Wildlife Management Lalani & Chhandama

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WILDLIFE

MANAGEMENT

Dr. LALLIANPUII KAWLNI

&

Dr. C. LALCHHANDAMA



Introduction

Attempts to balance the needs of wildlife with theneeds of people using the best available science.

Can include game keeping, wildlife

conservation and pest control. Wildlife management is interdisciplinary.

Nearly all wildlife management actions arecontroversial because humans have different

opinions about how wildlife should be managed.



Definitions / Terminology

Wildlife: The whole native and uncultivated faunaand flora of a particular country. (IBWL, 1970)

Wildlife management: The science and art ofchanging the characteristics and interactions of

habitats, wild populations, and such in order toachieve specific human goals by means ofwildlife resource. (Robert H. Giles, 1984)

The application of ecological knowledge to

populations of vertebrate animals and their plantand animal associates, in a manner that strikes abalance between the needs of populations andthe needs of people. (Bolen & Robinson, 2003)



Definitions / Terminology

Carrying capacity: The amount of wildlife each habitatcan support throughout the year.

Habitat: An arrangement of food, water, shelter orcover, and space suitable to animals’ needs.

Breeding Potential: Capacity of the organism toproduce offspring irrespective of the number of theirsurvival to maturity.

Ecosystem: A natural unit that includes living and

nonliving parts interacting to produce a stablesystem in which the exchange of materialsbetween the living and nonliving parts followclose paths; all living things and theirenvironment in an area of any size.



History of Wildlife Management

Ancient: example Egypt round up animals to be

counted & census

Kill poachers Train and raise hunting

cheetahs




Middle Ages:Gamekeepers

Kill poachers

Census Train hunting dogs

Arrange hunting parties




Modern: European – landowner own species, much

variation in protection US – government now

owns wildlife - private land

1800’s hunting regulations

developed, management =stricter regulations




1930’s Aldo Leopold

Father of Wildlife Management

Game Management

“We abuse land because we regard it as a commoditybelonging to us. When we see land as a community towhich we belong, we may begin to use it with love andrespect.”




1937 Pittman

Robertson Act 10% tax on firearms

and ammo

Game species only “managed”

First money directed towards management




1960’s & 1970’s Attitude

shift

Protect nature

Recognize value of all animals

Spiritual, emotional

Maximum vs optimum yield



Wildlife Management and Conservation

Wildlife conservation: Wildlife remain in the nature

in peak status.

Main objective is tomaintainnatural-balance.

Wildlife management: Conservation and

management ofwildlife

to meet the specificobjectives of human-beings.

Wildlife resource ismanaged along with

conservation so thatspecific benefits may

beobtained from them.



a) Preservation of Speciesb) Maintenance of Population of Useful Species

c) Stabilizing of Decreasing Population of CertainSpecies

d) Limiting Utilization of Annual ProductiveCapacity

e) Conservation of Biodiversity

f) Maintenance of Habitat

g) Strengthening Human-life

Objectives of Wildlife Management



Need of Wildlife Management



Types of Wildlife Management

Great Indian Bustard

1. Manipulative management Altering an animals living environment. Adding food supplies to the animal’s habitat,

removing predators, vaccinating the animals toprevent diseases are all part of this.



Recent Habitat Management in Great Indian

Bustard Sanctuary (Solapur, Maharastra)

Bustards need openhabitatfor the followingpurposes:● Nesting● Display

● Foraging

Bustards prefer wideopen short grass plainsand open scrubland withscattered trees.



Recent Habitat Management in Great Indian Bustard

Sanctuary (Solapur, Maharastra)

Extensive study done by

Dr. Asad Rahmani & othersclearly recommended needfor active habitatmanagement. (Rahmani, A.

R. 2002. BNHS).

In some of the areas, treeswere planted by the forestdepartment which havebecome extremely thick inthe past years & grasslandhas been converted towoodland.



Recommendations? No tree planting

Maintenance ofgrassland

Recent Habitat Management in Great Indian Bustard

Sanctuary (Solapur, Maharastra)

Theseobservationssuggest theacceptance of

newly openedhabitat by GreatIndian Bustardand also by

various other birds ecies.



Types of Wildlife Management

2. Custodial management

Taking animals into custody to places such asecological parks or sanctuaries and provide them withessential needs (food, water, etc.) to prevent theirpopulation from dwindling.

E.g. One Horned Rhinoceros, Pigmy Hog

Pigmy Hog (Porcula salvania )



Reintroduction of Pigmy Hog

World's smallest and rarest

pig.

In 1961, pygmy hogs were

thought to be extinct, but theywere accidentally rediscoveredin 1971 in Assam in a local teamarket.

The only viable population ofthe species exists in the ManasTiger Reserve and nowhereelse in the world.



Conservation Action Plan for Pigmy Hog

Conservation breeding with aims to reintroduce them toselected sites from where they have disappeared, and asan insurance against the possible early extinction of thespecies in the wild.

Upgrading the (legal as well as actual) protection statusof the above sites; field research to plan idealmanagement practices for maintenance of optimaldiversity of these habitats and mechanism to implementthe recommendations;

Reintroduction of viable number of pygmy hogs.

Monitoring and modifying management practices topromote survival of all original inhabitants of suchhabitats.



Captive Breeding of Pigmy Hog

In 1996, six wild hogs (2 males,4 females) were caught fromManas National Park andtransferred to a custom builtresearch and breeding centrebuilt at Basistha near Guwahati.

Sixteen captive bredpygmy hogs (7 males, 9females) were releasedin Sonai Rupai WildlifeSanctuary, Assam in May2008.

A released hog caught in camera trap

Pigmy hog sow with newborn babies

A 10 days oldpygmy hogbaby



Wildlife Management Techniques

Reforestation

Nitrification and denitrification

Pest control

Irrigation

Coppicing, and Hedge laying.



Components of Wildlife Management

Wildlife Population Habitat

People

Fig. Showinginter-relationship &interactions

among differentcomponents ofwildlifemanagement

(diagrammatic)



Planning of Wildlife Management

Wildlife Census: present status in a habitat. Measurement of Productivity: productivity of

animal is compared with standard to find out thepresent situation.

Diagnosis of Control Measures: To access thefactor which is hampering in the growth of populationof the same species

Treatment: Application of

` controlling-measure to

overcome the problem of

limiting factor after its diagnosis.



Conclusion

Wildlife management requires knowledge of speciesecology, biology, behaviour, and physiology.

Additional knowledge of plant species, populationecology, habitat restoration, and ecosystemmanagement is required as well.

Wildlife management involves working with animalsand people.

Wildlife Management Lalani & Chhandama

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