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Why Do We Explore? NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research Professional Development Workshop Slide 2 OER Mission "To support NOAA and National objectives by exploring the Earth's largely unknown ocean in all its dimensions for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge, using state-of-the-art technologies in evolutionary and revolutionary ways." Slide 3 Reaching out in new ways to learners of all ages with respect to ocean issues. Slide 4 A New Paradigm for Exploration A dedicated ship of exploration linked in real time through satellite and internet telepresence technology NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer Length 224 feet Beam 43 feet Draft 15 feet 46 berths, 30-day endurance Slide 5 Capabilities and Assets Slide 6 INDEX-SATAL: Indonesia 6 Slide 7 Okeanos Explorer Commissioned 2008 Slide 8 NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer Education Materials Collection Vol. 1: Why Do We Explore? Vol. 2: How Do We Explore? Vol. 3: What Do We Expect to Find? Slide 9 Historical Reasons for Ocean Exploration? Slide 10 The people who were putting up millions of dollars were asking my father, So, Captain, what do you expect to find? and his answer to those people who were about to make major commitments was If I knew, I wouldnt go. ~ Jean-Michel Cousteau, 2005 Slide 11 Why Is Ocean Exploration Important in Todays World? Slide 12 Why Do We Explore? Slide 13 7 Modern Reasons for Ocean Exploration Climate Change Ocean Health Human Health Energy Literacy Innovation Research Slide 14 14 Slide 15 To Boldly Go Inquiry Lesson Learning Shapes Slide 16 Journey to the Unknown Section 2, pg. 43 (5-6) Guided Imagery Slide 17 Come On Down! Section 2, pg. 55 (7-8) Physical Science and ROVs Slide 18 ROV Little Hercules, 4000m High Definition Cameras Capable of carrying variety of sensors Camera and lighting sled, Seirios Little Hercules and Seirios Slide 19 Little Hercs Work Slide 20 Glass bead70 ml6 g 2 ml 72 ml Mass = how heavy the object is Volume = physical size of the object Density = M/V Density of water = 1 gm/ cm 3 6g/2ml = 3 g/cm 3 S Hint: 1 cm 3 = 1 ml M/V Slide 21 Question: If the Volume of an object increases but the mass of the object does not change, how does this affect the buoyant force acting on the object when it is immersed in a fluid? Volume and Buoyancy Slide 22 Answer: The object is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Increasing the V of an object, in turn, increases the V and weight of water displaced when the object is immersed, thus, increasing the buoyant force acting on the object. Volume and Buoyancy Slide 23 http://www.immersionlearning.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=216 Slide 24 Ocean Literacy Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts and National Science Education Standards Which EPs and FCs would apply? Which NSES? Slide 25 Calling All Explorers Section 2, pg. 69 (9-12) Deep Sea Explorer Web Quest Geocaching Slide 26 Climate Change Slide 27 Earths average T is now warmer than it has been at any time since at least 1400 AD. Since the mid- 1800s Earths temperature has warmed by about 1 F. Cause? Slide 28 Climate Change Mountain glaciers are melting and polar ice is decreasing. As a result of this warming, what else do we know is happening? Slide 29 Where Have All the Glaciers Gone Section 3, pg. 91 (7-8) Climate change is more dramatic in the Arctic Temperature increases at 2x rate of other regions Ice-seawater interface is important! Why? Activity: Make a photocube Slide 30 See Diving Deeper, pgs. 23 for detailed discussion Slide 31 Historys Thermometers Section 3, pg. 105 Paleoclimatological Proxies Slide 32 Historys Thermometers Corals build skeletons out of calcium and carbonate ions. Carbonate ions (CO 3 -2 ) contain Oxygen. O 2 can occur as 18 O (0.20% of all oxygen atoms), 16 O (99.76%), or 17 O (very rare). Ratio of 18 O to 16 O in carbonate samples is inversely related to the water T at which the carbonate was formed higher ratios of 18 O to 16 O mean lower temperatures. Slide 33 Lets Just Try the Math! We are finding the difference in 18 O/ 16 O ratios between a standard and a sample. [Sample Standard] Standard x 1000 = 18 O Example : Base of Coral Sample #1 [.0020076 -.0020000] .0020000 x 1000 [.0000076] .0020000 =.0038 x 1000 = 3.8 A higher 18 O delta value = lower T A lower 18 O delta value = higher T Slide 34 Climate Change CO 2 levels in the atmosphere over the next century = rate of warming and T = potential danger to human welfare and to the environment. Slide 35 Web Site Okeanos Explorer Web site http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos Ocean Exploration Web site http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Slide 36 36 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/welcome.html Lessons Online PD Okeanos Explorer Education Materials Collection EEMs INDEX-SATAL 2010 Slide 37 Types of Ocean Energy Waves: Highest energy density of any renewable resource Tides (dams): 16-24 foot tidal range needed to be economical