wikibasketball.pdf

Michael Jordan goes for a slam dunk at the oldBoston Garden

Highestgoverning body

FIBA

First played 1891, Springfield,Massachusetts, U.S.

Characteristics

Contact Yes

Team members 5 per side

Mixed gender Yes, separate competitions

Type Team sport, ball sport

Equipment Basketball

Venue Indoor court (mainly) oroutdoor court (Streetball)

Presence

Olympic Demonstrated in the 1904and 1924 Summer OlympicsPart of the Summer Olympicprogram since 1936

Basketball

BasketballFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Basketball is a sport played by two teams of five players on arectangular court. The objective is to shoot a ball through ahoop 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and 10 feet (3.048 m)high mounted to a backboard at each end. Basketball is one ofthe world's most popular and widely viewed sports.[1]

A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through thebasket during regular play. A field goal scores three points forthe shooting team if the player shoots from behind thethree-point line, and two points if shot from in front of theline. A team can also score via free throws, which are worthone point, after the other team was assessed with certainfouls. The team with the most points at the end of the gamewins, but additional time (overtime) is issued when the scoreis tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced onthe court by bouncing it while walking or running or throwingit to a teammate. It is a violation to lift or drag one's pivot footwithout dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball withboth hands then resume dribbling.

As well as many techniques for shooting, passing, dribblingand rebounding, basketball teams generally have playerpositions and offensive and defensive structures (playerpositioning). Traditionally, the tallest and strongest membersof a team are called a center or power forward, while slightlyshorter and more agile players are called small forward, andthe shortest players or those who possess the best ballhandling skills are called a point guard or shooting guard.

Contents

1 History1.1 Creation1.2 College basketball1.3 High school basketball1.4 Professional basketball1.5 International basketball1.6 Women's basketball

2 Rules and regulations2.1 Playing regulations2.2 Equipment2.3 Violations

Basketball - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball

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The first basketball court:Springfield College

2.4 Fouls3 Common techniques and practices

3.1 Positions3.2 Strategy3.3 Shooting3.4 Rebounding3.5 Passing3.6 Dribbling3.7 Blocking

4 Height5 Variations and similar games6 Social forms of basketball7 Fantasy basketball8 See also9 References10 Further reading11 External links

History

Creation

In early December 1891, Canadian Dr. James Naismith,[2] a physical educationprofessor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian AssociationTraining School[3] (YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield,Massachusetts was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day. He soughta vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels offitness during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as eithertoo rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules andnailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevated track. In contrast withmodern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to beretrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient,however, so the bottom of the basket was removed,[4] allowing the balls to bepoked out with a long dowel each time.

Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls madespecifically for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s thatTony Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to players andspectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common use. Dribblingwas not part of the original game except for the "bounce pass" to teammates. Passing the ball was the primarymeans of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of earlyballs. Dribbling only became a major part of the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing improved the ballshape.

The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. Afurther change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket,his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game.[5] The baskets were originally


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The 1899 University of Kansasbasketball team, with James Naismithat the back, right.

nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balconybegan to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additionaleffect of allowing rebound shots.[6] Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented, which incorporated rules from achildren's game called "Duck on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the new game "BasketBall".[7] The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New York, on January 20,1892, with nine players. The game ended at 10; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half thesize of a present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA) court. By 18971898 teams of fivebecame standard.

College basketball

Basketball's early adherents were dispatched to YMCAs throughout theUnited States, and it quickly spread through the USA and Canada. By1895, it was well established at several women's high schools. While theYMCA was responsible for initially developing and spreading the game,within a decade it discouraged the new sport, as rough play and rowdycrowds began to detract from the YMCA's primary mission. However,other amateur sports clubs, colleges, and professional clubs quickly filledthe void. In the years before World War I, the Amateur Athletic Unionand the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States(forerunner of the NCAA) vied for control over the rules for the game.The first pro league, the National Basketball League, was formed in 1898to protect players from exploitation and to promote a less rough game.This league only lasted five years.

Dr. James Naismith was instrumental in establishing college basketball. His colleague C.O. Beamis fielded thefirst college basketball team just a year after the Springfield YMCA game at the suburban Pittsburgh GenevaCollege.[8] Naismith himself later coached at the University of Kansas for six years, before handing the reins torenowned coach Forrest "Phog" Allen. Naismith's disciple Amos Alonzo Stagg brought basketball to theUniversity of Chicago, while Adolph Rupp, a student of Naismith's at Kansas, enjoyed great success as coach atthe University of Kentucky. On February 9, 1895, the first intercollegiate 5-on-5 game was played at HamlineUniversity between Hamline and the School of Agriculture, which was affiliated with the University ofMinnesota.[9][10] The School of Agriculture won in a 93 game.

In 1901, colleges, including the University of Chicago, Columbia University, Dartmouth College, the Universityof Minnesota, the U.S. Naval Academy, the University of Colorado and Yale University began sponsoring men'sgames. In 1905, frequent injuries on the football field prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to suggest thatcolleges form a governing body, resulting in the creation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the UnitedStates (IAAUS). In 1910, that body would change its name to the National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA). The first Canadian interuniversity basketball game was played at the YMCA in Kingston, Ontario onFebruary 6, 1904, when McGill University visited Queen's University. McGill won 97 in overtime; the scorewas 77 at the end of regulation play, and a ten-minute overtime period settled the outcome. A good turnout ofspectators watched the game.[11]

The first men's national championship tournament, the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketballtournament, which still exists as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) tournament, wasorganized in 1937. The first national championship for NCAA teams, the National Invitation Tournament (NIT)in New York, was organized in 1938; the NCAA national tournament would begin one year later. College


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A basketball game betweenthe Heart Mountain andPowell High School girlsteams, Wyoming, March1944

basketball was rocked by gambling scandals from 1948 to 1951, when dozens of players from top teams wereimplicated in match fixing and point shaving. Partially spurred by an association with cheating, the NIT lostsupport to the NCAA tournament.

