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Slide 2 WHY DONT PEOPLE WANT TO HELP IN AN EMERGENCY???? Presence of others Uncertainty about the persons condition Fear of catching a disease Fear of doing something wrong Fear of being sued Being unsure of when to call 911 Scared of blood Slide 3 All 50 states have Good Samaritan Laws Enacted to protect people who voluntarily give emergency care, without accepting anything in return. Laws protect you as long as you Act in good faith Are not negligent Act within the scope of your training CAN I GET IN TROUBLE IF I HELP SOMEONE? # 1 Slide 4 HOW DO I PREVENT DISEASE TRANSMISSION Use Universal Precautions - Avoid contact with: Blood Body fluids - Use PPE (personal protective equipment) such as: Gloves CPR barriers -Wash hands immediately after care # 2 Slide 5 WHAT CAN I DO? Provide Care - maintain normal body temperature - loosen tight clothing - reassure victim help is coming - learn basic first aid skills for common injuries Be Prepared - keep a list of emergency numbers near by - know where family health records are kept - keep first aid supplies both at home and in a vehicle Slide 6 FIRST AID KIT Basic First Aid Kit items: - scissors - bandages - tape - alcohol wipes - ibuprofen - gauze pads - rubber gloves - band aids Having several first aid kits around can be helpful. Keep one in the house, in the car, and always take one when camping or hiking. Do you know what should be in your kit? Slide 7 YOUR RESPONSIBILITY 1.DECIDE to act 2.CHECK the area 3.CALL the local emergency services 4.Provide CARE until help arrives # 3 Slide 8 DECIDE TO ACT! For the victim in an emergency to receive treatment, someone must act. Someone needs to help, why not you?? Slide 9 YOUR RESPONSIBILITY 1.DECIDE to act 2.CHECK the area 3.CALL the local emergency services 4.Provide CARE until help arrives Slide 10 CHECK THE AREA AROUND THE EMERGENCY You should determine: -What kind of an emergency -Is it safe for you and victim -The number of victims -The cause of the injury -Any unusual smells -How are the victims behaving -Any unusual noises # 4 Slide 11 YOUR RESPONSIBILITY 1.DECIDE to act 2.CHECK the area 3.CALL 911 for help 4.Provide CARE until help arrives Slide 12 CALL FOR HELP It is very important after you check a scene of an emergency to decide if emergency personnel is needed. - How do I know? Is emergency life threatening? Are you sure you know how to help? The most important action for you to take at an emergency is to - It will start emergency medical help on its way as fast as possible. Slide 13 LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCY? An emergency may be life threatening if the person: o Is unconscious, unresponsive, or not awake. o Is having trouble breathing or is not breathing. o Is not moving. o Is bleeding severely and the bleeding cannot be stopped. o Is having chest pain. If you are unsure if an emergency situation is life threatening or not, call 9-1-1. Slide 14 YOUR RESPONSIBILITY 1.DECIDE to act 2.CHECK the area 3.CALL the local emergency services 4.Provide CARE until help arrives Slide 15 PROVIDING CARE When providing care it is important to remember: Remain calm!!! Remember to ask for consent to treat. What is your level of training? ALWAYS treat life threatening victims first! Watch for changes in breathing or consciousness Slide 16 OBTAINING CONSENT Before helping someone, you MUST obtain permission to help someone If someone refuses care, call 911 for them If unconscious, confused or seriously ill & not able to grant consent, the consent is implied. If a minor, get consent from parent or guardian # 5 Slide 17 To Obtain Consent: State your name Tell the person you are trained in first aid Ask the person if you can help Explain what you think might be wrong Explain what you plan to do HOW DO I ASK TO HELP? Slide 18 CONSCIOUS VICTIM 1.Check breathing- is it labored? 2.Introduce yourself and ask permission to help 3.Explain your training 4.Ask what happened and ask about the injury 5.Decide if you can help them or do you need paramedics Slide 19 UNCONSCIOUS VICTIM 1.Check for breathing - if yes, roll onto side - if no, then you must start CPR 2. Check for bleeding Slide 20 Slide 21 WHAT IS FIRST AID? It is the temporary care given to a person who becomes injured or ill. Knowing what kind of first aid to provide can prevent serious and sometimes permanent damage to the victim. In some cases, first aid can even prevent death. You need to handle each emergency differently, depending on the severity of the illness or injury. Slide 22 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Slide 23 TYPES OF WOUNDS 1. Soft tissues include layers of skin, fat, & muscle 2. Damage may be at the skin level or deeper in the body 3. A physical injury that damages the layers of skin is called a wound. 