Wikipedia Diesel Fuel

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Diesel fuelFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Diesel oil" and "Gazole (fuel)" redirect here. Sometimes "diesel oil" is used to mean lubricating

oilfor diesel engines.

Diesel fuel /dizl/in ge neral is any liquid fuelused in diesel engines. The most common is a

specific fractional distillateof petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from

petroleum, such as biodiesel, biomass to liquid(B TL) or gas to liquid(G TL) diesel, are increasinglybeing developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly

called petrodiesel.[1] Ultra-low-sulfur diesel( ULSD) is a standard for defining diesel fuel with

substantially lowered sulfurcontents. As of 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel

available in UK, Europe and North America is of a ULSD type.

In the UK, diesel fuel for on-road use is commonly abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engined

road vehicle, which carries a tax premium over equivalent fuel for non-road use(see Taxation).[2]

In Australia diesel fuel is also known as 'distillate'.[3]

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1 History

1.1Etym ology

1.2 Diesel engine

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2 Types

2.1 Petroleum diesel

2.2 Synthetic diesel

2.3 Biodiesel

2.4 Hydrogenated oils and fats

2.5 DME

3 Storage4 Measurements and pricing

4.1 Cetane number

4.2 Fuel value and price

4.3 Taxation

5 Uses

5.1 Railroad

5.2 Aircraft5.3 Military vehicles

5.4 Cars

6 Other uses

7 Chemical analysis

7.1 Chemical composition

7.2 Chemical properties

7.3 Hazards7.3.1 Reduction of sulfur emissions

7.3.2 Environment hazards of sulfur

7.3.3 Algae, microbes, and water contamination

7.3.4 Road hazard

8 See also

9 References

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10 External links

History [edit]

Etymology [edit]

The word "diesel" is derived from the family name of Germaninventor Rudolf Dieselwho in 1892invented the compression-ignition engine.[4]

Diesel engine [edit]

Main article: Diesel engine

Diesel enginesare a type of internal combustion engine. Rudolf Dieseloriginally designed the

diesel engine to use coal dust as a fuel. He also experimented with various oils, including some

vegetable oils,[5]such as peanut oil, which was used to power the engines which he exhibited at

the 1900 Paris Expositionand the 1911 World's Fair in Paris. [6]

Types [edit]

Diesel fuel is produced from various sources, the most common being petroleum. Other sources

include biomass, animal fats, biogas, natural gas, and coal.

Petroleum diesel [edit]

Petroleum diesel, also called petrodiesel,[7]or fossil

diesel is the most common type of diesel fuel. It is

produced from the fractional distillationof crude oil

between 200 C (392 F) and 350 C (662 F) at

s ens a

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A modern diesel dispenser

atmospheric pressure, resulting in a mixture of carbon

chains that typically contain between 8 and 21 carbon

atomsper molecule.[8]

Synthetic diesel [edit]

Main article: Synthetic fuel

Synthetic diesel can be produced from any carbonaceous material, including biomass, biogas,

natural gas, coal and many others. The raw material is gasified into synthesis gas, which after

purification is converted by the FischerTropsch processto a synthetic diesel. [9]

The process is typically referred to as biomass-to-liquid(BTL), gas-to-liquid(GTL) or coal-to-liquid

(CTL), depending on the raw material used.

Paraffinic synthetic diesel generally has a near-zero content of sulfur and very low aromatics

content, reducing unregulated emissions of toxic hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides and PM.[10]

Biodiesel [edit]

Main article: Biodiesel

-

Edit links

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Biodiesel made from

soybeanoil

- , ,

obtained from vegetable oilor animal fats (bio lipids) which have

been transesterified with methanol. It can be produced from many

types of oils, the most common being rapeseed oil (rapeseed

methyl ester, RME) in Europe and soybean oil (soy methyl ester,

SME) in the USA. Methanol can also be replaced with ethanol for

the transesterification process, which results in the production ofethyl esters. The transesterification processes use catalysts, such

as sodium or potassium hydroxide, to convert vegetable oil and

methanol into FAME and the undesirable byproducts glycerine and

water, which will need to be removed from the fuel along with

methanol traces. FAME can be used pure (B100) in engines where

the manufacturer approves such use, but it is more often used as

a mix with diesel, BXX where XX is the biodiesel content in percent. [11][12]

FAME as a fuel is regulated under DIN EN 14214[13] and ASTM D6751.[14]