High school basketball

Before widespread school district consolidation, most American high schoolswere far smaller than their present-day counterparts. During the first decades ofthe 20th century, basketball quickly became the ideal interscholastic sport due toits modest equipment and personnel requirements. In the days before widespreadtelevision coverage of professional and college sports, the popularity of highschool basketball was unrivaled in many parts of America. Perhaps the mostlegendary of high school teams was Indiana's Franklin Wonder Five, which tookthe nation by storm during the 1920s, dominating Indiana basketball and earningnational recognition.

Today virtually every high school in the United States fields a basketball team invarsity competition.[12] Basketball's popularity remains high, both in rural areaswhere they carry the identification of the entire community, as well as at somelarger schools known for their basketball teams where many players go on toparticipate at higher levels of competition after graduation. In the 200304season, 1,002,797 boys and girls represented their schools in interscholasticbasketball competition, according to the National Federation of State HighSchool Associations. The states of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky are particularlywell known for their residents' devotion to high school basketball, commonlycalled Hoosier Hysteria in Indiana; the critically acclaimed film Hoosiers shows high school basketball's depthof meaning to these communities.

There is currently no national tournament to determine a national high school champion. The most serious effortwas the National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament at the University of Chicago from 1917 to 1930. Theevent was organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg and sent invitations to state champion teams. The tournamentstarted out as a mostly Midwest affair but grew. In 1929 it had 29 state champions. Faced with opposition fromthe National Federation of State High School Associations and North Central Association of Colleges andSchools that bore a threat of the schools losing their accreditation the last tournament was in 1930. Theorganizations said they were concerned that the tournament was being used to recruit professional players fromthe prep ranks.[13] The tournament did not invite minority schools or private/parochial schools.

The National Catholic Interscholastic Basketball Tournament ran from 1924 to 1941 at Loyola University.[14]The National Catholic Invitational Basketball Tournament from 1954 to 1978 played at a series of venues,including Catholic University, Georgetown and George Mason.[15] The National Interscholastic BasketballTournament for Black High Schools was held from 1929 to 1942 at Hampton Institute.[16] The NationalInvitational Interscholastic Basketball Tournament was held from 1941 to 1967 starting out at TuskegeeInstitute. Following a pause during World War II it resumed at Tennessee State College in Nashville. The basisfor the champion dwindled after 1954 when Brown v. Board of Education began an integration of schools. Thelast tournaments were held at Alabama State College from 1964 to 1967.[17]

Professional basketball

Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of men's professional basketball teams in towns


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Ad from The Liberatormagazine promoting anexhibition in Harlem, March1922. Drawing by HugoGellert.

USA vs Mexico at the 2014 FIBAWorld Cup

and cities all over the United States, and little organization of the professionalgame. Players jumped from team to team and teams played in armories andsmoky dance halls. Leagues came and went. Barnstorming squads such as theOriginal Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York RenaissanceFive ("Rens") and the (still existing) Harlem Globetrotters played up to twohundred games a year on their national tours.

In 1946, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed. The firstgame was played in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between the Toronto Huskies andNew York Knickerbockers on November 1, 1946. Three seasons later, in 1949,the BAA merged with the National Basketball League to form the NationalBasketball Association (NBA). By the 1950s, basketball had become a majorcollege sport, thus paving the way for a growth of interest in professionalbasketball. In 1959, a basketball hall of fame was founded in Springfield,Massachusetts, site of the first game. Its rosters include the names of greatplayers, coaches, referees and people who have contributed significantly to thedevelopment of the game. The hall of fame has people who have accomplishedmany goals in their career in basketball. An upstart organization, the AmericanBasketball Association, emerged in 1967 and briefly threatened the NBA'sdominance until the ABA-NBA merger in 1976. Today the NBA is the top professional basketball league in theworld in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.

The NBA has featured many famous players, including George Mikan, the first dominating "big man";ball-handling wizard Bob Cousy and defensive genius Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics; Wilt Chamberlain, whooriginally played for the barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters; all-around stars Oscar Robertson and Jerry West;more recent big men Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Shaquille O'Neal and Karl Malone; playmaker John Stockton;crowd-pleasing forward Julius Erving; European stars Dirk Nowitzki and Draen Petrovi; more recent starsLeBron James, Kevin Durant, & Kobe Bryant and the three players who many credit with ushering theprofessional game to its highest level of popularity: Larry Bird, Earvin "Magic" Johnson, and Michael Jordan. In2001, the NBA formed a developmental league, the NBDL. As of 2014, the league has 18 teams.

International basketball

The International Basketball Federation was formed in 1932 by eightfounding nations: Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia,Portugal, Romania and Switzerland. At this time, the organization onlyoversaw amateur players. Its acronym, derived from the FrenchFdration Internationale de Basketball Amateur, was thus "FIBA".Men's Basketball was first included at the Berlin 1936 SummerOlympics, although a demonstration tournament was held in 1904. TheUnited States defeated Canada in the first final, played outdoors. Thiscompetition has usually been dominated by the United States, whoseteam has won all but three titles. The first of these came in acontroversial final game in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union, inwhich the ending of the game was replayed three times until the SovietUnion finally came out on top.[18] In 1950 the first FIBA WorldChampionship for men was held in Argentina. Three years later, the first FIBA World Championship for Womenwas held in Chile. Women's basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976, which were held in Montreal,Canada with teams such as the Soviet Union, Brazil and Australia rivaling the American squads.


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FIBA dropped the distinction between amateur and professional players in 1989, and in 1992, professionalplayers played for the first time in the Olympic Games. The United States' dominance continued with theintroduction of their Dream Team. However, with developing programs elsewhere, other national teams startedto beat the United States. A team made entirely of NBA players finished sixth in the 2002 World Championshipsin Indianapolis, behind Yugoslavia, Argentina, Germany, New Zealand and Spain. In the 2004 Athens Olympics,the United States suffered its first Olympic loss while using professional players, falling to Puerto Rico (in a19-point loss) and Lithuania in group games, and being eliminated in the semifinals by Argentina. It eventuallywon the bronze medal defeating Lithuania, finishing behind Argentina and Italy. In 2006, in the WorldChampionship of Japan, the United States advanced to the semifinals but were defeated by Greece by 10195. Inthe bronze medal game it beat team Argentina and finished 3rd behind Greece and Spain. After thedisappointments of 2002 through 2006, the U.S. regrouped, reestablishing themselves as the dominantinternational team behind the "Redeem Team", which won gold at the 2008 Olympics, and the so-called"B-Team", which won gold at the 2010 FIBA World Championship in Turkey despite featuring no players fromthe 2008 squad.