4. Wounds are typically classified as either opened or closed. Slide 24 Closed: wounds where the skins surface is not broken. The simples closed wound is a bruise. It is caused by a blow to the body that damages the soft tissue layer and causes internal bleeding. When to call 911- CLOSED WOUNDS # 6 Slide 25 OPEN WOUNDS the skins surface is broken, and blood may come through the tear in the skin. Types of open wounds: Abrasions caused by something rubbing against skin Lacerations- a cut in the skin OPEN WOUNDS # 6 # 7 Slide 26 Types of open wounds cont.: Avulsions when a portion of the skin is partially or completely torn away - Ice the area immediately Punctures- occur when a pointed object such as a nail, pierces the skin - bacteria can get in the wound, so you most likely will need a tetanus shot Slide 27 Slide 28 NEED STITCHES? Rule of thumb: if you are wondering if it needs stitches, it probably does Used when edges of skin dont fall together When cut is on the face Any wounds over inch long Wounds that are deep Slide 29 CONTROLLING OPEN WOUND BLEEDING Cover the wound with a sterile dressing -If it bleeds through dressing, apply another dressing over previous NEVER remove a dressing. Apply direct pressure until bleeding stops Cover the sterile dressing with a bandage. Make sure it is not too tight that it cuts off circulation. # 8 Slide 30 TYPES OF BURNS Cause: Thermal (heat) Chemicals Electricity Radiation Slide 31 Classifications: by depth 1 st degree sunburn epidermis only never blisters not calculated in burn extent 2 nd degree through the epidermis into the dermis blister develop pink, moist, painful can hurt the worst 3 rd degree All three layers burned May be tissue damage to the bone May or may not be painful # 9 Slide 32 CARING FOR A MINOR BURN Do: Check scene for safety Remove source of burn Cool 1 st and 2 nd degree burns with cool running water Cover wound loosely with a sterile dressing # 10 Slide 33 DO NOT!!!! Use ice Break blisters Remove pieces of clothing stuck to burn Use any type of ointment on a severe burns Do not immerse 3 rd degree burns in water Do not touch the area of a burn with anything but a clean covering Slide 34 No! Cotton wool will stick to the burn. Never cover a burn with anything fluffy. Yes! If you havent got water to cool a burn, a cold liquid, like milk will do Yes! Use water to cool a burn for at least 10 minutes. Would you put it on a burn? Click yes or no! 5. Sterile gauze 3. Cold water 4. Cold milk 2. Cotton wool 1. Butter Yes No No! A doctor would have to scrape butter off the burn before treating it. Ouch! Yes! The gauze will keep it clean. Slide 35 CHEMICAL BURNS Remove contaminated clothing if possible Brush off dry chemicals Flush burn with water for 15 to 20 minutes Flush eye, if chemical in eye, for 15 20 min. Slide 36 ELECTRICAL BURNS Look First, Do Not Touch DO NOT go near person until he/she is not in contact with power source High-voltage: call 911 Turn off power source Observe for cardiac arrest Care for shock, thermal burns All need advanced medical care These burn from the inside out They are extremely dangerous Slide 37 Slide 38 SUDDEN ILLNESSES Slide 39 SUDDEN ILLNESS General Guidelines Do no further harm Monitor breathing and consciousness Help the person rest in the most comfortable position Keep the person from getting chilled or overheated Reassure the person Give any specific care needed Slide 40 FAINTING Temporary loss of consciousness Caused by a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain Usually self-correcting Victim recovers quickly with no lasting effects Place victim on their side in a resting position Slide 41 DIABETIC EMERGENCY Body does not produce enough insulin or does not use insulin effectively If victim conscious and able to swallow: They might need help injecting Give sugar If victim unable to swallow or sugar not available call 911 Slide 42 SEIZURE What are they? Disruption of normal electrical activity of the brain causing a loss of body control What can you do? o Do NOT put anything in their mouths o Do NOT restrain the person o Prevent injury o Make sure person is breathing Seizurescall 9-1-1 if: o They are injured or remains unconscious when the