FAME has a lower energy content than diesel due to its oxygen content, and as a result,

performance and fuel consumption can be affected. It also can have higher levels of NOx

emissions, possibly even exceeding the legal limit. FAME also has lower oxidation stability than

diesel, and it offers favorable conditions for bacterial growth, so applications which have a low fuel

turnover should not use FAME.[15] The loss in power when using pure biodiesel is 5 to 7%. [12]

Fuel equipment manufacturers (FIE) have raised several concerns regarding FAME fuels: free

methanol, dissolved and free water, free glycerin, monoand diglycerides, free fatty acids, total

solid impurity levels, alkaline metal compounds in solution and oxidation and thermal stability. They

have also identified FAME as being the cause of the following problems: corrosion of fuel injection

components, low-pressure fuel system blockage, increased dilution and polymerization of engine
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sump oil, pump seizures due to high fuel viscosity at low temperature, increased injection pressure,

elastomeric seal failures and fuel injector spray blockage. [16]

Unsaturated fatty acidsare the source for the lower oxidation stability; they react with oxygen and

form peroxides and result in degradation byproducts, which can cause sludge and lacquer in the

fuel system.[17]

As FAME contains low levels of sulfur, the emissions of sulfur oxidesand sulfates, majorcomponents of acid rain, are low. Use of biodiesel also results in reductions of unburned

hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide(CO), and particulate matter. CO emissions using biodiesel are

substantially reduced, on the order of 50% compared to most petrodiesel fuels. The exhaust

emissions of particulate matter from biodiesel have been found to be 30 percent lower than overall

particulate matter emissions from petrodiesel. The exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbons (a

contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and ozone) are up to 93 percent lower for

biodiesel than diesel fuel.

Biodiesel also may reduce health risks associated with petroleum diesel. Biodiesel emissions

showed decreased levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) and nitrited PAH compounds,

which have been identified as potential cancer-causing compounds. In recent testing, PAH

compounds were reduced by 75 to 85 percent, except for benz(a)anthracene, which was reduced

by roughly 50 percent. Targeted nPAH compounds were also reduced dramatically with biodiesel

fuel, with 2-nitrofluoreneand 1-nitropyrenereduced by 90 percent, and the rest of the nPAHcompounds reduced to only trace levels.[18]

Hydrogenated oils and fats [edit]

This category of diesel fuels involves converting the triglyceridesin vegetable oil and animal fats

into alkanes by refiningand hydrogenation. The produced fuel has many properties that are

similar to synthetic diesel, and are free from the many disadvantages of FAME.
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DME [edit]

Dimethyl ether, DME, is a synthetic, gaseous diesel fuel that results in clean combustion with very

little soot and reduced NOx emissions.[19]

Storage [edit]In the US, diesel is recommended to be stored in a yellow container to differentiate it from

keroseneand gasoline, which are typically kept in blue and red containers, respectively. [20] In the

UK, diesel is normally stored in a black container, to differentiate it from unleaded petrol (which is

commonly stored in a green container) and leaded petrol (which is stored in a red container).[21]

Measurements and pricing[edit]

Cetane number [edit]

Main article: Cetane number

The principal measure of diesel fuel quality is its cetane number. A cetane number is a measure of

the delay of ignition of a diesel fuel.[22] A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel ignites more

readily when sprayed into hot compressed air.[22] European (EN 590 standard) road diesel has a

minimum cetane number of 51. Fuels with higher cetane numbers, normally "premium" diesel fuelswith additional cleaning agents and some synthetic content, are available in some markets.

Fuel value and price [edit]

Further information: Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

As of 2010, the density of petroleum diesel is about 0.832 kg/l (6.943 lb/US gal), about 12% more
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than ethanol-free petrol (gasoline), which has a density of about 0.745 kg/l (6.217 lb/US gal).

About 86.1% of the fuel mass is carbon, and when burned, it offers a net heating value of 43.1

MJ/kg as opposed to 43.2 MJ/kg for gasoline. However, due to the higher density, diesel offers a

higher volumetric energy density at 35.86 MJ/L (128,700 BTU/US gal) vs. 32.18 MJ/L

(115,500 BTU/US gal) for gasoline, some 11% higher, which should be considered when

comparing the fuel efficiency by volume. The CO2emissions from diesel are 73.25 g/MJ, just

slightly lower than for gasoline at 73.38 g/MJ.[23] Diesel is generally simpler to refine frompetroleum than gasoline, and contains hydrocarbons having a boiling point in the range of 180