The all-tournament teams at the 2002 and 2006 FIBA World Championships, respectively held in Indianapolisand Japan, demonstrate the globalization of the game equally dramatically. Only one member of either team wasAmerican, namely Carmelo Anthony in 2006. The 2002 team featured Nowitzki, Ginobili, Yao, Peja Stojakovicof Yugoslavia (now of Serbia), and Pero Cameron of New Zealand. Ginobili also made the 2006 team; the othermembers were Anthony, Gasol, his Spanish teammate Jorge Garbajosa and Theodoros Papaloukas of Greece.The only players on either team to never have joined the NBA are Cameron and Papaloukas. The all-tournamentteam from the 2010 edition in Turkey featured four NBA playersMVP Kevin Durant of Team USA and theOklahoma City Thunder, Linas Kleiza of Lithuania and the Toronto Raptors, Luis Scola of Argentina and theHouston Rockets, and Hedo Trkolu of Turkey and the Phoenix Suns. The only non-NBA player was Serbia'sMilo Teodosi. The strength of international Basketball is evident in the fact that Team USA won none of thethree world championships held between 1998 and 2006, with Serbia (then known as Yugoslavia) winning in1998 and 2002 and Spain in 2006.

Worldwide, basketball tournaments are held for boys and girls of all age levels. The global popularity of thesport is reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBA. Players from all six inhabited continents currentlyplay in the NBA. Top international players began coming into the NBA in the mid-1990s, including CroatiansDraen Petrovi and Toni Kuko, Serbian Vlade Divac, Lithuanians Arvydas Sabonis and arnas Mariulionisand German Detlef Schrempf.

In the Philippines, the Philippine Basketball Association's first game was played on April 9, 1975 at the AranetaColiseum in Cubao, Quezon City. Philippines. It was founded as a "rebellion" of several teams from thenow-defunct Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association, which was tightly controlled by theBasketball Association of the Philippines (now defunct), the then-FIBA recognized national association. Nineteams from the MICAA participated in the league's first season that opened on April 9, 1975. The NBL isAustralia's pre-eminent men's professional basketball league. The league commenced in 1979, playing a winterseason (AprilSeptember) and did so until the completion of the 20th season in 1998. The 199899 season,which commenced only months later, was the first season after the shift to the current summer season format(OctoberApril). This shift was an attempt to avoid competing directly against Australia's various footballcodes. It features 8 teams from around Australia and one in New Zealand. A few players including Luc Longley,Andrew Gaze, Shane Heal, Chris Anstey and Andrew Bogut made it big internationally, becoming poster figuresfor the sport in Australia. The Women's National Basketball League began in 1981.

Women's basketball

Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College when Senda Berenson, a physical education teacher,


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Women of Monterrey Institute ofTechnology and Higher Education,Mexico City playing a game at thecampus gymnasium

Brittney Griner accepting an award.

modified Naismith's rules for women. Shortly after she was hired atSmith, she went to Naismith to learn more about the game.[19] Fascinatedby the new sport and the values it could teach, she organized the firstwomens collegiate basketball game on March 21, 1893, when her Smithfreshmen and sophomores played against one another.[20] However, thefirst women's interinstitutional game was played in 1892 between theUniversity of California and Miss Head's School.[21] Berenson's ruleswere first published in 1899, and two years later she became the editor ofA. G. Spalding's first Women's Basketball Guide.[20] Berenson'sfreshmen played the sophomore class in the first women's intercollegiatebasketball game at Smith College, March 21, 1893.[22] The same year,Mount Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College (coached by ClaraGregory Baer) women began playing basketball. By 1895, the game hadspread to colleges across the country, including Wellesley, Vassar, and Bryn Mawr. The first intercollegiatewomen's game was on April 4, 1896. Stanford women played Berkeley, 9-on-9, ending in a 21 Stanfordvictory.

Women's basketball development was more structured than that for men in the early years. In 1905, theExecutive Committee on Basket Ball Rules (National Women's Basketball Committee) was created by theAmerican Physical Education Association.[23] These rules called for six to nine players per team and 11officials. The International Women's Sports Federation (1924) included a women's basketball competition. 37women's high school varsity basketball or state tournaments were held by 1925. And in 1926, the AmateurAthletic Union backed the first national women's basketball championship, complete with men's rules.[23] TheEdmonton Grads, a touring Canadian women's team based in Edmonton, Alberta, operated between 1915 and1940. The Grads toured all over North America, and were exceptionally successful. They posted a record of 522wins and only 20 losses over that span, as they met any team that wanted to challenge them, funding their toursfrom gate receipts.[24] The Grads also shone on several exhibition trips to Europe, and won four consecutiveexhibition Olympics tournaments, in 1924, 1928, 1932, and 1936; however, women's basketball was not anofficial Olympic sport until 1976. The Grads' players were unpaid, and had to remain single. The Grads' stylefocused on team play, without overly emphasizing skills of individual players. The first women's AAUAll-America team was chosen in 1929.[23] Women's industrial leagues sprang up throughout the United States,producing famous athletes, including Babe Didrikson of the Golden Cyclones, and the All American Red HeadsTeam, which competed against men's teams, using men's rules. By 1938, the women's national championshipchanged from a three-court game to two-court game with six players per team.[23]

The NBA-backed Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)began in 1997. Though it had shaky attendance figures, several marqueeplayers (Lisa Leslie, Diana Taurasi, and Candace Parker among others)have helped the league's popularity and level of competition. Otherprofessional women's basketball leagues in the United States, such as theAmerican Basketball League (199698), have folded in part because ofthe popularity of the WNBA. The WNBA has been looked at by many asa niche league. However, the league has recently taken steps forward. InJune 2007, the WNBA signed a contract extension with ESPN. The newtelevision deal runs from 2009 to 2016. Along with this deal, came thefirst ever rights fees to be paid to a women's professional sports league.Over the eight years of the contract, "millions and millions of dollars"will be "dispersed to the league's teams." The WNBA gets more viewerson national television broadcasts (413,000) than both Major League


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End of a match.

