to try be trying - tried trying ) to deceive me .23 Youll soon be ( use used used to using ) speaking French when you live in France.


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24 Ahmed was greatly ( impressive impressed impression impress ) by her beauty .25 Alexandria is a very nice summer ( beach sort coast resort ) .26 Egypt is famous ( of for by with )its fine weather .27 The news ( was translated had translated were translated translated ) into English .28 You ( neednt mustnt hadnt must ) drive down a one- way street .29 Hurghada is ( a guest a waiter a host an air hostess )to tourists every year .

30 ( Polyps Buoys Carol reefs Anchors ) are limestone formations .31 Carol is ( organic inorganic metal gas ).32 The carol reefs are national ( history heritage licence buoy ) .33 Changes in the environment have a (healthy delicate disastrous good )effect .34 The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency looks after the Red Sea (heritage anchors

captains rubbish )35 The Red Sea beauty is destroyed , we ( national heritage will have destroyed would

have destroyed had destroyed )36 Before he or she is given a licence every captain ( will have to pass will have destroyed

had to pass might pass )37 The pyramids are the most important Egyptian (project coral reefs souvenirs heritage)

38 Coral reefs are ( inorganic limestone recent man made )formations .39 Captains use ( coral reefs licences buoys resorts )to tie their boats up to them .40 Coral takes about 100 years to ( break off grow dive operate ).41 It is ( lawful legal illegal right )to destroy the coral reefs in Egypt .42 Before an exam, try to relax while the exam papers are given ( on at out up ) .43 ( Provide Providing Unless Provide that) you got up early , youll catch the train .44 Tourists wont come to visit Egypt ( unless as long as so long as if )we look after the environment .45 Pollution would discourage tourists ( of at from by ) coming to Safaga .46 The EEAA charged captain ( of with by on ) polluting the beach .47 The Egyptian Environmental Affairs is responsible ( of to with for) protecting our

Red Sea heritage .48 Ill write to you every week ( unless provided while so ) you promise to reply .49 ( As long as Unless Although In order that ) you want to learn Italian , youll need

a teacher to help you .50 ( Unless Provided So While ) I go to Alex . Ill travel by air .51 ( Unless Provided So While ) I have enough money, I wont buy the car .52 - ( Unless Provided So While ) I need more money, Ill borrow from my uncle .53 ( As long as Unless Provided If) you finish your homework . you wont watch TV.54 ( Provided Unless So that In order that )weather is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic .55 ( Provided Unless If As long as) I eat breakfast , Ill get hungry ..56 ( If Unless So that Provided )you study the lesson well, you wont pass the test .57 ( Provided Unless So that In order that) you take the umbrella . you wont get wet .

58 Was in a difficult situation . He was in a ( light right tight fight) spot .59 Ill be at home on Friday morring . You can ( phoned phones phoning phone )me then60 You wont achieve anything ( if providing provided unless )you design a plan .61 Im playing tennis tomorrow ( unless if providing provide) it is raining .62 Would you like ( talking talk to talk to talking ) to the assistant ?63 Carol is made ( for of by with ) the bones of millions of tiny sea animals .64 The most serious changes in the environment (brought about are brought bring about

brings about )by human mterference65 Coral reefs attract thousands of ( colourful coloured colourless colour )fish .66 Ill go on that journey ( provide provides as long as provide ) you go , too .

67 A ( committee heritage wonder list ) is a group of people chosen to do a particular job68 ( Finance Heritage Camp Health ) is concerned with money .69 Each persons fingerprints are ( common unique similar alike) .


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70 There were seven ( wanders wonders sites volume ) of the ancient world .71 Ahmed wanted to speak to the doctor, so he (held dialled hanged engaged ) the number 72 Ahmed could not continue the call because the line ( cut cut off returned rang) .73 Ahmed did not want to discuss the problem ( with over at upon )the telephone .74 Ahmed was in a real difficulty . He was in a real ( fox fax fix fig) .75 The main ( stumble stumbling stumbled stumble )block in the project was money .

76 We must preserve our cultural ( possession ownership heritage property) for next generations77 Egypt tries to be the ( host visitor companion gathering ) country for the next worldfootball cup for young men under 18 .

78 Is there anything in ( general particular common custom ) you want to tell your teacher about the exam ?

79 We saw a dinosaur ( form organ fame skeleton ) in the Natural History Museum .80 This photograph shows three ( races tribes generations groups ) in the family ; you

can see grandparents , parents and children81 The mistake he made was so ( valuable disastrous useful precious )that it will ruin his

future as a businessman .82 The projects carried out by the government will bring ( out about on up )prosperity and welfare .

83 The boy felt frustrated because he couldnt stand his parents ( conference interference reference preference )in his affairs .