seizure is over. o The person is pregnant or has diabetes. o The person is very young or very old. o It is the persons first seizure. Video 5:30 min # 11 Slide 43 POISONIN G Definition: Any substance that can cause injury, illness or death when introduced into the body How introduced into the body: Inhalation Swallowed Absorption Injection Treatment If life threatening call 911 Call Poison Control Center and follow their directions 1-800-222-1222 DO NOT give anything by mouth Slide 44 Suddenly your friend starts choking on a piece of food struggling for breath holding his throat turning red in the face CHOKIN G What do you do????? Slide 45 mild choking both unable to speak difficulty breathing unable to breathe coughs red face holding throat unable to cough answers when questioned First ask: Are you choking? Sort the boxes into the Venn diagram. See the next slide for answers severe choking Slide 46 mild choking severe choking unable to speak difficulty breathing unable to breathe coughs red face holding throat unable to cough answers when questioned both # 12 Slide 47 If choking is mild, encourage the choking person to cough. This should clear the problem. Slide 48 If your friend cant speak or cough, the choking is severe. Your friends airway has been blocked by food. Unable to breathe, your friend may quickly pass out. You must act right away. Airway Food Slide 49 When someones choking badly, you must do something. The video clip shows you what to do # 13 Slide 50 STROK E What is it? It is when the blood flow to an area of brain is cut off. This deprives th brain cells of oxygen and begin to die. Think F.A.S.T. o F = Face weakness on one side o A = Arms weak or numb o S = Speech slurred or trouble talking o T = Time call 911 now!! # 14 Slide 51 SHOC K What is it? Life-threatening condition in which there is not enough blood being delivered to all parts of the body When can you get it? Can happen after a serious injury or illness including: severe bleeding Serious internal injury Blood or body fluid loss What are the signs? Restlessness or irritability Altered level of consciousness Nausea or Vomiting Pale, ashen, cool, moist skin Rapid breathing and pulse Excessive thirst # 15 Slide 52 How do you take care of someone in shock? Call 911 Remain calm Have the person lie down Control any external bleeding Cover with a blanket DO NOT give anything to eat or drink Reassure the person Monitor airway, breathing, and circulation Slide 53 ALLERGIC REACTION Cause: Drugs Medications Foods Chemicals Treatment: Check Call Care Give care for any life-threatening condition Epinephrine auto-injector Slide 54 Insect Stings Scrape away the stinger Wash site with soap and water Cold pack to reduce pain Watch for signs of an allergic reaction Tick Bites Remove tick with tweezers as close to skin as possible and pull slowly DO NOT Burn tick off Apply petroleum jelly If rash, flu-like sx, or joint pain seek medical care BITES & STINGS Severe reactions include: weakness, swelling of the face and neck, and difficulty breathing. If these signs are present call 911 # 16 Slide 55 INJURIES TO MUSCLES, BONES, AND JOINTS Slide 56 TYPES OF MUSCLE, BONE AND JOINT INJURIES Fractures: break in bone Open Fracture: skin over fracture broken Closed Fracture: skin over fracture intact Dislocation: displacement of a bone at the joint # 17 Slide 57 Sprain: partial or complete tearing or stretching of a ligament Strain: stretching or tearing of muscles or tendon fibers Slide 58 CARE FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM R est I ce C ompress E levate R est I mmobilize C old E levate Think RICE! # 18 Slide 59 WHEN DO YOU CALL 911? Open fractureyou can see bone Cannot move or use the hurt part normally (for example, if the person cannot stand on his/her leg) Area is cold and numb Involves the head, neck or spine Trouble breathing Slide 60 SPLINTIN G Definition: method of immobilizing Splint injury in position in which you find it Splint the injured area and the joints or bones above and below the injury site Check for circulation Feeling, warmth, and color Slide 61 TYPES OF SPLINTS Soft Splint Use of pillows, folded blankets, towels, & a sling Rigid Splint Includes boards, metal strips & folded magazines or newspapers Use a triangular bandage Anatomical Splints Use uninjured body part as a splint to immobilize an injured area Slide 62 ANATOMIC SPLINT 1.Get consent to treat 2.Check circulation 3.Position bandages 3.Align body parts 4.Tie bandages securely 5.Recheck circulation