Soccer (253,000)[25] and the NHL (310,732).[26] In a March 12, 2009 article, NBA commissioner David Sternsaid that in the bad economy, "the NBA is far less profitable than the WNBA. We're losing a lot of moneyamong a large number of teams. We're budgeting the WNBA to break even this year."[27]

Rules and regulations

Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary amongtournaments and organizations; international and NBA rules are used in thissection.

The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ballthrough the opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents fromdoing so on their own. An attempt to score in this way is called a shot. Asuccessful shot is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from beyond thethree-point arc 6.75 metres (22 ft 2 in) from the basket in international gamesand 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) in NBA games. A one-point shot can be earnedwhen shooting from the foul line after a foul is made.

Playing regulations

Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA)[28] or 12 minutes (NBA).[29]

College games use two 20-minute halves,[30] while United States high schoolvarsity games use 8 minute quarters.[31] 15 minutes are allowed for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, andNCAA rules[30][32][33] and 10 minutes in United States high schools.[31] Overtime periods are five minutes inlength[30][34][35] except for high school, which is four minutes in length.[31] Teams exchange baskets for thesecond half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active. Therefore,games generally take much longer to complete than the allotted game time, typically about two hours.

Five players from each team may be on the court at one time.[36][37][38][39] Substitutions are unlimited but canonly be done when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and strategies ofthe team, and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors and trainers.

For both men's and women's teams, a standard uniform consists of a pair of shorts and a jersey with a clearlyvisible number, unique within the team, printed on both the front and back. Players wear high-top sneakers thatprovide extra ankle support. Typically, team names, players' names and, outside of North America, sponsors areprinted on the uniforms.

A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages requested by a coach (or sometimes mandated in the NBA) for ashort meeting with the players, are allowed. They generally last no longer than one minute (100 seconds in theNBA) unless, for televised games, a commercial break is needed.

The game is controlled by the officials consisting of the referee (referred to as crew chief in the NBA), one ortwo umpires (referred to as referees in the NBA) and the table officials. For college, the NBA, and many highschools, there are a total of three referees on the court. The table officials are responsible for keeping track ofeach teams scoring, timekeeping, individual and team fouls, player substitutions, team possession arrow, and theshot clock.

Equipment


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Traditional eight-panelbasketball

An outdoor basketball net.

The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the ball and the court: a flat,rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require theuse of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternatingpossession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems.

A regulation basketball court in international games is 91.9 feet long (28 meters)and 49.2 (15 meters) feet wide. In the NBA and NCAA the court is 94 feet (28.6meters) by 50 feet (15.24 meters). Most courts have wood flooring, usuallyconstructed from maple planks running in the same direction as the longer courtdimension.[40] The name and logo of the home team is usually painted on oraround the center circle.

The basket is a steel rim 18 inches (45.72 cm) diameter with an attachednet affixed to a backboard that measures 6 feet (1.82 meters) by 3.5 feet(1.06 meters) and one basket is at each end of the court. The whiteoutlined box on the backboard is 18 inches (45.72 cm) high and 2 feet(60.96 cm) wide. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim isexactly 10 feet (3.04 meters) above the court and 4 feet (1.21 meters)inside the baseline. While variation is possible in the dimensions of thecourt and backboard, it is considered important for the basket to be of thecorrect height a rim that is off by just a few inches can have an adverseeffect on shooting.

The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the official ball is29.5 inches (74.93 cm) in circumference (size 7, or a "295 ball") andweighs 22 oz (623.69 grams). If women are playing, the official basketball size is 28.5 inches (72.39 cm) incircumference (size 6, or a "285 ball") with a weight of 20 oz (567 grams).

Violations

The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between players, thrown, tapped, rolled ordribbled (bouncing the ball while running).

The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the ball before it travels out of bounds forfeitspossession. The ball is out of bounds if it touches a boundary line, or touches any player or object that is out ofbounds.

There are limits placed on the steps a player may take without dribbling, which commonly results in aninfraction known as traveling. Nor may a player stop his dribble and then resume dribbling. A dribble thattouches both hands is considered stopping the dribble, giving this infraction the name double dribble. Within adribble, the player cannot carry the ball by placing his hand on the bottom of the ball; doing so is known ascarrying the ball. A team, once having established ball control in the front half of their court, may not return theball to the backcourt and be the first to touch it. A violation of these rules results in loss of possession.

The ball may not be kicked, nor be struck with the fist. For the offense, a violation of these rules results in lossof possession; for the defense, most leagues reset the shot clock and the offensive team is given possession ofthe ball out of bounds.

There are limits imposed on the time taken before progressing the ball past halfway (8 seconds in FIBA and theNBA; 10 seconds in NCAA men's play and high school for both sexes), before attempting a shot (24 seconds inFIBA and the NBA, 30 seconds in NCAA women's and Canadian Interuniversity Sport play for both sexes, and


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The referee signals that afoul has been committed.

35 seconds in NCAA men's play), holding the ball while closely guarded (5 seconds), and remaining in therestricted area known as the free-throw lane, (or the "key") (3 seconds). These rules are designed to promotemore offense.

Basket interference, or goaltending is a violation charged when a player illegally interferes with a shot. Thisviolation is incurred when a player touches the ball on its downward trajectory to the basket, unless it is obviousthat the ball has no chance of entering the basket, if a player touches the ball while it is in the rim, or in the areaextended upwards from the basket, or if a player reaches through the basket to interfere with the shot. When adefensive player is charged with goaltending, the basket is awarded. If an offensive player commits theinfraction, the basket is cancelled. In either case possession of the ball is turned over to the defensive team.

Fouls

An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through certain types physicalcontact is illegal and is called a personal foul. These are most commonlycommitted by defensive players; however, they can be committed by offensiveplayers as well. Players who are fouled either receive the ball to pass inboundsagain, or receive one or more free throws if they are fouled in the act of shooting,depending on whether the shot was successful. One point is awarded for makinga free throw, which is attempted from a line 15 feet (4.6 m) from the basket.

The referee is responsible for judging whether contact is illegal, sometimesresulting in controversy. The calling of fouls can vary between games, leaguesand referees.