360 C (360680 F). The price of diesel traditionally rises during colder months as demand for

heating oilrises, which is refined in much the same way. Because of recent changes in fuel quality

regulations, additional refining is required to remove sulfur, which contributes to a sometimes

higher cost. In many parts of the United States and throughout the United Kingdom and

Australia,[24]diesel may be priced higher than petrol. [25] Reasons for higher-priced diesel include

the shutdown of some refineries in the Gulf of Mexico, diversion of mass refining capacity to

gasoline production, and a recent transfer to ultra-low-sulfur diesel(ULSD), which causes

infrastructural complications.[26] In Sweden, a diesel fuel designated as MK-1 (class 1

environmental diesel) is also being sold; this is a ULSD that also has a lower aromatics content,

with a limit of 5%.[27] This fuel is slightly more expensive to produce than regular ULSD.

Taxation [edit]

Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil, which is used in central heating. In Europe, the United

States, and Canada, taxeson diesel fuel are higher than on heating oil due to the fuel tax, and in

those areas, heating oil is marked with fuel dyesand trace chemicals to prevent and detect tax

fraud. "Untaxed" diesel (sometimes called "off-road diesel") is available in some countries for use

primarily in agricultural applications, such as fuel for tractors, recreational and utility vehicles or

other noncommercialvehicles that do not use public roads. This fuel may have sulfur levels that
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exceed the limits for road use in some countries (e.g. US).

This untaxed diesel is dyed red for identification,[28]and using this untaxed diesel fuel for a

typically taxed purpose (such as driving use), the user can be fined (e.g. US$10,000 in the US). In

the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Netherlands, it is known as red diesel(or gas oil), and is also

used in agriculturalvehicles, home heating tanks, refrigeration units on vans/trucks which contain

perishable items such as food and medicine and for marine craft. Diesel fuel, or marked gas oil isdyed green in the Republic of Ireland and Norway. The term "diesel-engined road vehicle" (DERV)

is used in the UK as a synonym for unmarked road diesel fuel. In India, taxes on diesel fuel are

lower than on petrol, as the majority of the transportation for grain and other essential commodities

across the country runs on diesel.

Taxes on biodieselin the U.S. vary between states; some states (Texas, for example) have no tax

on biodiesel and a reduced tax on biodiesel blends equivalent to the amount of biodiesel in the

blend, so that B20 fuel is taxed 20% less than pure petrodiesel.[29]Other states, such as North

Carolina, tax biodiesel (in any blended configuration) the same as petrodiesel, although they have

introduced new incentives to producers and users of all biofuels.[30]

Uses [edit]

Diesel fuel is widely used in most types of transportation. The gasoline-powered passenger

automobileis the major exception.

Unlike gasolineand liquefied petroleum gasengines, diesel engines do not use high-voltage spark

ignition (spark plugs). An engine running on diesel compresses the air inside the cylinder to high

pressures and temperatures (compression ratiosfrom 14:1 to 18:1 are common in current diesel

engines); the engine generally injects the diesel fuel directly into the cylinder, starting a few

degrees before top dead center(TDC) and continuing during the combustion event. The high
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temperatures inside the cylinder cause the diesel fuel to react with the oxygen in the mix (burn or

oxidize), heating and expanding the burning mixture to convert the thermal/pressure difference into

mechanical work, i.e., to move the piston. Engines have glow plugsto help start the engine by

preheating the cylinders to a minimum operating temperature. Diesel engines are lean burn

engines,[31] burning the fuel in more air than is required for the chemical reaction. They thus use

less fuel than rich burn spark ignition engines which use a stoichiometricair-fuel ratio (just

enough air to react with the fuel). Because they have high compression ratios and no throttle,diesel engines are more efficient than many spark-ignited engines[clarification needed][citation needed].

Gas turbineinternal combustion engines can also take diesel fuel, as can some other types of

internal combustion. External combustion enginescan easily use diesel fuel as well.

