© Copyright IBM Corporation 2014 TrademarksWhy Linux on Power? Page 1 of 16

Why Linux on Power?

Grace Liu (gliu@us.ibm.com)Linux Technical Sales Specialist for PowerIBM

Ann McDermott (acmcderm@us.ibm.com)Linux Technical Sales Specialist for PowerIBM

Mark Rudisill (rudisill@us.ibm.com)Linux Technical Sales Specialist for PowerIBM

07 May 2014

Running your Linux-based applications on IBM® Power® hardware offers a powerful blendof performance, reliability, and security. In this article, you will be exposed to many of thestrategic advantages that IBM Power Systems™ can offer and you might be surprised by thelow cost of the various deployments. Learn about the tools that IBM uses to enhance your Linuxexperience and fully understand IBM’s future commitments to Linux on Power.

IBM’s investment in LinuxYou've probably heard about IBM Watson. If not, take a look as it is truly a groundbreakingachievement in technology. To summarize some thoughts from an article in The Atlantic, IBMestimates that Watson can process up to 60 million pages of text per second. And this is just plain,simple written prose. It is completely unstructured, just like about 80% of all existing informationthat current IT systems need to process. The surprising part is that Watson can make senseof almost any freeform information source whether it is someone speaking or a dictation ofsomeone's handwritten notes. It can actually learn, and quite quickly. First it was used to beatJeopardy's best and now it is positioned to assist medical diagnosis for patients, revolutionizecustomer service, create new recipes for chefs, and a number of other interesting and previouslyinsurmountable challenges. Some of these challenges are obviously critically important and othersare simply fun and challenging applications that may well become highly strategic in the future.Watson's unique ability to adapt is head-shaking while the sheer amount of data that it can processis unmatched.

What is Watson when it comes to bits and bytes? Sure, it is a collection of clever softwarecomponents with innovative algorithms but what is the underlying hardware infrastructure? You

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know it is an IBM computer, but specifically it is an IBM Power Systems™ server. And morespecifically, it is running Linux on Power.

So the question becomes, if that combination can be used to create Watson, can it do what I needit to do?

To begin with, how serious is IBM about Linux on Power? IBM is serious enough to commit toinvest $1 billion in it in September of 2013. This is an investment into solutions for Linux® andopen source workloads and is in addition to numerous investments over the last decade on a widerange of open initiatives. The important thing to know is that it is not just an investment from IBM.It is an investment specifically from the Power Systems brand at IBM. However, it is important tonote that money alone will not make the initiative successful. Skills from experienced resourcesare required and IBM has reassigned numerous, highly motivated sales and technical resourcesto focus exclusively on Linux and Power and the solutions that they can address together. IBMsells software too – lots of it. You can bet that the huge majority of that software runs on Linux onPower. You can further assume that these applications have been optimized to run quite efficientlyon this platform.

Let's look at some specifics.

Every Power Systems server that IBM sells runs Linux. In fact, every server that IBM sells runsLinux, including Red Hat, SUSE and now Ubuntu. To be clear, it is the same Linux that runs onx86. It is built from the same source as x86, delivered on the same schedule and supportedat the same time. What makes it better on Power? We'll discuss this in detail later, but it is thefundamental concepts such as performance, reliability, virtualization, and price. IBM thinks thatthese fundamental concepts are compelling advantages – hence the commitment.

In what other ways is IBM invested in Linux?

We have fully staffed Linux Technology Centers located in the United States, Europe, and Asiathat provide a number of resources for customers, independent software vendors (ISVs), systemsintegrators, and managed service providers. Services offered at these centers include briefings,training, porting and migration assistance, benchmarking, and so on.

IBM has also created tools and processes that allow Linux to use the IBM Power technology.Some examples of these are:

Advance Toolchain: Is a set of open source development tools and runtime libraries that allowusers to take full advantage of IBM Power hardware features. It is bundled, tested, and supportedby IBM

Software Development Kit (SDK): Is an Eclipse-based integration of important Linux and IBMtools into a single GUI environment. It includes code scanners that recommend changes duringx86 to Power porting that can improve performance (free of charge).