There is a second category of fouls called technical fouls, which may be chargedfor various rules violations including failure to properly record a player in thescorebook, or for unsportsmanlike conduct. These infractions result in one or twofree throws, which may be taken by any of the five players on the court at the time. Repeated incidents can resultin disqualification. A blatant foul involving physical contact that is either excessive or unnecessary is called anintentional foul (flagrant foul in the NBA). In FIBA, a foul resulting in ejection is called a disqualifying foul,while in leagues other than the NBA, such a foul is referred to as flagrant.

If a team exceeds a certain limit of team fouls in a given period (quarter or half) four for NBA andinternational games the opposing team is awarded one or two free throws on all subsequent non-shooting foulsfor that period, the number depending on the league. In the US college and high school games, if a team reaches7 fouls in a half, the opposing team is awarded one free throw, along with a second shot if the first is made. Thisis called shooting "one-and-one". If a team exceeds 10 fouls in the half, the opposing team is awarded two freethrows on all subsequent fouls for the half.

When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may not interfere with the shooter, nor may they try to regainpossession until the last or potentially last free throw is in the air.

After a team has committed a specified number of fouls, the other team said to be "in the bonus". Onscoreboards, this is usually signified with an indicator light reading "Bonus" or "Penalty" with an illuminateddirectional arrow or dot indicating that team is to receive free throws when fouled by the opposing team. (Somescoreboards also indicate the number of fouls committed.)

If a team misses the first shot of a two-shot situation, the opposing team must wait for the completion of thesecond shot before attempting to reclaim possession of the ball and continuing play.


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Basketball positions in the offensive zone

If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful, the player is awarded a number of freethrows equal to the value of the attempted shot. A player fouled while attempting a regular two-point shot, then,receives two shots. A player fouled while attempting a three-point shot, on the other hand, receives three shots.

If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is successful, typically the player will be awarded oneadditional free throw for one point. In combination with a regular shot, this is called a "three-point play" or"four-point play" (or more colloquially, an "and one") because of the basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3points) and the additional free throw (1 point).

Common techniques and practices

Positions

Although the rules do not specify any positions whatsoever, theyhave evolved as part of basketball. During the early years ofbasketball's evolution,two guards, two forwards, and one centerwere used. In more recent times specific positions evolved, but thecurrent trend, advocated by many top coaches including MikeKrzyzewski is towards positionless basketball, where big guys arefree to shoot from outside and dribble if their skill allows it.[41]Popular descriptions of positions include:

Point guard (often called the "1") : usually the fastest player on theteam, organizes the team's offense by controlling the ball andmaking sure that it gets to the right player at the right time.

Shooting guard (the "2") : creates a high volume of shots on offense,mainly long-ranged; and guards the opponent's best perimeter playeron defense.

Small forward (the "3") : often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket and dribblepenetration; on defense seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more actively.

Power forward (the "4"): plays offensively often with their back to the basket; on defense, plays under the basket(in a zone defense) or against the opposing power forward (in man-to-man defense).

Center (the "5"): uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket closely (on defense), or torebound.

The above descriptions are flexible. For most teams today, the shooting guard and small forward have verysimilar responsibilities and are often called the wings, as do the power forward and center, who are often calledpost players. While most teams describe two players as guards, two as forwards, and one as a center, on someoccasions teams choose to call them by different designations.

Strategy

There are two main defensive strategies: zone defense and man-to-man defense. In a zone defense, each player isassigned to guard a specific area of the court. Zone defenses often allow the defense to double team the ball, amanoeuver known as a trap. In a man-to-man defense, each defensive player guards a specific opponent.


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Player releases a short jumpshot, while her defender iseither knocked down, ortrying to "take a charge."

Basketball falling through hoop

Offensive plays are more varied, normally involving planned passes and movement by players without the ball.A quick movement by an offensive player without the ball to gain an advantageous position is known as a cut. Alegal attempt by an offensive player to stop an opponent from guarding a teammate, by standing in thedefender's way such that the teammate cuts next to him, is a screen or pick. The two plays are combined in thepick and roll, in which a player sets a pick and then "rolls" away from the pick towards the basket. Screens andcuts are very important in offensive plays; these allow the quick passes and teamwork, which can lead to asuccessful basket. Teams almost always have several offensive plays planned to ensure their movement is notpredictable. On court, the point guard is usually responsible for indicating which play will occur.

Shooting

Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through thebasket, methods varying with players and situations.

Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket. A player willrest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightlyabove the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the ball. The ball isusually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending the shooting arm.The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary for amoment following the release of the ball, known as a follow-through. Playersoften try to put a steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim.The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but generally a properarc is recommended. Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use thebackboard to redirect the ball into the basket.

The two most common shots that use theabove described setup are the set-shot andthe jump-shot. The set-shot is taken froma standing position, with neither footleaving the floor, typically used for freethrows, and in other circumstances whilethe jump-shot is taken in mid-air, the ball released near the top of thejump. This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows theplayer to elevate over the defender. Failure to release the ball before thefeet return to the floor is considered a traveling violation.

Another common shot is called the lay-up. This shot requires the playerto be in motion toward the basket, and to "lay" the ball "up" and into the

basket, typically off the backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version is called a finger roll). The mostcrowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is the slam dunk, in which the player jumps veryhigh and throws the ball downward, through the basket while touching it.

Another shot that is becoming common is the "circus shot". The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that isflipped, heaved, scooped, or flung toward the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down,and/or facing away from the basket. A back-shot is a shot taken when the player is facing away from the basket,and may be shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is a very low chance that the shot will be successful.

A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an air-ball. A particularly badshot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly called a brick.


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A player making anoffensive rebound

Rebounding

The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the basketballafter a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the hoop orbackboard. This plays a major role in the game, as most possessions end when ateam misses a shot. There are two categories of rebounds: offensive rebounds, inwhich the ball is recovered by the offensive side and does not change possession,and defensive rebounds, in which the defending team gains possession of theloose ball. The majority of rebounds are defensive, as the team on defense tendsto be in better position to recover missed shots.

Passing

A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes areaccompanied by a step forward to increase power and are followed through withthe hands to ensure accuracy.

A staple pass is the chest pass. The ball is passed directly from the passer's chestto the receiver's chest. A proper chest pass involves an outward snap of the thumbs to add velocity and leavesthe defence little time to react.