The viscosityrequirement of diesel fuel is usually specified at 40 C. [22] A disadvantage of diesel

as a vehicle fuel in cold climates, is that its viscosity increases as the temperature decreases,

changing it into a gel(see Compression Ignition Gelling) that cannot flow in fuel systems. Speciallow-temperature dieselcontains additives to keep it liquid at lower temperatures, but starting a

diesel engine in very cold weather may still pose considerable difficulties. Another disadvantage of

diesel engines compared to petrol/gasoline engines is the possibility of runawayfailure. Since

diesel engines do not need spark ignition, they can run as long as diesel fuel is supplied. Fuel is

typically supplied via a fuel pump. If the pump breaks down in an "open" position, the supply of fuel

will be unrestricted, and the engine will run away and risk terminal failure.[32]

With turbochargedengines, the oil seals on the turbocharger may fail, allowing lubricating oil into

the combustion chamber, where it is burned like regular diesel fuel. In vehicles or installations that

use diesel engines and also bottled gas, a gas leak into the engine room could also provide fuel

for a runaway, via the engine air intake. [33]

Railroad [edit]
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See also: Dieselizationand Diesel locomotive

Diesel displaced coal and fuel oil for steam-powered vehicles in the latter half of the 20th century,

and is now used almost exclusively for the combustion engines of self-powered rail vehicles

(locomotives and railcars).

Aircraft [edit]

Main article:Aircraft diesel engine

The first diesel-powered flight of a fixed-wing aircraft took place on the evening of 18 September

1928, at the Packard Proving Groundsnear Utica, Michigan. With Captain Lionel M. Woolsonand

Walter Leesat the controls the first "official" test flight was taken the next morning, flying a Stinson

SM1B(X7654), powered by a Packard DR-9809-cylinder diesel radial engine, designed by

Woolson. Charles Lindberghflew the same aircraft and in 1929, it was flown 621 miles (999 km)

nonstop from Detroitto Langley Field, near Norfolk, Virginia. In 1931, Walter Lees and FredrickBrossy set the nonstop flight record flying a Bellancapowered by a Packard diesel for 84 hours

and 32 minutes.X7654 is now owned by Greg Herrickand is at the Golden Wings Flying Museum

near Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Diesel engines for airships were developed in both Germany and the United Kingdom by Daimler-

Benzand Beardmoreproduced the Daimler-Benz DB 602and Beardmore Typhoonrespectively.

The LZ 129 Hindenburgrigid airship was powered by four Daimler-Benz DB 60216-cylinder diesel

engines, each with 1,200 hp (890 kW) available in bursts and 850 horsepower (630 kW) available

for cruising.[34] The Beardmore Typhoonpowered the ill-fated R101airship, built for the Empire

airship programme in 1931.

With a production run of at least 900 engines, the most-produced aviation diesel engine in history

was probably the Junkers Jumo 205. Similar developments from the Junkers Motorenwerkeand

licence-built versions of the Jumo 204and Jumo 205, boosted German diesel aero-engine
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production to at least 1000 examples, the vast majority of which were liquid-cooled, opposed-

piston, two-stroke engines.

In the Soviet Unionsignificant progress towards practical diesel aero-engines was made by the

TsIAM( Tsentral'nyy Institut Aviatsionnovo Motorostroyeniya - central institute of aviation motors)

and particularly by A.D. Charomskiy, who nursed the Charomskiy ACh-30into production and

limited operational use.

[35]

Military vehicles [edit]

Armored fighting vehiclesuse diesel because of its lower flammability risks and the engines' higher

provision of torque and lower likelihood of stalling.[36][37]

Cars [edit]

Diesel-poweredcars generally have a better fuel economythan equivalent gasoline engines and

produce less greenhouse gasemission. [38] Their greater economy is due to the higher energy per-

litre content of diesel fuel and the intrinsic efficiency of the diesel engine. [39] While petrodiesel's

higher density results in higher greenhouse gas emissions per litre compared to gasoline,[40]the

2040% better fuel economy achieved by modern diesel-engined automobiles offsets the higher

per-litre emissions of greenhouse gases, and a diesel-powered vehicle emits 1020 percent less

greenhouse gas than comparable gasoline vehicles.[41][42][43] Biodiesel-powered diesel engines

offer substantially improved emission reductions compared to petrodiesel or gasoline-powered

engines, while retaining most of the fuel economy advantages over conventional gasoline-powered

automobiles.[41] However, the increased compression ratios mean there are increased emissions

of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from diesel engines.[44] This is compounded by biological nitrogen in

biodiesel to make NOx emissions the main drawback of diesel versus gasoline engines.[44]
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Other uses [edit]

Poor quality (high sulfur) diesel fuel has been used as an extraction agent for liquidliquid

extractionof palladiumfrom nitric acidmixtures. [45] Such use has been proposed as a means of

separating the fission productpalladium from PUREX raffinatewhich comes from used nuclear

fuel.[45] In this system of solvent extraction, the hydrocarbonsof the diesel act as the diluentwhile

the dialkyl sulfidesact as the extractant.[45]