84 The child broke ( in out off up ) a part of the big chocolate and gave it to his younger sister .85 It is unhealthy to ( dump disuse avoid reserve ) piles of rubbish at the side of the street .86 He has to get a driving ( ticket paper licence certificate ) to be able to drive his fathers car .87 The mother asked her son to handle the pot carefully as it is very ( hard fragile tough strong ).88 He was happy when he knew he had ( succeeded failed passed missed ) the test .89 He is a ( wholesome healthy strong delicate ) child; he suffers from diseases many

times a year .90 Marina is a popular coastal summer ( source resource resort passage ) Many people

like to spend their summer holidays there .91 ( The most tourists Most of tourists Most tourists Most ) dont visit this part of the town. 92 Whats the man ( you borrowed his car which car you borrowed Whose car you

borrowed his car you borrowed )93 What tine will you arrive ? I dont know . It depends ( of for from on ) the traffic .94 Protecting these sites is ( to us is on us up to us up us ) the traffic .95 The list ( contains includes involves consists ) twenty five names .96 ( Do Make Have Are ) sure that the tank is full of petrol .

Unit 19

Breeze Erupt Blizzard Thunderstorm Spins Radiate Drought TornadoFossil Submerge Heart wave

Average


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Humidity Volcanic Hurricane Arctic Emit Infrared

Lightning Antarctic

1 Supply the missing parts in the following mini- dialogues1 A student is asking his teacher for a piece of advice .

Student : How can I enrich my language, sir ?Teacher : .. ( Advising )

2 Ahmed and Ali are discussing the best way of spending their weekend . Ahmed : .. ( Suggesting )

Ali : . ( Disagreeing )

2 Read the following passage and then answer the questions :- Violent storms cause damage and deaths all over the world , but sometimes people make

the consequences worse . When summer brings very hot weather , many people suffer more thanthey need to . There are a number of ways to make life more comfortable in the heat . First of all ,you can try to keep your home, as cool as possible . It is best to close all the windows and

curtains during the hottest part of the day . Then , when it is cooler in the evening, you can openthem up again . In these days huge areas of American forests are burned down . This takes placein other parts of the world such as Greece and south America . Scientists believe began thousandsof years ago . Many areas of the earth used to be covered with ice that has now melted .However, in recent years, the warming trend has speeded up . Scientists think that part of thereason for this many be carbon dioxide pollution from industry and automobiles . The carbondioxide mixes with other gases . This pollution . The earth like a blanket that keeps it warmer .Another reason for the warming may be the fact that the earth is losing its forests . Forests are animportant part of the earths system for using up carbon dioxide ad keeping the air temperature cool .

A) Answer the following questions :-1 How can we adapt ourselves to severe weather conditions ?2 Show that forest destruction leads to global warming .3 What does the underlined phrase like a blanket that keeps it warmer mean ?4 Why has ice in frozen countries meted at present ?

B) Choose the correct answer :-5 When it is very hot, it is ( advised to open the windows advised not to open the windows

preferable to draw off the curtains comfortable to sleep all through the day )6 The ( limited less fewer more )industries and means of transport are, the more carbon

dioxide is released in the atmosphere .7 Global warming ( is a recent phenomenon is diminishing is a result of carbon dioxide

pollution helps to cultivate more crops )

3 Rewrite the following sentences using the word (s) in brackets togive the same meaning :-

1 Do not use the phone during a thunderstorm . ( While )2 It is impossible to reach a compromise between the two countries . ( Reaching)3 Being struck by lightning is painful . ( Pain )4 They believe that lightning is extremely dangerous . ( Is believed)5 Is it safe to go swimming during a thunderstorm ? ( Is swimming )

4 Choose the correct answer :-1 Visibility is very poor . It is ( rainy stormy cloudy windy )and foggy .2 I put off my journey because of the ( dewy sunny stormy muddy ) weather .3 One feels too hot when ( humidity visibility moisture dampness ) is excessively high .


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4 Air ( visibility temperature storms pressure )is usually low on tops of mountains .5 The higher we go , ( the lowest the lower lower the low ) the air pressure .

5 Supply the missing parts in the following mini dialogue :- Ahmed : What happens if the carbon dioxide increases in the air ?Yara : ..1 .Ahmed : .2 ..

Yara : When the temperature risers , ice melts .Ahmed : Was there global warming long ago ?Yara : 3

Ahmed : 4 ?Yara : There was no carbon dioxide pollution, and there were forests that absorb carbon dioxide .

C READING COMPREHENSION 6 Read the passage and write notes on the passages :-

I should take exercise every day even if its running for the bus or walking to school . Ishould try to play games regularly . If cant , I should walk instead of going by bus or metro .Exercise keeps one healthy because its good for ones heart and lungs . Without exercise , the

limbs grow soft, the heart and the lungs weaken , the blood is not kept pure, and so the whole body becomes unhealthy .