Another type of pass is the bounce pass. Here, the passer bounces the ball crisply about two-thirds of the wayfrom his own chest to the receiver. The ball strikes the court and bounces up toward the receiver. The bouncepass takes longer to complete than the chest pass, but it is also harder for the opposing team to intercept (kickingthe ball deliberately is a violation). Thus, players often use the bounce pass in crowded moments, or to passaround a defender.

The overhead pass is used to pass the ball over a defender. The ball is released while over the passer's head.

The outlet pass occurs after a team gets a defensive rebound. The next pass after the rebound is the outlet pass.

The crucial aspect of any good pass is it being difficult to intercept. Good passers can pass the ball with greataccuracy and they know exactly where each of their other teammates prefers to receive the ball. A special wayof doing this is passing the ball without looking at the receiving teammate. This is called a no-look pass.

Another advanced style of passing is the behind-the-back pass, which, as the description implies, involvesthrowing the ball behind the passer's back to a teammate. Although some players can perform such a passeffectively, many coaches discourage no-look or behind-the-back passes, believing them to be difficult to controland more likely to result in turnovers or violations.

Dribbling

Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball continuously with one hand, and is a requirement for a player to takesteps with the ball. To dribble, a player pushes the ball down towards the ground with the fingertips rather thanpatting it; this ensures greater control.

When dribbling past an opponent, the dribbler should dribble with the hand farthest from the opponent, makingit more difficult for the defensive player to get to the ball. It is therefore important for a player to be able todribble competently with both hands.

Good dribblers (or "ball handlers") tend to bounce the ball low to the ground, reducing the distance of travel of


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A demonstration of the basic types of dribbling inbasketball.

A U.S. Naval Academy("Navy") player, left, postsup a U.S. Military Academy("Army") defender.

the ball from the floor to the hand, making it moredifficult for the defender to "steal" the ball. Good ballhandlers frequently dribble behind their backs, betweentheir legs, and switch directions suddenly, making a lesspredictable dribbling pattern that is more difficult todefend against. This is called a crossover, which is themost effective way to move past defenders whiledribbling.

A skilled player can dribble without watching the ball,using the dribbling motion or peripheral vision to keeptrack of the ball's location. By not having to focus on theball, a player can look for teammates or scoringopportunities, as well as avoid the danger of havingsomeone steal the ball away from him/her.

Blocking

A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds inaltering the shot by touching the ball. In almost all variants of play, it is illegal totouch the ball after it is in the downward path of its arc; this is known asgoaltending. It is also illegal under NBA and Men's NCAA basketball to block ashot after it has touched the backboard, or when any part of the ball is directlyabove the rim. Under international rules it is illegal to block a shot that is in thedownward path of its arc or one that has touched the backboard until the ball hashit the rim. After the ball hits the rim, it is again legal to touch it even though it isno longer considered as a block performed.

To block a shot, a player has to be able to reach a point higher than where theshot is released. Thus, height can be an advantage in blocking. Players who aretaller and playing the power forward or center positions generally record moreblocks than players who are shorter and playing the guard positions. However,with good timing and a sufficiently high vertical leap, even shorter players can be effective shot blockers.

Height

At the professional level, most male players are above 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) and most women above 5 feet7 inches (1.70 m). Guards, for whom physical coordination and ball-handling skills are crucial, tend to be thesmallest players. Almost all forwards in the top men's pro leagues are 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) or taller. Mostcenters are over 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) tall. According to a survey given to all NBA teams, the average heightof all NBA players is just under 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m), with the average weight being close to 222 pounds(101 kg). The tallest players ever in the NBA were Manute Bol and Gheorghe Murean, who were both 7 feet7 inches (2.31 m) tall. The tallest current NBA player is Sim Bhullar, who stands at 7 feet 5 inches (2.26 m). At7 feet 2 inches (2.18 m), Margo Dydek was the tallest player in the history of the WNBA.

The shortest player ever to play in the NBA is Muggsy Bogues at 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m).[42] Other shortplayers have thrived at the pro level. Anthony "Spud" Webb was just 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m) tall, but had a42-inch (1.07 m) vertical leap, giving him significant height when jumping. While shorter players are often at adisadvantage in certain aspect of the game, their ability to navigate quickly through crowded areas of the court


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Schoolgirls shooting hoops amongthe Himalayas in Dharamsala, India.

A basketball training course at thePhan nh Phng High School,Hanoi, Vietnam.

MECVOLLEYBALL GROUND

and steal the ball by reaching low are strengths.

Variations and similar games

Variations of basketball are activities based on the game of basketball,using common basketball skills and equipment (primarily the ball andbasket). Some variations are only superficial rules changes, while othersare distinct games with varying degrees of basketball influences. Othervariations include children's games, contests or activities meant to helpplayers reinforce skills.

There are principal basketball sports with variations on basketballincluding Wheelchair basketball, Water basketball, Beach basketball,Slamball, Streetball and Unicycle basketball. An earlier version ofbasketball was Six-on-six basketball played until the end of the 1950s.Horseball is a game played on horseback where a ball is handled andpoints are scored by shooting it through a high net (approximately1.5m1.5m). The sport is like a combination of polo, rugby, andbasketball. There is even a form played on donkeys known as Donkeybasketball, but that version has come under attack from animal rightsgroups.

Half-courtPerhaps the single most common variation of basketball is thehalf-court game, played in informal settings without referees orstrict rules. Only one basket is used, and the ball must be "cleared" passed or dribbled outside the three-point line each timepossession of the ball changes from one team to the other.Half-court games require less cardiovascular stamina, since playersneed not run back and forth a full court. Half-court raises thenumber of players that can use a court or, conversely, can beplayed if there is an insufficient number to form full 5-on-5 teams.