Currents: 1% of Gulf Stream energy could power the state of Florida! OTEC (thermal): Solar radiation absorbed by the ocean converted into electric power (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) Wind: Turbines; offshore winds stronger than on land See Diving Deeper, pgs. 25-32 for detailed discussion BOEMRE Slide 38 Methane Hydrates Frozen water molecules which enclose methane molecules; no bonds between them = Clathrate Formed at low temperature, high pressure May contain twice the carbon in all the coal, oil, and natural gas combined! Burns when lit! Slide 39 Whats the Big Deal? Section 4, pg. 145 (9-12) Model methane hydrate molecule Student research on methane hydrates Model building Slide 40 Slide 41 Multimedia Discovery Mission Lesson 11 http://www.montereyinstitute.org/noaa/lesson11.html Slide 42 Slide 43 Methane Seeps http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahmjHLyF9GM&feature=related (Google You Tube and Methane Seeps) Chile Margin 2010 Expedition Slide 44 Animals of the Fire Ice Section 4, pg. 115 (5-6) Marine Ice Worms Hesiocaeca methanicola Micrograph of ice worm living in hydrate bed at 800m, Gulf of Mexico Hydrate Shrimp Slide 45 Human Health From Deep-Sea Sponges: Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agents From Deep-Sea Corals: Bone grafts (bamboo coral almost identical to human bone) From Tunicates: Breast, ovarian, and other solid tumor treatments From Bryozoans: Leukemia and melanoma treatments From Cone Snails: Potent pain-killer The ocean is a source for new medicinal compounds. Slide 46 Human Health Sessile organisms are particularly promising! They have chemical defenses to: Repel predators Prevent rapid cell division Ward off pathogens and bacteria Slide 47 Marine Biopharmaceuticals Production Challenges: Sustainable Use synthesis in the lab, controlled harvesting, aquaculture Expense submersibles can be $30,000+ per day; developing new technology is expensive Politics permits, stewardship, fair and equitable profit sharing Slide 48 Watch the Screen Section 5, pg. 177 (9-12) Screening natural products for biological activity Uses plant extracts, E. coli, antibiotic sensitivity disks Slide 49 Can you guess which extracts were used? The control is on the top. Crushed red pepper Barbeque sauce Parsley Basil Rosemary Garlic Mustard Slide 50 Can you guess which extracts were used? The control is on the top. Crushed red pepper Barbeque sauce Parsley Basil Rosemary Garlic Mustard Garlic Crushed Red Pepper Basil Slide 51 Biomedical Models Marine animals as research partners Some organisms physiology is similar to humans: Toadfish balance disorders Squid nerve studies Sea urchins cell division; FAS Horseshoe crab blood impurities in medical products Image: NASA Slide 52 Slide 53 Multimedia Discovery Mission Lesson 12 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson12.html Slide 54 Ocean Health Known, familiar threats to our ocean: Over-exploitation of larger species; overfishing Destruction of benthic habitats Invasive species Pollution (toxins, nutrients, marine debris) See Diving Deeper, pgs. 33-40 for detailed discussion Slide 55 Ocean Health Increased attention toward: Increased temperature Sea level rise Ocean acidification CO 2 increase in the atmosphere = in dissolved CO 2 in the ocean = pH carbonate ions essential for shells/ skeletal structures Slide 56 Ocean Health Diving Deeper pg. 40 CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 - H + + CO 3 2 - carbon water carbonic hydrogen bicarbonate hydrogen carbonate dioxide acid ion ion ion ion The Carbonate Buffer System Wait! I need carbonate ions for my shell! Bicarbonate forms more easily and quickly Grabs carbonate out of the system Slide 57 7 Modern Reasons for Ocean Exploration Climate Change Ocean Health Human Health Energy Literacy Innovation Research Slide 58 www.coexploration.org/oe-wdwe Slide 59 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/welcome.html Digital Atlas Slide 60 Display bathymetry layers Choose to toggle global data layers Open List of Local cruise specific data layers. Once opened, user can toggle layer display Select a Cruise to Display Select CTD Profiles and compare to historical averages Navigating the Okeanos Explorer Atlas (http://explore.noaa.gov/OkeanosAtlas) Turn on Dive Tracks and view images or videos captured See hourly or daily snapshot of ship meteorological and oceanographic sensor readings and ship location Open list of Daily Updates and select one to open and read 02/15/2011 Daily Update bubbles provide links to Full Daily Update Articles Slide 61 How Do We Explore? Online Teacher Professional Development Searching for Anomalies www.coexploration.org/oe Slide 62 Contact Information OE Web site: http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.govhttp://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research Education Director Paula Keener, paula.keener-chavis@noaa.govpaula.keener-chavis@noaa.gov Education Program Manager Susan Haynes, susan.haynes@noaa.govsusan.haynes@noaa.gov Lead Program Instructor Melissa Ryan, melissa.ryan@noaa.govmelissa.ryan@noaa.gov