On-going development of forest-based energy in Sweden  

Energy consumption in Sweden 2010

Hydropower Nuclear power

Bioenergy Oil

Energy use in Sweden

Bioenergy development in Sweden 1970-2005

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

TWh

Share of domestic energy consumption

•1970: 9%

•1980: 11%

•1990: 15%

•2000: 20%

•2009: 29%

25

30

35

40

45

50

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

Share of renewable energy in total energy consumption [%]

GHG emissions in Sweden 1990-2008

Main drivers affecting present changes towards renewable energy

• Carbon dioxide tax from 1991

• Certificates for renewable electricity production from 2001

• Political will – affecting community owned energy production units, vehicles

• Emission trading in the EU• Individuals choices – green electricity,

transports

Energy mix in district heating 1970-2008

oil

coal

biomass

TWh

Example CHP in Ostersund

Energy in industry sector

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1801

97

0

19

73

19

76

19

79

19

82

19

85

19

88

19

91

19

94

19

97

20

00

20

03

20

06

Coal and coke

Biofuel, peat, etc,

District heating

Electricity

Natural gas andgasworks gas

Oil products

Biopower 2002-2010

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

TW

h

KVV, Avfall

KVV, Torv

KVV, Biogas

KVV, Övr.Bio

Massaind.

WastePeat

Other bio

Pulp indu

www.svebio.se

36 %

Pulp & Paper

16 % Pulp chips

13 % energy (bark, sawdust, etc)

20 %Sawn wood46 %

Saw logs

8 % energy (direct harvest)

23 %

energy (black liqour, etc)

46 %pulpwood

Annual cut~ 90 mill m3

Source: Skogsindustrierna, 2003 and Official Statistics of Sweden

Wood use in the Swedish forest sector~6-7 % of biomass harvest: energy (branches and tops (and stumps))

12

Stemwood stock in Swedish forest

• 1926 – c. 1780 m3

• 1990 – c. 2800 m3

• 2007 – c. 3240 m3

Positive effect for climate questioned…, however

• Branches and tops – Highly positive in a 15-20 yr time frame

• Stumps – Highly positive in a 40-50 yr time frame

• Increased harvest – stock loss = unknown ”payback time”

• Higher value for wood => more silviculture + better damage protection + reforestation (”forest that pays stays”)

• Harvest before large-scale damage (fire, stormfelling, insects, etc)

• Still, peat drainage = negative for climate

Development of regulations

• Forestry Act – improved 1998– Damage on soil or water should be avoided or

limited– Measures should be taken to prevent damage

on long-term nutrient status of forest soils

• Recomm 1998, new 2001, rev 2008• Prel recomm conc stump harv 2009• On-going research

15

Environmental goals – 16 areas

• Clean air, lakes, rivers, etc

• Natural biodiversity in the sea, forest, wetlands, etc

• Cultural heritage, aesthetic landscape values

=> Long-term goals, short-term goals, cost/benefit-evaluated action plans

Coming..

• Pine diesel (to be mixed with fossil diesel)

• DME from black liquor gasification– adapted motors in Volvo trucks

• Biorefineries

• Methanol/biogas

• -> Net export?

Energy carriers in transportation

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1601

97

0

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

Renewable motor fuels

Natural gas, incl LPG

Aviation fuels etc

Med/heavy fuel oils

Bunkers oils

Electricity

Diesel/gas oil

Petrol

Sustainability= Ecology, economy, social values

1. ≥ Sustained level of biomass production

2. Biodiversity preservation

3. Positive greenhouse gas balance

4. Sustained chemical environment

5. ≥ Sustained cultural and social values

Σ ≥ for coming generations

Who define sustainability for practical use?

• MCPFE (Pan-european forest policy process)• Montreal process (North american -:-)• ITTO (Tropical -:-)• European Commission - RES Directive• National authorities• Certifiers, public procurement• and many others…