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Migration Factory: When migrating to Linux, a trusted partner with a thorough, tested process is akey requirement. IBM has experience migrating thousands of clients to Linux on IBM systems withthe The Migration Factory. It uses a five-step process that has been meticulously refined over 25years, helping clients migrate to IBM systems running any supported operating system, includingLinux.

Watson's infrastructure was based on the Power 750 server. This is an offering that fits squarely inthe middle of our Power Systems family. You can see the detailed product offerings in the followingchart and you can bet that any application that runs on one of these servers can run on any ofthese servers.

Figure 1 shows the recently announced IBM POWER8™ processor technology (April, 2014). Atthe time of this paper, the smaller 1- and 2-socket servers had been announced. Larger serversmight be available later.

Figure 1. IBM POWER portfolio

IBM's Power division firmly believes that they can meet any customer's requirements with thisportfolio. Look at the variety:

• Low-cost, scale-out servers such as the new Power System S812 and S824 and the IBMPOWER7+™ processor-based Power 710 and Power 720.

• Linux-only servers such as the new Power System S812L and Power System S822L and therecent IBM PowerLinux™ 7R1 and 7R2.

• High-end enterprise servers with unmatched performance similar to Power 780 and Power795

A final area worth mentioning is the level of contribution that IBM provides to the open sourcecommunity. This might surprise many of you, but here is a partial list of the number of changes(contributions) made by those that focus on Linux.

(2005-2012)

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Table 1. Contributions to Linux by company

Company name Number of changes Percent of total

None (individuals) 46,982 17.9%

RedHat 31,261 11.9%

Novell 16,738 6.4%

Intel 16,219 6.2%

IBM 16,073 6.1%

Unknown 13,342 5.1%

Consultant 7,986 3.0%

Oracle 5,542 2.1%

Academia 3,421 1.3%

Nokia 3,272 1.2%

Fujitsu 3,156 1.2%

Texas Instruments 2,982 1.1%

Broadcom 2,916 1.1%

Linux Foundation 2,890 1.1%

Google 2,620 1.0%

Source: The Linux Foundation Releases Annual Linux Development Report

As you can see, it is more than Watson when it comes to IBM's commitment to Linux on Power.Even though Watson is a great example of what IBM can do in this space, we know that there aremany other application areas that we need to use with this technology combination.

Linux on Power is best positioned to handle customer workloadsLet's check out some trends that were identified in Gartner's 2013 Worldwide CIO Agenda.When asked to identify their top technology priority, analytics was at the top followed closely bycloud, and mobile. Other sources show supporting data such as the fact that 83% of CIO's citebusiness intelligence (BI) and analytics as part of their visionary plan and that 54% of companiesuse analytics to provide their business with explicit competitive advantages. The technologiesbehind big data and analytics are diverse, but one requirement is consistent. You need to providehardware to run the application and that hardware must be able to excel in some very specificareas. First of all, these applications require extremely high throughput in many different places.Where specifically? Processor speed, memory bandwidth, and I/O throughput to name a few.Also, big data and analytics demand threads – lots of threads – and they also have some seriousdependencies on Java™. Generally speaking, we are talking about balanced, efficient systems.

Let's not forget other workloads that are important to many customers. Email and collaboration(social and business-centric) remain strategic. While email client components are obviouslytransitioning away from the desktop and increasingly moving to mobile devices, the back-endinfrastructure to support any form of client must still exist. Security becomes paramount with theseapplications. The ability to scale quickly and to interface with many other technologies is also

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important. Finally, yes, just like everything else, performance is something customers look for withthese workloads.

Also, business applications including enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain, andcustomer relationship management (CRM) are still in use by nearly every major corporation in theworld. What kinds of unique infrastructure requirements exist for these heavy-hitters? We needto be able to quickly create new environments to test new functionality. We need to be able toadjust system resources (such as processor, memory, I/O) dynamically to handle peak-processingperiods such as financial closes and demand plans. These applications also have some of thehighest uptime requirements of all. Finally, application performance must meet acceptable levels.

If we compile a list of the most important system requirements for the most popular workloads, itwould probably look something as shown in the following list (all of this in an ultra-secure, cost-optimized solution):

• Performance• Reliability• Performance• Scalability• Performance• Flexibility (we call this virtualization)

Let's make sure we can get all of this in a cloud offering too!