To keep fit , : A void : When you practice exercise :

7 Read the passage, then answer the questions :-CONERVTION OF THE ENVIONMENT

Conservation means preservation of forests , water power and animals . Energy , too , can be

conserved . It is known that the ozone layer protects the universe from ultra violet rays that have adestructive effect on man and his health . This happens when carbon dioxide and other pollutantscause gaps or holes in the ozone layer with the result that ultra violet rays pass through theuniverse . They cause heat to rise so that snow melts and as a result the level of sea and oceanwaters rise and cover vast areas of land . As a matter of fact , the weakening and the decrease of the ozone layer bring about a decrease in fish and agricultural production . Therefore , theconservation of the ozone layer is a necessity if man is to survive . His life is connected with theexistence of the ozone layer without holes or gaps . Moreover , petrochemical compounds .exhaust fumes, toxic emissions and the misuse of insecticides are time bombs that threaten theenvironment with damage and pollution . Over and above, many species of animals are in danger of dying out . There must be laws to prevent hunting rare animals . The conservation of the ozonelayer is the responsibility of the United Nations Organization . Collective efforts of all nations arerequired to combat pollution . More important still is the fact that the increase of trees andextensive Greenland is a must so that oxygen may increase and carbon dioxide decrease .

A) Answer the following questions :-1 Why are too much ultra violet rays harmful ?2 What must be done to keep some special groups or sorts of animals alive ?3 What does the increase of trees bring about ?4 How are gaps and holes in the ozone layer caused ?

B) Choose the correct answer :- 5 Conservation of the environment means ( to keep it from the ozone layer to preserve the

forests to keep or preserve it from change , loss or damage to decrease the ozone layer )6 Species of animals means ( pieces of animals special groups or sorts of animals pets and

tame animals hunters and groups or sorts of special animals )


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7 It is inadvisable for man ( to conserve the environment to preserve the forests and trees to cause the increase of the ozone layer to decrease the ozone layer )

8 Read the following letter and write a reply to it : -You live at 50 El Naser Street , Giza

10 Orabi Street ,Matrouh .6th Match

Dear Dr. Hisham,Im worried that the earths climate is warming up . What are the

reasons for that ? Is it carbon dioxide ? Or that ice has been melted ! Some people say that theearth has lost its forests please, write and tell me about it . What solutions do you suggest ?

Yours faithfully ,

9 Supply the missing parts in the following dialogue :- Tarek : .. 1 ?

Sherif : The atmosphere wasnt polluted because there were no cars and no factories at that timeTarek : What about towns and cities ?Sherif : .. 2 .Tarek : Quieter ! This means there was less population .Sherif : . 3 .

Tarek : . 4 .. ?Sherif : People were healthier . They ate more fruit and vegetables .

10 Write of about eight sentences about Causes of global warming Guiding points :-

Change of heat volcanic dust carbon dioxide infrared - radiation cars .

8 Clause of condition

[ ]If , Unless :-

1 ) ( X If ( I ) Type .

1 If the runs, he will get there in time . 2 The cat will scratch Yara if Yara pulls its tail .

. +2 ( ) Would X If (2 ) Type


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. 1 If I had a map, I would lend it to you ( But I havent a map ) .2 If someone tried to blackmail Yara, she would tell the police .

3 If I lived near my institute , Id be in time for work ( But dont live )4 If I were you, Id plant some trees round the house ( But I am not you ) .

) (3 PP. + have * would , should x Type ( 3 ) If

.

1 If Ahmed had succeeded m, he would have joined the university .2 If we had found him earlier , we might have saved his life .

provided that :- If

Omission of ( If ) if If unless

*should were had*1should . If

1 If see him, I will tell him should I see him , I will tell him . should-:

2 If I saw him , I would tell him . * should I see him , I would tell him . 2were if + .to

1 If I had money, I would buy a car = were I to have money, I would buy a car .2 If I were you, I would study . = were I you , I would study .

3 had If had

.had 1 If Ahmed had money , he would buy a car = had he money, he would buy a car .2 If I had succeeded , I would have joined the university . = had I succeeded , I would have

joined the university .

If it were not for + noun would + (4) ) . without , but for )

1 But for the traffic , he wouldnt go to work by train .

= It were not for the traffic , he wouldnt go to work by train .2 Without money we wouldnt buy our needs . = If it were not money, we wouldnt buy our needs

5 If it had not been for + .. would have P.P. )5 . without , but for )

1 But for the traffic he wouldnt have gone to work by train .= If it had not been for the traffic , he wouldnt have gone to work .

6 Even If

)6 even if : 1 It wont make any difference if the weather is bad because we will do ( even ) .

- Even if the weather is bad , we will go .


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If not = unless . If [ Modal verbs in conditional sentences ]

) will* may can must . would might could. .would have + P.P

might + have + P.P/ . .could + have + P.P . . If only = I wish /

: - 1 couldwe / I. 1I wish I could meet himnext week . .would I wish he would visit ustomorrow.

