Why Water Management?
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Why Water Management?
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9 Billion by 2050
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The implications are enormous
A growing population…
Seeking to increase their protein intake…
From a finite land resource…
With a limited water supply…
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Source: Syngenta
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FARMLAND VALUES cf. GROSS INCOME cf. DEBT
Source: Marcus Mitchell, Bonnefield CanadaSource: Marcus Mitchell, Bonnefield Canada
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“Chris, we can’t buy any more land near our farm. We need to do more with the land base we have”
“Chris, we have too much at risk. We can’t afford to lose any crop.”
“Chris, my son wants to join the farm, and we can’t support two (or more) families on our land base. We need to do more with what we have”
“Chris, it just makes sense to improve our existing land base, we already have the inputs and machinery to grow crops on that land”
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So?
Why Water Management?
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20 year study in Ohio, Toledo Silty Clay
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Yield increase on tiled land:20 yr study of Ontario crop insurance data
Crop Yield Increase
Corn 29%
Soybeans 26%
Wheat 38%
Dry Beans 21%
Canola 13%
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Surface or Sub-Surface?
It’s Complicated.
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Surface or Sub-Surface?
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There’s no easy answer. Both are needed in varying degrees.
Surface drainage:-Water source is precipitation-Time is critical-Infiltration rate is low-Topography allows it
Sub-Surface drainage:-Water source is precipitation and/or from below the surface-Infiltration rate is higher, or ground water pressure is significant-Salinity-Crops, root sensitivity
Surface or Sub-Surface?
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Surface Drainage
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Surface Drainage
Critical for quick removal of excess moisture Corn roots die after 48 hrs submerged
Topo mapping essential for reducing the amount of soil volume to be moved, ensuring best fit drain pattern
Caution to control erosion, keep slopes to a minimum
Machine control absolutely necessary Routine maintenance can be overlooked Ditching vs. Land Leveling
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Land Leveling
Primarily used in flood irrigation, less commonly used as a drainage practice. Most common drainage application is in a row-crop situation where each row can individually drain to an outlet.
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Land Leveling• Every row has an outlet for water; slope is variable but positive in one direction
• Cross ditches sometimes needed• More soil moved = higher cost• More disruptive: affects soil structure, compaction, microbial/nutrient balance
• Topsoil stripping, subsoil leveling• Applications are rows/ridges, low crops• Fence rows/Blow ridges
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Quarter with fence rows - traditionally farmed north/south
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Ditching
• Lowest cost water management technique
• Quick to construct, quick response, quick return
• Requires ongoing maintenance• Outlet issues• Erosion controls• Salinity pressure
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Tile Drainage
• Consists network of perforated tubes spaced evenly throughout a field to allow the removal of excess water in a soil profile.
• Free water enters the pipe and can run to an outlet.
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Tile Drainage
• Evidence shows that ancient Egyptians used hollow bones buried in lines to drain the Nile floodplain
• Brought to NA by John Johnston; by the mid 1800’s he had laid over 72 miles of clay tile (by hand)
• Johnston increased his wheat yields from 12 bu/ac to 60 bu/ac
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How does tile drainage work?
• Gravitational water, the water that runs through a soil, escapes into the tile and runs to the outlet
• Capillary water, the only water that a plant can use, is left in the soil
• ANY water that runs out of a tile system is water that would otherwise displace oxygen, effectively drowning the roots
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How Tile Drainage Works
• Holes in a flower pot
• Sponge in a bucket:– When lifted out of the bucket, the water that drips out is the water that tile will remove from a soil
– After it stops dripping, the water you can squeeze out is the only water a plant can use – anything more than that is drowning the root by displacing oxygen
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What about when it’s dry?
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Benefits of Tile Drainage
• Earlier planting*• More timely field operations• Crop uniformity• Reduced risk• Improved yields• Eliminate or reduce salinity• Peace of mind• Tax advantages – 100% deductible in year of installation
• Increases land value beyond installation cost
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Basic Tile Drainage Design Concepts:
• Topography – determines layout• Outlet – necessity that can determine feasibility
• Coefficient – how much water the system can remove in 24hr period (influences main sizing, influenced by soils)
• Spacing – largest cost variable, strongly correlates to efficacy, influenced by soils
• Pipe/Tile – perforated, narrow slot, filtered
• Utilities, irrigation, infrastructure
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Salinity - a symptom of a water problem
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Tile Drainage
Environmental Benefits
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Tile Drainage - Environmental Benefits
• Reduced surface runoff
• Improved soil health
• Green Benefits
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Tile Drainage - Environmental Benefits
• Reduced surface runoff– Tiled land acts as a buffer to rainfall, gives water time to percolate into a soil profile and slowly be released to streams (Van Vlack/Norton, Mason/Rost, Skaggs/Broadhead, Irwin/Whiteley)• Reduced peak flows in streams (Skaggs: 89%)• Reduced soil erosion due to overland runoff -55% (Baker/Johnson, Hill, Loudon, Belcher/Fogiel, Skaggs)
• Reduced movement of P (48%), K (22%), and pesticides (50%) (Gaynor/Loudon, Muir, Bastien)
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Tile Drainage - Environmental Benefits
• Increased Crop Growth– Coldwell: Corn 35%, Soybeans 32%, Wheat 47%
• Increased nutrient usage• Increased soil organic matter, tilth
• Increased soil biological activity– Van Vlack/Norton: Increased soil bacteria, better soil tilth, deeper root systems, increased nutrient consumption
• Better Soil Structure– Gardner et al.: Improved soil structure, better trafficability, increased water storage capacity
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Tile Drainage - Environmental Benefits
• Green Benefits– Decreased fossil fuel consumption (Madramootoo, Wind)
– Decreased greenhouse gas production• Less CO2 from fossil fuel burn• Less denitrification
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Founded 2006 by Chris & Charlotte Unrau
•Diploma in Agriculture from University of Manitoba•10 year career in Farm Management – 1500 acre table and chipping potato operation near Carman, MB•Included project and water management; short stint in fruit production•Left the farm in 2006 to pursue Water Management business
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Brief history of PLS:
Operations started in April 2007:-One tile plow, 1500 acres/yr-One employee-One surface drainage unit
Current Operations:-3 Tile Crews – 6000+ acres/yr-2 Surface Drainage Units-5+ Subcontractors working under PLS supervision-2 Companies- PLS and AccuPipe-30+ Employees
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Our 3 Pillars:
Our TechnologyOur PeopleOur Expertise
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Technology Partners
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Our People
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Our Expertise
We’ve tiled clear across Canada once and half way back home.That’s 25 million feet of drainage tile installed!
The cumulative effect of our equipment, people, and experience.
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Conclusion:Why Water ManagementWhy PLS
www.plsinc.ca
Phone: 1-855-PLS-TILE
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