This extraction operates by a solvationmechanism.[45]

So far, neither a pilot plantnor full scale plant has been constructed to recover palladium, rhodium

or rutheniumfrom nuclear wastescreated by the use of nuclear fuel.[46]

Diesel fuel is also often used as the main ingredient in oil-base mud drilling fluid. [47] The

advantage of using diesel is its low cost and that it delivers excellent results when drilling a wide

variety of difficult strata including shale, salt and gypsum formations.[47]Diesel-oil mud is typically

mixed with up to 40% brine water.[48]Due to health, safety and environmental concerns, Diesel-oil

mud is often replaced with vegetable, mineral, or synthetic food-grade oil-base drilling fluids,

although diesel-oil mud is still in widespread use in certain regions. [49]

During development of Rocket engines in Germanyduring World War IIJ-2 Diesel fuel was used

as the fuel component in several engines including the BMW 109-718.[50] J-2 diesel fuel was also

used as a fuel for gas turbine engines.[50]

Chemical analysis [edit]

Chemical composition [edit]

Petroleum-derived diesel is composed of about 75%

saturated hydrocarbons(primarily paraffinsincluding n,

iso, and cycloparaffins), and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons

[51]
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Diesel does not mixwith water.

(including naphthalenesand alkylbenzenes).[51]The

average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is

C12H23, ranging approximately from C10H20to C 15H28.

Chemical properties [edit]

Further information: Diesel exhaust

Most diesel fuels freeze at common winter temperatures,

while the temperatures greatly vary.[52] Petrodiesel typically

freezes around temperatures of 17.5 F (8.1 C),

whereas biodiesel freezes between temperatures of 35 to 60 F (2 to 15 C).[52] The viscosity of

diesel noticeably increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a gel at temperatures

of 19 C (2.2 F) to 15 C (5 F), that cannot flow in fuel systems. Conventional diesel fuels

vaporise at temperatures between 149 C and 371 C. [22]

Conventional diesel flash pointsvary between 52 and 96 C, which makes it safer than petrol and

unsuitable for spark-ignition engines.[53] Unlike petrol, the flash point of a diesel fuel has no

relation to its performance in an engine nor to its auto ignition qualities.[22]

Hazards [edit]

Reduction of sulfur emissions [edit]

In the past, diesel fuel contained higher quantities of sulfur. European emission standardsand

preferential taxation have forced oil refineriesto dramatically reduce the level of sulfur in diesel

fuels. In th European Union the sulphur content has dramatically reduced during the last 20 years.

Automotive dieselfuel is covered in the European Union by standard EN 590In the 90's

specifications allowed a content of 2000ppm max of sulphur, reduced to a limit of 350pmm by the

beginning of the 21st century with the introduction of Euro3 specifications. The limit was lowered
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with the introduction of Euro 4 by 2006 to 50ppm (ULSD, Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel). The standard

currently in force in European Europe for Diesel Fuel is the Euro 5, with a maximum content of 10

ppm.

emission standard at latest sulphur content cetane number

Euro 1 1. January 1993 max. 2000 ppm min. 49





In the United States, more stringent emission standards have been adopted with the transition to

ULSDstarting in 2006, and becoming mandatory on June 1, 2010 (see also diesel exhaust). U.S.

diesel fuel typically also has a lower cetane number(a measure of ignition quality) than European

diesel, resulting in worse cold weather performance and some increase in emissions. [54]

Environment hazards of sulfur [edit]

High levels of sulfur in diesel are harmful for the environment because they prevent the use of

catalytic diesel particulate filtersto control diesel particulate emissions, as well as more advanced

technologies, such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) adsorbers(still under development), to reduce

emissions. Moreover, sulfur in the fuel is oxidized during combustion, producing sulfur dioxideand

sulfur tr ioxide, that in presence of water rapidly convert to sulfuric acid, one of the chemical

processes that results in acid rain. However, the process for lowering sulfur also reduces the

lubricityof the fuel, meaning that additivesmust be put into the fuel to help lubricate engines.

Bi di l d bi di l/ t di l bl d ith th i hi h l b i it l l i i l b i
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Energy portal

Renewable energy portal

Biodieseland biodiesel/petrodiesel blends, with their higher lubricity levels, are increasingly being

utilized as an alternative. The U.S. annual consumption of diesel fuel in 2006 was about 190 billion

litres (42 billion imperial gallons or 50 billion US gallons).[55]

Algae, microbes, and water contamination [edit]

There has been much discussion and misunderstanding of algaein diesel fuel. [56] Algae need light

to live and grow. As there is no sunlight in a closed fuel tank, no algae can survive, but somemicrobescan survive and feed on the diesel fuel.