2 were. 2I wish Yara were tall. .3 3I wish I saw

Ahmed now. ]4 had + p .p. ] .

4 I wish [ if only ] I had seen Ahmed last night . :- :- ifif only 1 If only I had enough money, I would buy a car .2 I f only I had had enough money , I would have bought a car .

only if / If onlyunless / provided that / as long as = only if

* Ahmed can hear you only if you shout . * Ahmed cant hear you unless you shout .h( ( If

1 .

* It is probable that Yara will come . It is probable that I will see her . = If Yara comes , Ill see her 2

.* Yara is shy , she doent enjoy parties ( if) . = If she were not shy, she would enjoyed parties .

.3 * Yara was shy, she didnt enjoy parties ( join using : if ) .= If Yara had not been shy, she would have enjoyed parties .

4 ( ) .

* I didnt save money when I was young so Im not rich now ( if) .= If I had saved money when I was young , I would be rich now .* Yara didnt sing when we made party so she isnt happy now ( if) .= If Yara and sung we made party , she would be happy .

) therefore thus so / thats why )

. * Yara didnt attend the last lesson thats why she didnt answer .= If Yara had attended the lesson, she would have answered .

) owing to being because of As because )

.. . [ Lamiss did not answer the questions because she didnt attend the lecture [ begin with :if *= Lamiss would have answered the questions if she attended the lecture .


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1 Rewrite these sentences using if :-1 Lamiss doesnt wipe her feet, so she make muddy marks on the floor .2 He never shaves, thats the only reason he looks unattractive .3 It took us a long time to find house because the streets were not market .4 I only came up the stairs because the lift wasnt working .5 Yara hasnt got a vacuum cleaner , thats why she is so slow .6 Yara has got a vacuum cleaner ,thats why she is so hurry .

2 Do as required in brackets :-1 I didnt know he was so quarrel so . Im sorry now that I invited him . ( Use : If )2 Yara must be here on time . She will not be allowed to enter . ( Use : Unless )3 Would you have visited him last year ? ( Respond )4 Unless he had been careful he would have died . ( Had . )5 He failed because of his carelessness . ( Use : Unless )6 If she arrived early she would help you . ( B . W : Were )7 The examiner read the passage very quickly so the candidates didnt understand it . (Use :if)8 Yara got high marks owing to her cleverness . ( Use : if )

9 Being an happy , Yara didnt see us . ( Use : if )10 As Yara got up earls she finished all her work . ( Use : If )11 He was killed because of his bad behavior . ( Use : if )12 Yara was hit thats why she wept . . 13 Mr. Khaled hit us therefore we studied .

3 Practice : Correct the verbs :-1 If I went there, I ( buy ) a new suit .2 If he helps me, (thank) him .3 If it rains, plants ( grow ) .

4 If they saw the film , they (enjoy ) it .5 He would have waited if he (know )6 We would come if he ( ask) us .7 If I had gone to Paris , I (see) the Eiffel Tower .8 If you melt ice, it ( become ) water .

GARMMAR Deductions

A . In the present .1 He is tired . ( certain ( . 2 He must be tired ( near certain ) .3 He may be tired . ( uncertain ) . 4 He might be tired ( very uncertain ) .

.might B . In the past1 He was tired . ( certain ) . 2 He must have been tired ( near certain ) .3 He may have been tired ( uneertain ) . 4 He may have been tired . ( very uneeration )

Negation * He must be tired . * He cant be tired .* He must have been tired . * He cant have been tired .

1 Choose the correct answer :-1 If Ahmed ( came had come would come would have come ) with us, he would have a good time2 I would have attended the meeting if I ( have had had had had would have) time .3 If I had known you were coming , I ( waited would wait would have waited could wait) for you


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4 If you go to the Cairo Exhibition,you (enjoy will enjoy will have enjoyed would enjoy) it5 If you ( will go would go go went )out, please buy me the newspaper .6 He wont catch the train if he (didnt pack doesnt pack hadnt packed wont pack) soon.7 If he used the knife in the correct way , he ( wont cut wouldnt cut didnt cut couldnt

cut )his finger .8 If they dont put out the fire, all the flat (will burn would burn will be burnt would burnt)

