Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton)...
Transcript of Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton)...
![Page 1: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EQ
Why do we need the skeletal system?
![Page 2: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Skeletal System
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton-– bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Appendicular skeleton- bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvis
![Page 3: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Functions of Bones
1. Support of the body- form the internal framework
that supports & anchors organs
2. Protection of soft organs- provide a hard case for
the brain, spinal cord, heart & lungs
3. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones
act as levers to move the body
4. Storage- of minerals (calcium/phosphorus) and fats
5. Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis occurs in red
bone marrow
![Page 4: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bones of the Human Body
The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
![Page 5: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape
Figure 5.1
![Page 6: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Classification of Bones
Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both
ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus
![Page 7: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Classification of Bones
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
![Page 8: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Classification of Bones
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone
around a layer of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
![Page 9: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Classification of Bones
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip
Sphenoid bone of
the skull.
![Page 10: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape
Figure 5.1
![Page 11: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
Shaft
Composed of compact
bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
![Page 12: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Structures of a Long Bone
Periosteum
Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Sharpey’s fibers
Secure periosteum to underlying bone
Arteries
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
![Page 13: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Structures of a Long Bone
Articular cartilage
Covers the external
surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline
cartilage
Decreases friction at
joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a
![Page 14: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Structures of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow
(mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow (for
blood cell formation) in
infants
Figure 5.2a
![Page 15: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Bone Markings
Surface features of bones
Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and
ligaments
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Categories of bone markings
Projections and processes – grow out from the bone
surface
Depressions or cavities – indentations
![Page 16: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Bone Markings: Projections – Sites of
Muscle and Ligament Attachment
______________ – rounded projection
______________ – narrow, prominent ridge of bone
________________ – large, blunt, irregular surface
__________________ – narrow ridge of bone
___________________ – small rounded projection
_______________ – raised area above a condyle
__________________ – sharp, slender projection
_____________________ – any bony prominence
tuberosity
crest
trochanter
line
tubercle
epicondyle
spine
process
![Page 17: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Bone Markings: Projections That Help
to Form Joints
_________ – bony expansion carried on a
narrow neck
__________ – smooth, nearly flat articular
surface
_________ – rounded articular projection
________ – armlike bar of bone
head
facet
condyle
ramus
![Page 18: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bone Markings: Depressions and
Openings
____________– canal-like passageway
____________ – cavity within a bone
_____________ – shallow, basinlike depression
_____________ – furrow
_____________ – narrow, slitlike opening
_____________ – round or oval opening through
a bone
groove
fissure
foramen
meatus
sinus
fossa
![Page 19: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Osteon (Haversian System)
A unit of bone
Central (Haversian) canal
Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
Canal perpendicular to the central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
![Page 20: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3
![Page 21: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Lacunae
Cavities containing bone
cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric
rings
Lamellae
Rings around the central
canal
Sites of lacunae
Detail of Figure 5.3
![Page 22: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
Form a transport
system
Detail of Figure 5.3
![Page 23: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
11.
![Page 24: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Journal
How do fractures differ between children and the
elderly?
![Page 25: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Changes in the Human Skeleton
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is
replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
![Page 26: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a
![Page 28: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Bone Growth
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone
during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
![Page 29: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4b
![Page 30: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Bone Growth
Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth
stops
Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width
![Page 31: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Types of Bone Cells
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
![Page 32: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Bone Fractures
A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
![Page 33: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Common Types of Fractures
Comminuted-
Compression-
Depressed-
Impacted-
Spiral-
Greenstick-
![Page 34: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
![Page 35: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Repair of Bone Fractures
1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus
3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
callus
4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent
patch
![Page 36: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5
![Page 37: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Axial Skeleton
Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
![Page 39: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
![Page 40: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Skull
Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable
joint
![Page 41: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Skull
Figure 5.7
![Page 42: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
![Page 43: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
![Page 44: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
![Page 45: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Paranasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal
cavity
Figure 5.10
![Page 46: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Paranasal Sinuses
Functions of paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
![Page 47: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does
not articulate with
another bone
Serves as a moveable
base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
![Page 48: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Fetal Skull
The fetal skull is large
compared to the infants
total body length
Figure 5.13
![Page 49: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Fetal Skull
Fontanelles – fibrous
membranes connecting
the cranial bones
Allow the brain
to grow
Convert to bone within
24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
![Page 50: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Vertebral Column
Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
The spine has a normal
curvature
Each vertebrae is given
a name according to its
location
Figure 5.14
![Page 51: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
![Page 52: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Figure 5.17a–b
![Page 53: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Figure 5.17c–d
![Page 54: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The Bony Thorax
Forms a cage to
protect major
organs
Figure 5.19a
![Page 55: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The Bony Thorax
Made-up of
three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
![Page 56: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
![Page 57: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have
exceptionally free movement
![Page 58: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a–b
![Page 59: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20c–d
![Page 60: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Bones of the Upper Limb
The arm is formed by a
single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a–b
![Page 61: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Bones of the Upper Limb
The forearm has two
bones
Ulna
Radius
Figure 5.21c
![Page 62: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Bones of the Upper Limb
The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
![Page 63: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones
Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine
![Page 64: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a
![Page 65: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone
Figure 5.23b
![Page 66: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
![Page 67: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has one
bone
Femur – thigh bone
Figure 5.24a–b
![Page 68: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Bones of the Lower Limbs
The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.24c
![Page 69: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Bones of the Lower Limbs
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
![Page 70: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Arches of the Foot
Bones of the foot are
arranged to form three
strong arches
Two longitudinal
One transverse
Figure 5.26
![Page 71: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Joints
Articulations of bones
Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
![Page 72: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
![Page 73: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints
Freely moveable
![Page 74: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Fibrous Joints
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Examples
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Allows more movement than sutures
Example: distal end of tibia and fibula
Figure 5.27a–b
![Page 75: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
Pubic
symphysis
Intervertebral
joints
Figure 5.27d–e
![Page 76: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Synovial Joints
Articulating bones
are separated by
a joint cavity
Synovial fluid is
found in the joint
cavity
Figure 5.24f–h
![Page 77: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Features of Synovial Joints
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the
ends of bones
Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular
capsule
Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
Ligaments reinforce the joint
![Page 78: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Structures Associated with the Synovial
Joint
Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint
Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
![Page 79: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
![Page 80: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29a–c
![Page 81: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29d–f
![Page 82: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Inflammatory Conditions Associated with
Joints
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused
by a blow or friction
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases
of joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in the United
States
![Page 83: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities
![Page 84: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of
urate crystals from the blood
Can usually be controlled with diet
![Page 86: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal
System
At birth, the skull bones are incomplete
Bones are joined by fibrous membranes –
fontanelles
Fontanelles are completely replaced with bone
within two years after birth
![Page 87: Why do we need the skeletal system? - DR. LEE … · Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) ... Movement due to attached skeletal muscles- bones act as levers to move the body](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022020204/5ac8f7d17f8b9a7d548ccd5a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)