These microbes form a colony that lives at the interface of fuel and water. They grow quite fast in

warmer temperatures. They can even grow in cold weather when fuel tank heaters are installed.

Parts of the colony can break off and clog the fuel lines and fuel filters.

Water in fuelcan damage a fuel injection pump, some diesel fuel filtersalso trap water.

Road hazard [edit]

Petrodiesel spilled on a roadway poses a hazard to vehicles, due to its high evaporation

temperature. After the light fractions have evaporated, a greasy slick is left on the road which can

destabilize moving vehicles. Diesel spills severely reduce tiregrip and traction, and have been

implicated in many accidents. The loss of traction is similar to that encountered on black ice. Diesel

slicks are especially dangerous for two-wheeled vehicles such as motorcycles.

See also [edit]
http://pdfcrowd.com/http://pdfcrowd.com/redirect/?url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fDiesel_fuel&id=ma-140921145310-455776a2http://pdfcrowd.com/customize/http://pdfcrowd.com/html-to-pdf-api/?ref=pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_V8_engine#Water_in_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycles


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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Diesel fuel.

Biodiesel

Common ethanol fuel mixtures

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Gale Banks

Gasoline gallon equivalent

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Liquid fuelsTurbodiesel

United States vs. Imperial Petroleum

Diesel exhaust

References [edit]

1. ^ Traders and importers now use the term, as well as academic journals for example ACSpublications (See 2006 article on comparing Petrodiesel emissions with other types of fuel). The

term is common in blogs and informal wiki sites, and is used several times in this article itself.

2. ^ "The UK oil industry over the past 100 years" . Department of Trade and Industry, UK

Government. March 2007. p. 5. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011.

3. ^ The MacQuarie Dictionary 3rd ed, The MacQuarie Library 1997

4. ^ http://www.epa.gov/OMS/regs/fuels/diesel/diesel.htm

5. ^ Alfred Philip Chalkley, Rudolf Diesel (1913). Diesel Engines for Land and Marine Work .Constable & Co. Ltd. pp. 4, 5, 7.

6. ^ Ayhan Demirbas (2008). Biodiesel: A Realistic Fuel Alternative for Diesel Engines . Berlin:

Springer. p. 74. ISBN 1-84628-994-7.

7. ^ macCompanion Magazine

8. ^ Chris Collins (2007), Implementing Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Methods in

Biotechnology 23:99108. Humana Press. ISBN 1-58829-541-9.

9 ^ "Synthetic Diesel May Play a Significant Role as Renewable Fuel in Germany" USDA Foreign
http://pdfcrowd.com/http://pdfcrowd.com/redirect/?url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fDiesel_fuel&id=ma-140921145310-455776a2http://pdfcrowd.com/customize/http://pdfcrowd.com/html-to-pdf-api/?ref=pdfhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuel&action=edit&section=30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_automobile_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Bankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_gallon_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diesel_automobileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_vs._Imperial_Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhausthttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef0502711http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file43853.pdfhttp://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file43853.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/OMS/regs/fuels/diesel/diesel.htmhttp://books.google.com/books?id=wbM3AAAAMAAJ&q=Rudolf+Diesel+vegetable&dq=Rudolf+Diesel+vegetable&pgis=1http://books.google.com/books?id=0vBalrSH_OEC&pg=PA74&dq=Rudolf+Diesel+vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84628-994-7http://www.maccompanion.com/macc/archives/April2008/Greenware/KickingGasoline.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588295419http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2005/01/btl0104/syntheticdiesel.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture


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9. ^ Synthetic Diesel May Play a Significant Role as Renewable Fuel in Germany . USDAForeign

Agricultural Service website. January 25, 2005.

10. ^ http://www.ecopar.se/files/pdf/syntetiska%20drivmedel%20vs%20mk1%20dieselolja.pdf

11. ^ Bosch Automotive Handbook, 6th edition, p327-328

12. ^ a b http:/ /www.acea.be/images/uploads/070208_ACEA_FAME_BTL_final.pdf

13. ^ "Biodiesel: EU Specifications" . World Energy.