9 Ahmed (read didnt read wouldnt read wont read) the book unless he borrows it . 2 Choose the correct answer :-

1 Ahmed is absent ,he (must must be must have been cannot be) ill .2 It has got wings ; so it (cant will mustnt must) be a bird.3 He didnt come to school last week . He (must be can be cant have been must have been) ill4 It ( must be cant be can be must have been) my homework, it isnt my handwriting .5 Im not sure ; he (might be might have been must be must have been) tired when he

stopped working .6 Yara ( must be cant be must have been cant have been) out when I phoned as no one answered7 Last week, I saw a doctor going to my neighbours house. Someone there ( may be must be

must have been cant be ) ill .8 Yara ( must can cant might ) have telephoned becaouse I was in all day .9 Ahmed ( must drink wont drink cant have drunk must have drunk )the tea there isnt

any in the cup .10 Ahmed has just been told of his success; he ( must be may be might be cant be) angry11 Is isnt my handwriting it ( must be mustnt be cant be couldnt be )my homework .12 She was absent yesterday . she ( must be may be must have been might be ) ill .13 When I phone //// he didnt answer . He ( cant be must have been may might be) out .14 Ahmed ( might may cant mustnt ) have telephoned because I was in all day .15 Her plane arrived at seven oclock , so she (may be must be might be is ) at home now

16 I am very uncertain . He ( might play may play might have played must play ) football yesterday .

17 We are nearly certain . She ( must have passed has passed may have passed - can pass) the exam18 If they had had enough time, they ( will go could go could have gone had gone) toa summer resort .

19 ( Because of Despite In case of But for) his intelligence, he could have achieved sucha wonderful success .

20 ( In case of As a result of In spite of But for ) their patience and endurance, theyachieved their aims .

21 ( Without Despite In case of Owing to ) the high dam , we might have faced thefluctuations of floods .

22 Ahmed was proficient in English , ( however if so because ) he got throught the interview .

3 Rewrite the following sentences using the word (s) in brackets togive the meaning :-

1 Im very uncertain that he received the letter . ( Might )2 Without working hard, he wont succeed . ( If )3 She didnt finish her work because she was ill . ( If )4 Leave five minutes at the end of the exam to check your work . ( For )5 Tomorrows afternoon will be full of sun . ( Sunny ) 6 I advise you not to swim during a storm . ( Should )7 Its better to stay inside a building . ( D rather )8 Sound travels faster than light . ( Slower )9 Scientists think that lightning is very dangerous . ( It is )

10 Most farmers are struck by lightning because they spend a lot of time out in the fields . (If)11 Im not a lawyer ; I cannot defend her . ( If )12 Im not London ; I cant go to Hyde park . ( If )


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13 Ahmed didnt help her ; so she didnt finish in time . ( If)14 Ahmed disobeyed his teacher , so he was punished . ( If)15 Without hard work , you will fail . ( If)16 Due to his carelessness , he lost his money . ( If)17 Without his fathers money , he will go bankrupt . ( If)18 The lorry driver was so careful that he was able to avoid a terrible accident . ( Unless )

19 But for my help , he would fail . ( Unless )20 In case of illness , you should stay at home . ( If)21 This school was certainly built before 1980 . ( Must )22 His plane arrived at the airport at five oclock ; I think he is on his way home . (Must )23 He was late; I suppose he probably missed the eight oclock train . ( Have)24 This is most unlikely to be my pen as my pen fell in the river . ( Cant )25 I am very uncertain he received my letter . ( Have received ) 26 I am not sure he was injured in the accident . ( Might )27 I am nearly certain he played football yesterday . ( Must )28 I am very uncertain he got the Prize . ( Have )29 I am uncertain he travelled to the country . ( Have )

30 /////// my uncle went shopping . ( Have )31 The teacher is trying to solve the problem of the pupils who were absent . ( Solution )32 You have to do the homework now or you wont finish . ( Unless )

33 He didnt visit his uncle because he was ill . ( If)34 If you don the exercise , the teacher will be pleased . ( Providing )35 I am sure he went to the library . ( Must )36 You cant smoke here . ( Forbidden)37 In Stratford , we saw Shakespeares birthplace . ( We saw the house ) 38 They crossed the river in three minutes. ( It took )39 They will take me to the theatre next week . ( I )40 After I had paid the bill , I left the hop . ( Before )41 Tourists go to the Red Sea coast because of the beauty of the scenery . ( Beautiful )42 When a polyp dies, it leaves behind a hard limestone skeleton . ( Death )43 You would expect the coral reefs to the reef . ( They more )44 But for his serious illness, he would have sat for the exam . ( If)45 Most metals expand by heating . ( When )46 Yara couldnt realize her dreams . She never planned for the future . (As a result )47 We think he was a hero; he gave his life for his country . ( Must have )48 Having finished all his tasks, he had enough time to relax . (Unless )49 In case of coming late, he would lose much . ( Unless )50 Because of his long travels, he has gained wide experience . ( So )51 Ahmed regretted that he hadnt helped his son . ( Blamed himself )52 I couldnt hear him because he was just whispering . ( If)53 During his free time , he deiced to review all these reports . ( As long as )54 Yara was very cautious and so she avoided a lot of trouble . ( If)55 If they pay attention , they will understand the issue . ( Unless )56 Yara didnt help any of her friends . She was very selfish . ( If)57 If she hadnt finished on time, she couldnt have got a break . ( Unless )58 Ahmed didnt attend the lecture . He was unable to understand it . ( If)59 During thunderstorms, negative electric charges in clouds are attached to positive charges

on the ground . ( When )60 Climatic changes have serious effects on all living things . ( Affect )