It is no coincidence that the name of this paper is simply "Why Linux on Power?" All of theapplications mentioned above need a place to run and we want to show you why, from a technicalstandpoint, Power servers running Linux offer a compelling business case. Part of that businesscase is price and we will get to that point, but let's dive a little deeper into the Power technology.

Comparing Power with Intel

Power has been the platform of choice for mid-range database needs for many years. However,when IT people think of Linux, they almost immediately think of the Intel® x86 platform. Take alook at the features of Power and Intel for a moment. We at IBM are very proud of the Powerplatform for its outstanding reliability, availability, serviceability, scalability and most importantlysecurity.

If we look at the features of Power and compare them to the current line of Intel servers (seebelow), we can see superior functionality and flexibility. Additionally, from a cost standpoint, Linuxon Power is extremely attractive. This is covered more fully in the following section of this article.However, the following charts show some of the benefits of Power over Intel.

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Figure 2. Some benefits of IBM Power over Intel

Figure 3: Cache and bandwidth differences between Power and Intel

For server technology, Power has the following three specific advantages over Intel:

• Performance – POWER7+ offers a full line of servers with up to 256, high-performance coresand four threads per core. The new POWER8 processor-based servers have doubled thethread capability by offering eight threads per core. Intel sells smaller systems with current

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offerings topping out at 60 cores and two threads per core that require much more heating,cooling, and management.

• Virtualization – IBM PowerVM® is the only hypervisor in the market that can boast of zerosecurity vulnerabilities. No other x86-based hypervisor can make that claim. PowerVM residesin firmware, therefore, reducing latency and allowing for much higher overall utilization of thehardware.

• Resilience – Because Power is engineered by the same team who has engineered a veryreliable system, the IBM Mainframe, that same resilience is built in allowing for much higheruptimes and guaranteeing 99.997% uptime in a calendar year. Intel cannot come near thatclaim. Power hardware is self-healing and the most-critical updates can be done without anydowntime through features, such as Live Partition Mobility (LPM). x86 servers currently do nothave the same mission-critical resilience characteristics.

IBM has been consistently delivering on the Power roadmap for over 20 years producingrevolutionary, leading-edge processors and transistor technology. Research and developmenthave continued to be a focus of IBM investment resulting in industry-leading innovations. Powercontinues to have a clear and detailed technology roadmap.

The current version of the Power chip has built-in cryptography and an accelerator for hardwaretransactional memory. Hardware transactional memory enables Power servers to run highlythreaded Java workloads with higher performance capabilities.

Power also has superior memory and cache performance. With three levels of cache and twochannels per memory socket, Power provides superior performance for workloads requiring highinternal bandwidth.

The proliferation of x86 servers often leads to the following customer challenges:

• Increasing system administration and management costs• Excessive energy usage and heating problems• Inadequate power and cooling infrastructure• Skyrocketing software costs• Growing staffing costs• More inexplicable outages• Increased unplanned downtime• Reduced security• Little automation, no flexibility

Power server's enhanced security features and lack of security vulnerabilities allows IT managersto avoid costly consequences of security breaches such as:

• Strengthening existing IT security and carrying out additional training• Contacting those whose records may have been exposed

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• Credit monitoring for those affected• Legal action taken by people who may have suffered a financial loss• Damage to the company/brand reputation• Email blacklisting• Impact on share price• Costs to regain market position

Pricing

One common myth about Linux is that it is synonymous with x86 or commodity hardware –why would one consider running Linux on Power? The common perception is that Power is tooexpensive to run Linux.

As mentioned earlier, all Power servers run Linux. However, IBM introduced Linux-only serversto provide customers another solid platform alternative for Linux at a competitive price point.Options include the IBM POWER7® processor-based one-, two-, and four-socket servers – IBMPowerLinux 7R1, 7R2, and 7R4 – and now the POWER8 one-socket and two-socket Power S812Land Power S822L models. Consider the following charts. If you look at the total cost of acquisition(TCA), which includes the server list price, virtualization, Linux operating system subscriptionand support list price, the TCA pricing for Linux on Power servers is very comparable to Intel x86options if not less expensive.