14. ^ "Biodiesel: ASTM International Specifications (B100)" . World Energy.15. ^ http://www.greenintent.co.uk/Warrantee/scania.pdf

16. ^ http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/FIEM.pdf

17. ^ http:/ /altfuelsgroup.org/site/images/M_images/projects/b100overview.pdf

18. ^ Hempcar.org-Pollution: Petrol vs Hemp

19. ^ Bosch Automotive Handbook, 6th edition, p328

20. ^ Warner, Emory (February 1997). "For safety sake, homestead fuel storage must be handled

properly" .Backwoods Home Magazine

(43).21. ^ "Petroleum - frequently asked questions" . hse.gov.uk. Health and Safety Executive. 6

December 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2014.

22. ^ a b c d e "Diesel fuel characteristics and resources" . ufa.com. UFA. 2009. Retrieved 18 July

2014.

23. ^ Table 2.1

24. ^ Australian Institute of Petroleum Facts about Diesel Prices

25. ^ Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update

26. ^ http:/ /www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/diesel/dieselprices2006.html

27. ^ http://www.criterioncatalysts.com/static/criterion-

gb/downloads/pdf/technical_papers/cri707ertc06.pdf

28 ^ United States Government Printing Office(2006-10-25) "Title 26 48 40821 Diesel fuel and
http://pdfcrowd.com/http://pdfcrowd.com/redirect/?url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fDiesel_fuel&id=ma-140921145310-455776a2http://pdfcrowd.com/customize/http://pdfcrowd.com/html-to-pdf-api/?ref=pdfhttp://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2005/01/btl0104/syntheticdiesel.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculturehttp://www.ecopar.se/files/pdf/syntetiska%20drivmedel%20vs%20mk1%20dieselolja.pdfhttp://www.acea.be/images/uploads/070208_ACEA_FAME_BTL_final.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.net/products/biodiesel/eu_specs.phphttp://www.worldenergy.net/products/biodiesel/us_specs.phphttp://www.greenintent.co.uk/Warrantee/scania.pdfhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/FIEM.pdfhttp://altfuelsgroup.org/site/images/M_images/projects/b100overview.pdfhttp://www.hempcar.org/petvshemp.shtmlhttp://www.backwoodshome.com/articles/warner43.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwoods_Home_Magazinehttp://www.hse.gov.uk/fireandexplosion/petroleum-faqs.htmhttp://www.ufa.com/petroleum/resources/fuel/diesel_fuel_resources.htmlhttp://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/TTW_Report_010307.pdfhttp://www.aip.com.au/pricing/facts/Facts_about_Diesel_Prices.htmhttp://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel.asphttp://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/diesel/dieselprices2006.htmlhttp://www.criterioncatalysts.com/static/criterion-gb/downloads/pdf/technical_papers/cri707ertc06.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Officehttp://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=5e6923448149c8865561ae47adaf28a7&rgn=div8&view=text&node=26:16.0.1.1.6.5.14.41&idno=26


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28. United States Government Printing Office(2006 10 25). Title 26, 48.4082 1 Diesel fuel and

kerosene; exemption for dyed fuel." . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR). Retrieved

2006-11-28. "Diesel fuel or kerosene satisfies the dyeing requirement of this paragraph (b) only if the

diesel fuel or kerosene contains (1) The dye Solvent Red 164 (and no other dye) at a concentration

spectrally equivalent to at least 3.9 pounds of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26 per thousand

barrels of diesel fuel or kerosene; or (2) Any dye of a type and in a concentration that has been

approved by the Commissioner." Cited as 26 CFR 48.4082-1. This regulation implements 26

U.S.C. 4082-1 .

29. ^ http:/ /www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ind_state_laws.php/TX/BIOD Texas Biodiesel Laws and

Incentives

30. ^ "North Carolina Biodiesel Laws and Incentives" .

31. ^ See How Stuff Works [1] for an excellent explanation

32. ^ Wellington, B.F.; Asmus, Alan F. (1995). Diesel Engines and Fuel Systems. Longman Australia.

ISBN 0-582-90987-2.

33. ^ http://www.tb-training.co.uk/CIsys.htm

34. ^ "The Mercedes-Benz gasoline engine from 1926 on" . Retrieved 8 June 2014.

35. ^ Kotelnikov, Vladimir (2005). Russian Piston Aero Engines. Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd.

ISBN 978-1-86126-702-3.

36. ^ Tillotson, Geoffrey (1981). "Engines for Main Battle Tanks". In Col. John Weeks. Jane's 198182

Military Annual. Jane's. p. 59,63. ISBN 0-7106-0137-9.