61 I was quite sure that he didnt commit this serous crime on purpose . ( Cant ) 62 I n the past there werent many serious diseases, so people were happier . ( There must )63 Do not use the phone during a thunderstorm . ( While )


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64 It is impossible to reach a compromise between the two countries . ( Reaching )65 Being struck by lightning is painful . ( Pain )66 They believe that lightning is extremely dangerous . ( Is believed )67 Is it safe to go swimming during a thunderstorm ? ( Is swimming ? )

4 Choose the correct answer :-1 People who are ( strike striking struck strikes )by lightning die .2 It isnt safe to go ( to swim swimming swim swims )during a storm .3 Light travels ( quick quickly quicker quickest ) than sound .4 Lightning is ( extreme extremely extremes extremity )dangerous .5 When struck by lightning , some people become ( conscious unconsciously unconscious

unconsciousness )6 A heatwave is a period of ( unusual usually unusually usual ) hot weather .7 During thunderstorms, negative electric charges are attracted ( at for with to ) poitive charges .8 If Yara had been more careful, she ( wont make wouldnt have made wouldnt make

made ) all these mistakes .9 This ( cant must be shouldnt may not be ) his villa as he is very rich .10 Yara used a piece of cloth to ( melt emerge absorb clean )the ink .11 Most of the ( rest survivors remainders existing )after the accident were injured .12 There ( will be would be would have should be )more global warming unless we stop

destroying forests .13 ( Climates Forests Areas Changes )are important as they absorb carbon dioxide .14 To solve the problem of warming up , rich countries need to think ( global globe

globally globalizing )15 Carbon dioxide makes the suns ( heat rays chine show )more intense .16 A global ( solution discussion meeting problem) can avoid a global disaster .17 If we cool water , it ( will turn would turn turn turns )into ice .18 Unless I was rich , I ( would buy - - wont buy wouldnt buy didnt buy )a house with a garden .

19 Im near certain that life ( can be may be might be must be) quieter in the past .20 If I( am was were be ) you, I wouldnt smoke .21 Some people who are struck by lightning are ( killed happy angry sad ) .22 It is dangerous to go ( reading eating swimming walking ) during a storm .23 A ( drought flood wave storm ) is a very large amount of water that covers an area of land

24 My parents are fed up ( of for on with ) my young brothers tricks .25 Ahmed applied ( to for at on )the job of a tour guide .26 Ahmed was angry ( with at of about ) what his friend had done .27 If he is still in office, I ( shall would had am ) visit him .28 ( Unless Provided In case of In order to ) I succeed , I wont go to Alexandria .

29 If I ( am you were you had been you have been you ) I would ask him to forgive me .30 If he ( is was has been had been ) well, he would have gone to school .31 Ahmed ( may be must be might have been must have been ) out because no one

answered my telephone .32 We have to ( melt smelt dissolve solidify )an ore to get the metal .33 Mohammed ( took part took place replaced placed )in the school play and proved to

be a good actor .34 We should do our best to ( protect destroy ruin damage ) our heritage .35 He was in real ( ease fix relief facility ) when he was caught staling his neighbors money .36 Coral ( sides reefs edges lines )are a great beauty .37 He performed a heart ( transfer transplant transform transfusion )and is now recovering .38 Metals ( dilate expand contract shrink )when they are cooled .39 I have pain in my stomach so Im going to a ( physician surgeon dentist psychiatrist ).40 The submarine of the enemies ( emerged submerged floated rose )under the sea .


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41 The heat of the sun could ( melt smelt solve solidify )the ice .42 The fallen tree has ( completely fully partially partly )blocked the road and we could hardly pass . 43 The increase of carbon dioxide can ( increase reduce change modify ) humidity .44 The power station was dangerous, and as a ( result consequently reason cause ) it was

closed down .45 Global warming is a problem that ( affect affecting affects effective )every person .