Figure 4. IBM Power 822L pricing comparison (in U.S. dollars)

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Figure 5. Comparing the TCA pricing of POWER7+ with Intel x86 for Linux

In addition to TCA, there are other cost factors to consider as well. Let's compare the virtualizationcapabilities available on Power with x86; specifically, PowerVM against VMware. As Figure 5demonstrates, PowerVM offers superior capabilities and value in terms of providing customerswith virtualization features that are more flexible, more scalable, and more secure. Why shouldcustomers care about these benefits and what does it mean in terms of cost? Note that PowerVMallows for flexible configurations for virtual processors and memory, and the number of virtualprocessors per VM is only limited by the number of cores available on the physical server.Contrast that with VMware where you do have limited flexibility in shifting processor and memoryresources, and there is a hard limitation to 32 virtual processors per socket. What this means isthat customers deploying with PowerVM have the flexibility to modify their system configurationbased on their needs. In today's world, IT needs are fluid and dynamic. PowerVM allowscustomers to adjust their server environment as their needs change. Furthermore, superiorscalability characteristics of PowerVM can help customers to consolidate more workloads ontoa single server. Instead of acquiring additional physical servers to accommodate expanding ornew workloads, PowerVM customers can run more workloads within a single server, dramaticallyincreasing overall system utilization. PowerVM enables customers to do more with less. Withfewer physical servers, there are savings in terms of power and cooling, data center rack space,and management costs. Software licensing cost is also a major factor. Most commercial softwareapplications are licensed by number of cores. If you can do more with fewer cores, then thatdirectly translates into less software licensing expense, which can be a significant portionof IT budgets. Next, let's explore the area of security. PowerVM is integrated into the Powerhypervisor with zero reported vulnerabilities. Contrast that with VMware which has 561 reportedvulnerabilities. Imagine a system with several hosts. If the hypervisor is vulnerable to security-related issues, all of the hosts that run on it are at risk. This can mean serious impacts to customerbusinesses in terms of downtime. Finally, if you examine cost from a virtualization license costalone, you would notice that PowerVM licenses are very competitive as compared to VMWare.

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Figure 6. Comparing PowerVM for IBM PowerLinux with VMWare (in U.S. dollars)

In Q4 of 2013, IBM made two additional announcements that make IBM PowerLinux an even moreattractive option for customers. These announcements are the introduction of the Power IntegratedFacility for Linux (IFL) and reduced processor value unit (PVU) for all IBM PVU licensed softwareproducts for all Power cores running Linux.

Power IFL is an enterprise Power offering to consolidate and integrate Linux applications with IBMAIX® and IBM i applications and data in large enterprises. Customers with Power 770, 780, or 795servers can add Linux workload capacity through capacity on demand (add additional processorand memory resources using activation key, no outage required). This offering is scalable to 32-sockets through 4-core, 32 GB memory bundles. It is intended for enterprise customers who mayhave inactive capacity on their existing enterprise Power servers. Instead of acquiring additionalx86-based servers to run Linux workloads, customers can now just activate the inactive resourceson existing Power servers, with no outage required to activate the resources. Customers can enjoythe performance, security, and availability that are inherent in the Power enterprise servers, whilestreamlining the purchase of Linux workloads at new low prices. Power IFL allows customers toreduce time to market as there is no need to add additional equipment to the data center. Youcan just enter a key to activate the needed resources. By using IFL, customers can co-locateapplications and data confidently while reducing latency and maximizing utilization.

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Figure 7. Power IFL pricing

The second announcement is the reduced IBM Software Group PVU for all PVU-licensed softwareproducts on all Power cores running Linux. A PVU is a unit of measure used to differentiatesoftware licensing on distributed processor technologies. For Linux on Power, the IBM SoftwareGroup PVU is 70 PVUs per core across the board, even for the largest Power servers. Comparethis to 100 to 120 PVUs per core for 4-socket and larger Intel servers. Because software licensescan be the largest cost in solution acquisition (far higher than server costs) there can be significantcosts savings when running such workloads on Linux on Power

The myth that Power is too expensive to run Linux does not hold true. Not only is it competitive inTCA pricing, but it also provides superior features that customers would value above commoditysolutions.