Slide 63 1.Support injured part 2.Check circulation 3.Position bandages SOFT SPLINT 3.Wrap with soft object 4.Tie bandages securely 5.Recheck circulation Slide 64 After an injury ice can be very beneficial. It can: Reduce bleeding within tissues Prevent or reduce swelling Reduce muscle spasm Reduce pain by numbing the area and reducing swelling (which causes pain through pressure) Ice or cold packs should be applied for 15-20 minutes every 2-3 hours. Be sure to protect the skin if you apply ice/cold packs to prevent an ice burn. Heat is beneficial when the injury is 48-72 hours old, otherwise it can worsen the bleeding and inflammation. Heat can be applied in the form of: Deep heat creams Heat pads Hot water bottles Heat works by dilating the blood vessels allowing more blood to the area which has a soothing effect. It eases pain and muscle spasms. HOT OR COLD THERAPY? # 19 Slide 65 NECK, HEAD, AND BACK INJURIES Slide 66 CARE FOR INJURIES TO THE HEAD, NECK, OR BACK Call 911! These injuries may cause unintentional death or life-long neurological damage Minimize movement of the head, neck or back Leave victim in the position found in If the head is turned sharply to one side, DO NOT try to align it. Support the head in the position you found it in. # 20 Slide 67 CONCUSSION S What are they? It is a type of traumatic brain injury that is caused by a blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. Signals o Loss of balance o Vision disturbances o Nausea and vomiting o Dizziness o Headache # 21 Slide 68 BRAIN INJURIES SIGNALS FOR BRAIN INJURIES: Changes in consciousness, such as confusion and excessive sleepiness Severe pain or pressure in the head, neck or back Tingling or loss of feeling in the hands, fingers, feet or toes Partial or complete loss of movement of any body part Blood or other fluids draining from the ears or nose Heavy external bleeding of the head, neck or back Seizures Trouble breathing or seeing as a result of the injury Nausea or vomiting Loss of balance (after the initial injury) Bruising of the head, especially around the eyes and behind the ears Slide 69 WHEN DO I CALL 911? Suspect a serious head or spinal injury when the person: o Says there is neck or back pain. o Has tingling or weakness in the arms or legs. o Is not fully alert. o Staggers when trying to walk. o Appears to be unexpectedly weak. Call 9-1-1. Slide 70 HEAT & COLD RELATED EMERGENCIES Slide 71 HYPOTHER MIA What is it? When your body loses heat faster than it can produce it. Normal body temperature is around 98.6 F Hypothermia is when the body temperature passes below 95 F. When does it happen? When there is overexposure to cool temperatures, cold water, moisture, and/or wind. What happens to the victim? -shivers and feels cold -trouble speaking -tired -confused -pulse rate slows down and becomes irregular -can become unconscious and die if not treated # 22 Slide 72 HYPOTHER MIA CONT. What do you do? - call 911 ASAP - handle them carefully - try to get them to a warmer environment - remove wet clothing and put on dry clothing Slide 73 FROSTBIT E What is it? The freezing of body parts exposed to the cold. What to look for: -lack of feeling -skin swollen and waxy looking -skin cold to the touch -skin may be discolored -blisters may form -may turn black if severe # 23 Slide 74 FROSTBIT E CONT. Call 911 if severe! Until help arrives: handle the area gently remove wet clothing and jewelry if minor, you can rewarm the area using skin-to-skin contact Warm them up slowly! NEVER: rub the area rewarm the area if there is a chance it might refreeze or you are going to the hospital give ibuprofen break the blisters Slide 75 HEAT-RELATED ILLNESSES Heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke and all caused by overexposure to heat, loss of fluids and electrolytes. HEAT EXHAUSTION is more severe than heat cramps. It affects, athletes, firefighters, construction works or factory workers most often. Signs: cool, moist, pale, ashen or flushed skin; headache;nausea;dizzine4ss; weakness; and exhaustion What do you do? - get them out of the heat - give cool liquids - loosen or remove clothes - let the person rest Slide 76 HEAT STROKE:CALL 911!!!!! Least common, but most severe of heat related illnesses. Occurs when people ignore the warning signals of heat exhaustion. Watch for: - extremely high body temp - red skin that can be dry or moist - changes in consciousness - confusion - rapid or weak pulse - shallow breathing - vomiting - seizures Cool them off ASAP! # 24