46 The best way is to use ( general common large public )transport at present .47 Some governments can help to ( reducing reduce reduces reduced )global warming .48 Black smoke was ( taken received absorbed emitted)when the fire broke out in the forest .49 The submarine ( emerged submerged floated ascended )sunder the sea when the

enemy ships appeared ;so it was not seen .50 The hot sun ( smelted solidified melted solved) the ice and water poured down the hill51 The power station was shown was shown to be dangerous, and as a ( cause consequence

reason trace) it was closed down .52 Ive drawn the plan (roughly exactly accurately smoothly ) just to give you an idea but

Ill make full studies later on .53 The wide road was ( completely fully partially absolutely ) blocked by a fallen tree;

only car could pass .54 In the nuclear ( age year date time ) there is no room for wars that may end our civilization .55 The increase of carbon dioxide in the Earths ( humidity atmosphere rainfall moisture)

causes global warming .56 The ( construction destruction instruction structure) of the rain forests brings about

serious global consequences .57 When will the ceremony take ( part hold place value) ?58 Pollution is a threat to the ( personal individual special global )environment .59 The dry sand ( digested expelled absorbed dismissed) the water that fell on it .60 The radiator gives ( up out in on )a lot of heat .61 Plants that need protection from cold weather are grown in ( greenhouses green fields

green patches green tubes ) .62 Burning rocks, fire, smoke and lave come out when the volcano ( opens erupts blows attacks)63 What about ( humidity warming pollution weather ) at night ? It will be 50% .64 The weather ( news forecast atmosphere area )must have been wrong .65 Global warming means climatic ( emissions changes temperatures symbols ).

66 In the past, people were healthier as there werent many ( diseases vegetables crops hospitals) 67 As it was hot, they decided to spend all the day on the ( sand beach train bus).68 When the temperature rises , carbon water ice level )melts .69 There wasnt much ( travel traffic help pollution )so, the streets were quiet .70 Changes in the worlds climate(has taken took had taken have taken) place over the ages.71 In Egypt the weather was ( cool coolest the coolest cooler )and there was more rainfall

. 72 When a volcano erupts, a huge amount of dust ( sends is sending is sent will send) intothe atmosphere .

73 Global warming is a problem that(affects on - - effects affects had affected) every country74 The amount of carbon dioxide( must has to - - may will have to )be reduced .75 Using public transport is ( best better s the best the worst) way to reduce the amount to

carbon dioxide .76 Global warning is causing the ice caps ( melt melting to melt by melting).77 Its ( advise advisable advises an advice) to plant more trees in the trees in the cities

and farms to give us back the air we need .78 Geologists study ( atmosphere radiation humidity fossils )to determine the age of rocks

79 Too much volcanic dust ( results from allows to leads to caused by) global warming .80 Greenhouse gases ( hold up hold back lag behind hang in) the atmosphere around theEarth like the roof and walls of a greenhouse .


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81 The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing ( exclusively partially wholly mainly) because of pollution .

82 What are the ( consequences sequences subsidence subsections ) of such reckless andirresponsible behaviour ?

83 Global warming is a problem that (reflects infects affects suffocates )every person andevery country in the world .

84 Global warming ( lets causes makes works) the ice caps to melt .85 ( Unless When Though If) he pays attention to the teacher , he will not understand .86 Yara would not have achieved such a wonderful success unless she (had exerted exerted

exerts has exerted ) his utmost .87 If I ( have been am were had been) in his position , I would behave differently .88 He ( must leave must have left cant have left cant leave ) the office . I range him up

more than once but there was no reply .89 You must avoid ( striking being struck being striking struck ) by lightning .90 When lightning struck , some people ( were knocked knocked were knocking had

knocked) to the ground .91 ( Struck Striking Strike Strikes )while the iron is hot . This means that one should act

while conditions are favourable .

Unit 20

Bedouin Economy Betpro A great feat Settled Traditional Restrictions Barragres Handicrafts Environment Borders Structure

1 Read the following passage , then answer the questions :-Amsterdam is one of Europes great cities . It is a cosmopolitan centre with a fine way of

life , a rich culture and its own style of humour . The four main canals at the heart of city life havenot changed much since the 17 th century . Nor have the other 100canals except that today they arelined by stylish cafes where you will want to linger . But the first thing to do in Amsterdam is toget on a boat . Gliding under the bridge, you will really appreciate the tranquil beauty of the city

and its waterways . There is much more, too . You will find world class museums with wonderfulworks of art like those of Rembrandt and van Gogh . The there is the diamond industry . Severaldiamond merchants open their doors to visitors, offering fascinating glimpse of craftsmen at their


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work and the chance to admire and buy the unfinished products . Amsterdam is compact for acapital ,so it is easy to enjoy strolling on foot .

A) Answer the following questions :-1 What is meant by Amsterdam is considered a cosmopolitan city ?2 Why is Amsterdam considered as popular city for tourists ?3 How can a tourist find his great happiness in Amsterdam ?4 What is the most remarkable industry in Amsterdam ?