Here is a fact-based analysis video by a leading research firm, Solitaire Interglobal Ltd. In thisvideo, Solitaire compares the x86 architecture with IBM Power Systems and explains why thefoundation for your next generation applications should be IBM Power:

SkillsIBM has been an active Linux participant since 1999 and is one of the leading commercialcontributors to Linux. As we mentioned earlier, the IBM Power division invested another 1 billionU.S. dollars towards enabling solutions for Linux and open source workloads. This investmentincludes the opening of new Power Systems Linux Center and Innovation Centers around theworld. The Power Systems Linux Center is available to Linux developers around the world.Locations include Beijing/China, Austin/TX, New York/NY, Tokyo/Japan, and Montpellier/France.Linux Center enables developers to build and deploy new applications using Linux and the latestIBM Power servers. Resources available at the center include tailored customer briefings, Linuxtraining workshops, porting assistance, and hands-on assistance for developers on how to takeadvantage of Power capabilities and optimize performance. IBM Innovation Centers are state-of-the art facilities dedicated to helping ISVs. The services offered at the Innovation Centers includearchitectural design and implementation consulting, porting, migration, and testing services,support for application integration and proof of concepts, and expertise in the latest technologies.

As an example of IBM's commitment to Linux on Power, IBM has dedicated teams specificallyaround the mission of enabling clients and ISVs on PowerLinux. Furthermore, IBM has the Linux

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Technology Center (LTC), which is an IBM team of open source software developers who work oncooperation with the Linux open source development community. The LTC serves as a center oftechnical competency for Linux and is the technical liaison to IBM's Linux Distribution partners.

IBM offers a number of other community resources as well. Assume that you need to leverageIBM to help you port your application. IBM has the Chiphopper program, which is IBM SystemsApplication Advantage for Linux. This program engages the appropriate resources within IBM towork with you and your team in assessing potential porting challenges and assists with the port.Another IBM program is the Migration Factory. IBM Migration Factory can help you develop amigration roadmap, an estimate of the migration effort, and a customized business case for themigration. If you require a platform for testing but do not have access to a server, IBM has thePower Development Cloud, or what was previously known as the virtual loaner program, available.This program offers no-charge remote access to IBM hardware. Finally, IBM has the Linux onPower community wiki, which is your one-stop-shop for helpful FAQs, video demos, best practices,how-tos, and access to the Linux on Power forum. Questions or discussion points posted on thediscussion board is automatically forwarded to the entire Linux on Power development team –allowing you to tap into the deepest Linux on Power technical knowledge through our experts.

IBM has developed tools specifically for Linux on Power to provide additional value. One tool is theIBM Installation Toolkit for PowerLinux. It includes the Simplified Setup Tool for popular workloads,Linux on Power expert experience based tuning, and installation of over 20 reliability, availability,and serviceability and productivity tools. Other tools include the SDK and Advance Toolchain. All ofthese tools are offered free of charge and are optimized specifically for Power.

Whether you're a customer, Business Partner, or an ISV, IBM has the team and resources to assistyou with all of your Linux on Power needs.

Customer examplesNC State University (NCSU) – big data – helping companies solve real information problems

In the video, researcher Dr. Michael Kowolenko discusses how IBM's cloud-based big data andanalytics solutions on PowerLinux empowered NCSU to advise businesses on making high-impactinvestments

NC State Center of Innovation Management Studies wanted to teach their students how to solvecomplex business questions and give businesses actionable information to help their bottom line.The businesses that they used as examples had many sources of data in disparate forms.

They needed a hardware platform that can keep up with the volume of data and not get boggeddown in very complex queries and allow the students and businesses to make the right decisionsbased on accurate output. They also wanted to make it easy for those folks who would be runningthe system in the Computer Science department. So, they chose Linux on Power. Using severalIBM software products (Big Insights, Content Analytics, IBM SPSS®, IBM DB2®) they were ableto greatly enhance the ability of their students to solve problems that would affect the bottom lineof these businesses. Moving from an x86 platform to a Power platform, the running of indexes wasreduced from 72-96 hours to 14 hours.

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Watson helps with cancer diagnosis at MD AndersonProfessor Lynda Chin of MD Anderson Hospital discusses how by using Watson, they were able tocreate an application that greatly speeds the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients.

IBM Watson technology is currently being deployed at MD Anderson Hospital in Houston, TX toassist with the diagnosis and treatment of all kinds of cancer.