37. ^ Tillotson 1981, pp. 63

38. ^ Nadel, Norman (11 May 1977). "Diesel Revival Is Going On in the Motor City" . The Argus-Press

(Detroit, Michigan). Retrieved 28 July 2014.

39. ^ Hiereth, Hermann; Drexl, Klaus; Prenninger, Peter (4 November 2007). Charging the Internal

Combustion Engine . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 233. ISBN 978-0471558781.

Retrieved 28 July 2014.

40. ^ "Emission Facts: Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel" .
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40. Emission Facts: Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel .

US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005.

41. ^ a b "Greenhouse Gas Reductions" . Diesel Technology Forum. Archived from the original on

2008-03-02. Retrieved 2008-03-13.

42. ^ "Diesel cars set to outsell petrol" . BBC News. October 23, 2002. Retrieved 2006-11-19.

43. ^ "More Miles To The Gallon" . Diesel Technology Forum. Archived from the original on 2006-09-

27. Retrieved 2006-11-19.

44. ^ a b "Alternative Transport Fuels - Courtesy of AIP" . world-petroleum.org. World Petroleum

Council. 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2014.

45. ^ a b c d Chemical Abstracts 110. Washington D.C.: American Chemical Society. 13 March 1989.

Retrieved 28 July 2014.

46. ^ Torgov, V.G.; Tatarchuk, V.V.; Druzhinina, I.A.; Korda, T.M. et al.,Atomic Energy, 1994, 76(6),

442448. (Translated from Atomnaya Energiya; 76: No. 6, 478485 (June 1994))

47. ^ a bNeff, J.M., McKelvie, S., Ayers, RC Jr. (August 2000). Environmental Impacts of Synthetic

Based Drilling Fluids

(Report). U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service. p.

1-4. 2000-064. Retrieved 28 July 2014.

48. ^ "Brines and Other Workover Fluids" . GEKEngineering.com. George E. King Engineering. 14

March 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2014.

49. ^ Slumberger Oil Field Glossary, diesel-oil mud, http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?

Term=diesel-oil%20mud

50. ^ a bPrice, P.R, Flight Lieutenant. "Gas turbine development by BMW" . Combined Intelligence

Objectives Sub-Committee. Retrieved 7 June 2014.51. ^ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1995. Toxicological profile for fuel

oils . Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service

52. ^ a bNational Renewable Energy Laboratory staff (January 2009). Biodiesel Handling and Use

Guide

(Report) (Fourth ed.). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. p. 10. NREL/TP-540-

43672. Retrieved 18 July 2014.

53. ^ "Flash Point Fuels" . Retrieved January 4, 2014.
http://pdfcrowd.com/http://pdfcrowd.com/redirect/?url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fDiesel_fuel&id=ma-140921145310-455776a2http://pdfcrowd.com/customize/http://pdfcrowd.com/html-to-pdf-api/?ref=pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/420f05001.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20080302184708/http://www.dieselforum.org/policy-insider/greenhouse-gas-reductions/http://www.dieselforum.org/policy-insider/greenhouse-gas-reductions/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2332669.stmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060927030020/http://www.dieselforum.org/policy-insider/fuel-efficiency/neste/4/http://www.dieselforum.org/policy-insider/fuel-efficiency/neste/4/http://www.world-petroleum.org/index.php?/Technology/alternative-transport-fuels-courtesy-of-aip.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=AGMcAQAAMAAJ&q=high+sulfur+diesel+fuel+palladium+nitric+acid+liquid-liquid+extraction&dq=high+sulfur+diesel+fuel+palladium+nitric+acid+liquid-liquid+extraction&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GZ3WU9KOIaLhsATGzYCABg&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBwhttp://www.anp.gov.br/brnd/round6/guias/PERFURACAO/PERFURACAO_R6/biblio/fluido%20sintetico.pdfhttp://gekengineering.com/Downloads/Free_Downloads/Brines_fluids_and_filtration.pdfhttp://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=diesel-oil%20mudhttp://www.cdvandt.org/CIOS-XXVI-30.pdfhttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp75-c3.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Serviceshttp://www.biodiesel.org/docs/using-hotline/nrel-handling-and-use.pdf?sfvrsn=4http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flash-point-fuels-d_937.html


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55. ^ U.S. Energy Information

56. ^ [2] [dead link]

External links [edit]

U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health

Topics: Diesel Exhaust

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