Half-court basketball is usually played 1-on-1, 2-on-2 or 3-on-3.The latter variation is gradually gaining official recognition as 3x3,originally known as FIBA 33. It was first tested at the 2007 AsianIndoor Games in Macau and the first official tournaments wereheld at the 2009 Asian Youth Games and the 2010 YouthOlympics, both in Singapore. The first FIBA 3x3 Youth WorldChampionships[43] were held in Rimini, Italy in 2011, with the firstFIBA 3x3 World Championships for senior teams following a yearlater in Athens. The sport is highly tipped to become an Olympicsport as early as 2016.[44]

There are also other basketball sports, such as:

21 (also known as American, cutthroat androughhouse)[45]42

Around the worldBounceFiring Squad


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FivesH-O-R-S-EHotshotKnockoutOne-shot conquerSteal The BaconTip-itTips

"The One"Basketball War.One-on-One, a variation in which two playerswill use only a small section of the court (oftenno more than a half of a court) and compete toplay the ball into a single hoop. Such games tendto emphasize individual dribbling and ballstealing skills over shooting and team play.

Wheelchair basketballWheelchair basketball, created by disabled World War II veterans,[46] is played on specially designedwheelchairs for the physically impaired. The world governing body of wheelchair basketball is theInternational Wheelchair Basketball Federation[47] (IWBF), and is a full medal sport in the SummerParalympic Games.

Water basketballWater basketball, played in a swimming pool, merges basketball and water polo rules.

Beach basketballA modified version of basketball, played on beaches, was invented by Philip Bryant.[48] Beach basketballis played in a circular court with no backboard on the goal, no out-of-bounds rule with the ball movementto be done via passes or 2 steps, as dribbling is next to impossible on a soft surface.[49]

Beach basketball has grown to a very popular, widespread competitive sport. 15 Annual World Championshipshave been organized.

Dunk HoopsDunk Hoops (a.k.a. Dunk Ball) is a variation of the game of basketball, played on basketball hoops withlowered (under basketball regulation 10 feet) rims. It originated when the popularity of the slam dunkgrew and was developed to create better chances for dunks with lowered rims and using alteredgoaltending rules.

SlamballSlamball is full-contact basketball, with trampolines. Points are scored by playing the ball through the net,as in basketball, though the point-scoring rules are modified. The main differences from the parent sport isthe court; below the padded basketball rim and backboard are four trampolines set into the floor, whichserve to propel players to great heights for slam dunks. The rules also permit some physical contactbetween the members of the four-player teams.

StreetballStreetball is a less formal variant of basketball, played on playgrounds and in gymnasiums across theworld. Often only one half of the court is used, but otherwise the rules of the game are very similar tothose of basketball. The number of participants in a game, or a run, may range from one defender and oneperson on offense (known as one on one) to two full teams of five each. Streetball is a very popular gameworldwide, and some cities in the United States have organized streetball programs, such as midnightbasketball. Many cities also host their own weekend-long streetball tournaments.

Unicycle Basketball


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Typical privately owned basketballhoop

Unicycle basketball is played using a regulation basketball on a regular basketball court with the samerules, for example, one must dribble the ball while riding. There are a number of rules that are particular tounicycle basketball as well, for example, a player must have at least one foot on a pedal when in-boundingthe ball. Unicycle basketball is usually played using 24" or smaller unicycles, and using plastic pedals,both to preserve the court and the players' shins. In North America, popular unicycle basketball games areorganized.[50]

Spin-offs from basketball that are now separate sports include:

Korfball (Dutch: Korfbal, korf meaning 'basket') started in the Netherlands and is now played worldwideas a mixed gender team ball game, similar to mixed netball and basketballNetball (formerly known as Women basketball but now played by both males and females), a limited-contact team sport in which two teams of seven try to score points against one another by placing a ballthrough a high hoop.

Social forms of basketball

Basketball has been adopted by various social groups, which haveestablished their own environments and sometimes their own rules. Suchsocialized forms of basketball include the following.

Recreational basketball, where fun, entertainment and camaraderie rulerather than winning a game;Basketball Schools and Academies, where students are trained indeveloping basketball fundamentals, undergo fitness and enduranceexercises and learn various basketball skills. Basketball students learnproper ways of passing, ball handling, dribbling, shooting from variousdistances, rebounding, offensive moves, defense, layups, screens,basketball rules and basketball ethics. Also popular are the basketballcamps organized for various occasions, often to get prepared for

basketball events, and basketball clinics for improving skills.College and University basketball played in educational institutions of higher learning.

This includes National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) intercollegiate basketball.Disabled basketball played by various disabled groups, such as

Bankshot basketball,[51]Deaf basketball,Wheelchair basketball, a sport based on basketball but designed for disabled people in wheelchairsand considered one of the major disabled sports practiced.

Ethnic and Religion-based basketball: Examples of ethnic basketball include Indo-Pak or Russian orArmenian leagues in the United States or Canada, for example, or Filipino expatriate basketball leagues inthe Gulf or the United States. Religion-based basketball includes, most notably, church-related Christianbasketball leagues, Jewish, Muslim and Hindu basketball leagues, and so on. or denominational leagueslike Coptic, Syriac/Assyrian basketball leagues in the United States or Canada.Gay basketball played in gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender communities in gay basketball leagues.The sport of basketball is a major part of events during the Gay Games, World Outgames and EuroGames.Midnight basketball, a basketball initiative to curb inner-city crime in the United States and elsewhere bykeeping urban youth off the streets and engaging them with sports alternatives to drugs and crime.Mini basketball played by underage children.


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Maxi Basketball played by more elderly individuals.Prison basketball, practiced in prisons and penitentiary institutions. Active religious basketballmissionary groups also play basketball with prisoners. Some prisons have developed their own prisonbasketball leagues. At times, non-prisoners may play in such leagues, provided all home and away gamesare played within prison courts. Film director Jason Moriarty has released a documentary relating to thesport, entitled Prison Ball.Rezball, short for reservation ball, is the avid Native American following of basketball, particularly astyle of play particular to Native American teams of some areas.School or High school basketball, the sport of basketball being one of the most frequently exercised andpopular sports in all school systems.Show basketball as performed by entertainment basketball show teams, the prime example being theHarlem Globetrotters. There are even specialized entertainment teams, including

Celebrity basketball teams made of celebrities (actors, singers, and so on.) playing in their ownleagues or in public, often for entertainment and charity events;Midget basketball teams made up of athletes of short stature offering shows using basketball;Slamball offered as entertainment events.