B) Choose the correct answer :- 5 Museums in Amsterdam are ( extremely distinguished poorly supplied rarely visited

never appreciated ).6 Diamond merchants in Amsterdam (never display their products attract visitors sell their

products to the Nationals distract buyers ).7 The underlined word There in the first paragraph refers to the (museum bridge waterway Amsterdam )

2 Read the following passage and then answer the questions :-Violent storms cause damage and deaths all over the world, but sometimes people make

the consequences worse ,. When summer brings very hot weather, many people suffer more than

they need to . There are a number of ways to make life more comfortable in the heat . First of all,you can try to keep your home as cool as possible . It is best to close all the windows and curtainsduring the hottest part of the day . Then , when it is cooler in the evening , you can open them upagain . In these days huge areas of American forests are burned down . This takes place in other

parts of the world such as Greece and south America . Scientists believe that the earth climate may be warming up . This trend probably began thousands of years ago , Many areas of the earth usedto be covered with ice that has now melted . However , in recent years, the warming trend hasspeeded up . Scientists think that part of the reason for this may be carbon dioxide pollution fromindustry and automobiles . The carbon dioxide mixes with other gases . This pollution covers theearth like a blanket that keeps it warmer . Another reason for the warming may be the fact that theearth is losing its forests . Forests are an important part of the earths system for using up carbondioxide and keeping the air temperature cool . A) Answer the following questions :-1 How can we adapt ourselves to sever weather conditions ?2 Show that forest destruction leads to global warming .3 What does the underlined phrase like a blanket that keeps it warmer mean ?4 Why hasice in frozen countries melted at present ?

B) Choose the correct answer :- 5 When it is very hot , it is ( advised to open the windows advised not to open the windows

preferable to draw off the curtains comfortable sleep all through the day )6 The ( limited less fewer more) industries and means of transport are, the more carbon

dioxide is released in the atmosphere .7 Global warming ( is a recent phenomenon is diminishing is a result of carbon dioxide

pollution helps to cultivate more crops ). 3 Rewrite the following sentences using the word (s) in brackets to

give the same meaning :-1 My father faced complicated problems when he lost a big fortune . ( Hot water )2 In case of settling all the disputes, he will have peace of mind . ( Provided )3 Lack of money constitutes the major problem to carry out his ambitious project . ( Stumbling block)4 He was tried and sent to prison as he was involved in committing a crime . ( Accused )5 Tourists come to the red sea resorts because of the beautiful environment . ( Because )

6 Dont forget to switch off the lights before you go to bed . ( Shouldnt )7 I wont leave until he arrives . ( As soon as )8 They suggested making a new plan for the project . ( Suggestion )


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9 Raise your voice so that I can hear you . ( Unless )10 The climate plays a part in the design of clothes . ( When )11 Do you intend to fix the pipe yourself ? ( Going )12 She employed a painter to paint the flat . ( Was )13 He fell down the stairs , but he didnt hurt himself . ( In spite of )14 People build houses to protect themselves from the weather . ( So that )

15 The cupboard built in the kitchen was no good . ( That )4 Read and then write notes on the passage :-

The earliest people , before the age of farming , spent nearly all their time looking for food. The men hunted and the women and children collected nuts, leaves , roots and insects . Inthe middle ages farmers had to kill all their animals in the autumn because there wasnt enoughfood for them in the winter . They had to put salt with the meat to meat to preserve it . In the1600s explorers from Europe found new kinds of food in America . Potatoes, tomatoes andchocolate all came from there . In 1810 a Frenchman invented tinned food, and after the 1850s it

became more common . Also, special ships carried cheap frozen meat from Australia and southAmerica to Europe . Then people did not have to buy fresh food every day .* Food eaten before the age of farming .* In the middle ages, animals ..* Tinned food frozen food

5 Read the following latter and reply to it :-

Karaoli Dimitriou 2.17562 Paleo Faliro ,AthensMarch 25 th

Dear Emma,Thanks so much for your letter and your invitation to stay with you this summer

. It will be wonderful , and Im already looking forward to it . The only thing is that my father wants me to spend some time studying while Im in Egypt and not just having a good time ! Icould come at the beginning of July and spend one month sin Egypt . At the moment Im lookingfor a suitable summer school and course . Ive got some addresses so Im going to write to them ,

but if you know a summer school in Cairo that you .

REMEMBER :(1) Pronouns

1 We say :

a frond of mine / a friend of Wesams / my own house / his own car / on my own ( = alone) / by myself ( = alone )

I Me My MineHe Him His HisShe Her Her HersYou You Your YoursThey Them Their TheirsWe Us Our Ours

) ( ) ( ) (2) Telephoning

* This is * His Its . * Can I speak to .please ?* Im sorry Im not in at the moment . * Please leave your message after the tone .* Put me through will you ? * Just a minute, please . * Ill see if hes in .


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Cheers = Thank you / Goodbye .

(3) Having problems get into hot water . * a stumbling block . * in a fight spot . * in a real fix

Practice :- Correct :-1 The woman over there is a friend of my ( Sister )

2 We went on holiday with some friends of (Our )3 Im going to a wedding on Saturday . A friend of ( Me) is getting married .4

Will Find World Class Museums With Wonderful Works

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