Watson gives practitioners access to information and data from sources they never dreamed ofin the past. They are now no longer isolated in their own practice but can have instantaneousinformation for sources all over the globe to be better able to treat and diagnose their patients.

Watson addresses the fundamental challenges in how medicine is practiced today.

• Access to quality of care• Physician shortage• Lack of standardization• Cost of access• Inefficiency in adoptions• Inefficiency in knowledge sharing and exchange

At its core, Watson is a Hadoop cluster and runs on Linux on Power systems.

SummaryWe hope that we convinced you that IBM is serious about Linux on Power. Our investment intothis technology should make it clear. Among these: a billion dollars of additional investmentwas committed in mid 2013 including a many of new, dedicated Linux-focused people and thecontinued commitment to build applications that use and improve Linux on Power. We also hopethat we have dispelled some of the myths commonly in place about this product combination. First,Linux on Power is the same Linux as x86. Next, it does not cost more to run Linux on Power. Infact, in most cases, the total cost of acquisition and the total cost of ownership will favor runningit on Power, sometimes dramatically. Finally, Linux surely does not run better on x86. The IBMPOWER® processor and the server infrastructure surrounding it are unmatched in their ability toprovide the fastest total system throughput with the highest levels of reliability and security.

If you have questions or want more in-depth information on any of the topics discussed in thisarticle, you can contact one of the authors. Grace, Ann, and Mark are all part of a newly definedorganization within IBM whose primary mission is to act as technical ambassadors for all aspectsof Linux running on Power. These resources and others in their organization are focused onapplications and initiatives such as big data and analytics that thrive in Linux environments. Theysize and design optimal Power-based architectures, translate designs, and provide comparativesizing from competitive hardware providers, recommend porting paths from alternate platforms,and educate customers and ISVs on the underlying technologies.

Resources• IBM POWER8 systems facts and features

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• Power Systems Quick Reference Guide• Draft IBM Redbooks - IBM Power Systems S812L and S822L Technical Overview and

Introduction• Draft Redbooks - IBM Power Systems S814 and S824 Technical Overview and Introduction• Draft Redbooks - IBM Power Systems S822 Technical Overview and Introduction• Draft Redbooks - Performance Optimization and Tuning Techniques for IBM Processors,

including IBM POWER8• Youtube - Linux on Power: The Elements of Innovation• Youtube - Infor: Enabling Client Success on the POWER8 Platform

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About the authors

Grace Liu

Grace Liu is a Linux Technical Sales Specialist for Power. She works with ISVs in theretail and financial industries for Linux on Power enablement. She also supports thePower scale-out initiative. Grace has over 10 years of experience as a Field TechnicalSales Specialist providing presales consulting, technical support, architecting, andimplementing solutions for customers in Dallas and Fort Worth. She is Level 2 ITSpecialist certified with proven success in assisting the IBM Power sales teamand delivering business results. Grace has worked with business clients acrossmultiple industries, including large financial customers, retail, telecommunications,outsourcing, and state government. In addition to her responsibilities as a TechnicalSpecialist, Grace is also part of the IBM Global Enablement Team (GET) as a SupportConsultant. Specifically, Grace works with top IBM executives who are part of theIndonesia GET team, and drives the planning and coordination of GET activities andproject management.

Ann McDermott

Ann McDermott has been working with UNIX systems since 1989. In her careerat IBM, Cisco, and Sun, she has supported a myriad of enterprise customers inindustries from Banking to Entertainment to Government. She taught UNIX at NewYork University for many years and has a deep understanding of how the operatingsystem works. She lives in Manhattan with her dog Nina whom she rescued in 2012.

Mark Rudisill

Mark has been with IBM since 1995 and was an early member of the IBM / SAPCompetency Center. After a long stint supporting and educating IBM’s Oracle ERPcustomers, Mark joined a newly created technical team that focuses on expandingIBM’s footprint in the Linux on Power arena. He is an expert in solution sizing anddesign and has worked with many of IBM’s largest customers; ensuring that theirimplementations of critical business applications are on IBM Power Systems and aresuccessful.

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2014(www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml)Trademarks(www.ibm.com/developerworks/ibm/trademarks/)

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