Fantasy basketball

Fantasy basketball was popularized during the 1990s after the advent of the Internet. Those who play this gameare sometimes referred to as General Managers, who draft actual NBA players and compute their basketballstatistics. The game was popularized by ESPN Fantasy Sports, NBA.com, and Yahoo! Fantasy Sports. Othersports websites provided the same format keeping the game interesting with participants actually owningspecific players.

See also

Basketball at the Summer OlympicsBasketball movesBasketball National LeagueContinental Basketball AssociationHot hand fallacy

National Basketball AssociationTimeline of women's basketballULEB Union des Ligues Europennes deBasket, in English Union of European Leaguesof Basketball

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"Muggsy Bogues Bio" (http://www.nba.com/playerfile/muggsy_bogues/bio.html). NBA.com. Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20100717083745/http://www.nba.com/playerfile/muggsy_bogues/bio.html) from theoriginal on July 17, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

42.

"2011 3x3 Youth World Championship | FIBA.COM" (http://rimini2011.fiba.com/). Rimini2011.fiba.com.2011-09-11. Retrieved 2012-11-22.

43.

"3-on-3 basketball might become big time?" (http://espn.go.com/espn/page2/index?id=5587987). ESPN. Retrieved2011-01-11.

44.

Eric Shanburn (2008). Basketball and Baseball Games: For the Driveway, Field Or the Alleyway(http://books.google.com/?id=6Q7XhPnbT70C&pg=PA35&dq=basketball+cutthroat+21&q). AuthorHouse.ISBN 978-1-4343-8912-1. Retrieved June 29, 2010.

45.

"Learn Basketball on FindSportsNow" (http://www.findsportsnow.com/learn/wheelchair-basketball).Findsportsnow.com. November 5, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

46.

IWBF. "IWBF website" (http://www.iwbf.org/). Iwbf.org. Retrieved July 25, 2010.47. "World Beach Basketball site" (http://www.beachbasketball.com/). Beachbasketball.com. May 5, 1995. Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20100809045237/http://www.beachbasketball.com/) from the original on August 9,2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

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[1] (http://www.beachbasketball.com/) Beachbasketball.com web site49. Comcast SportsNet Feature about Berkeley Unicycle Basketball (http://bayarea.comcastsportsnet.com50.


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/UncoveredVid.jsp?bcpid=1274025926&bclid=1313706243&bctid=1432781480)"Bankshot basketball website" (http://www.bankshot.com/). Bankshot.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.51.

General references

National Basketball Association (2014). "Official Rules of the National Basketball Association"(https://turnernbahangtime.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/2014-15-nba-rule-book.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved March 6, 2015.International Basketball Federation (June 2004). Official Basketball Rules (http://www.fiba.com/asp_includes/download.asp?file_id=327).Reimer, Anthony (June 2005). "FIBA vs North American Rules Comparison" (http://www.fiba.com/asp_includes/download.asp?file_id=518). FIBA Assist (14): 4044.Bonsor, Kevin. "How Basketball Works: Who's Who" (http://health.howstuffworks.com/basketball2.htm).HowStuffWorks. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060101034243/http://health.howstuffworks.com/basketball2.htm) from the original on January 1, 2006. Retrieved January 11, 2006.

Further readingAdolph H, Grundman (2004). The golden age of amateur basketball: the AAU Tournament, 19211968(http://books.google.ca/books?id=kHVGigFqcNkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Basketball&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true).University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7117-4.Batchelor, Bob (2005). Basketball in America: from the playgrounds to Jordan's game and beyond(http://books.google.ca/books?id=v8r__pvCopgC&lpg=PP1&dq=history%20of%20Basketball&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7890-1613-3.Brown, Donald H (2007). A Basketball Handbook (http://books.google.ca/books?id=YJmsqtj-rh4C&lpg=PA6&dq=history%20of%20Basketball&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4259-6190-9.Forrest C, Allen (1991). All you wanted to know about Basketball (http://books.google.ca/books?id=FMbE6oVIP-0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Basketball&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). Sterling publishing. ISBN 81-207-2576-X.Grundy, Pamela; Susan Shackelford (2005). Shattering the glass: the remarkable history of women's basketball(http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZfS_3MUPBXoC&lpg=PP1&dq=history%20of%20Basketball&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). New Press. ISBN 1-56584-822-5.Herzog, Brad (2003). Hoopmania: The Book of Basketball History and Trivia (http://books.google.ca/books?id=oH8uK4Sn_BoC&lpg=PP1&dq=history%20of%20Basketball&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). RosenPub. Group. ISBN 0-8239-3697-X.Simmons, Bill (2009). The book of basketball: the NBA according to the sports guy (http://books.google.ca/books?id=-4IMN7pCebwC&lpg=PA269&dq=history%20of%20Basketball&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true).Ballantine/ESPN Books. ISBN 978-0-345-51176-8.Naismith, James (1941). Basketball: its origin and development (http://books.google.ca/books?id=yDKtaGdhZncC&lpg=PP1&dq=James%20Naismith&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). University of Nebraska Press.ISBN 0-8032-8370-9.

External links

Historical

Basketball Hall of Fame Springfield, MA (http://www.hoophall.com/)National Basketball Foundation (http://naismithbasketballfoundation.com/)runs the Naismith Museumin OntarioHometown Sports Heroes (http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/histoires_de_chez_nous-community_memories/pm_v2.php?id=story_line&lg=English&fl=0&ex=00000534&sl=4146&pos=1)

Organizations


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Basketball at the Olympic Games (http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=BK)International Basketball Federation (http://www.fiba.com/)National Basketball Association (http://www.nba.com/)Women's National Basketball Association (http://www.wnba.com/)Continental Basketball Association (oldest professional basketball league in the world)(http://www.cbahoopsonline.com/)National Wheelchair Basketball Association (http://www.nwba.org/)

Other

Basketball (https://www.dmoz.org/Sports/Basketball) at DMOZEurobasket website (http://www.eurobasket.com/)Basketball-Reference.com: Basketball Statistics, Analysis and History (http://www.basketball-reference.com/)Ontario historical plaque Dr. James Naismith (http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques_JKL/Plaque_Lanark03.html)

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Categories: Basketball 1891 introductions Canadian inventions Sports originating in the United StatesTeam sports Summer Olympic sports Ball games

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