Why did Rome become a conqueror?

• Framework

Why did Rome become a conqueror?

• Framework

• Why? Theories– Continual Self-Defense– Greed/Aggressiveness– Nature of Political Prestige/Power

• Political Advancement

• Dignitas

Why did Rome become a conqueror?

• Framework

• Why? Theories

• How? Theories:– Genius?– Material Circumstances– Roman Determination

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Who are the Carthaginians?•Powerful Trading Empire•Similarities to Rome•Differences from Rome

FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Who are the Carthaginians?•Powerful Trading Empire•Similarities to Rome•Differences from Rome

Background to Conflict•Rome respects Carth domain over Medit•Rome Expands•Greek Pressure•Where might battle take place?

FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Who are the Carthaginians?•Powerful Trading Empire•Similarities to Rome•Differences from Rome

Background to Conflict•Rome respects Carth domain over Medit•Rome Expands•Greek Pressure•Where might battle take place?

• Sicily

FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

First Punic War•Land Power vs. Sea Power

• Rome and Naval Warfare

First Punic War•Land Power vs. Sea Power

• Rome and Naval Warfare•Course of War

• Roman Victories• Shipwrecks• Roman Determination• Hamilcar Barca• Carthaginian Politics

First Punic War•Land Power vs. Sea Power

• Rome and Naval Warfare•Course of War

• Roman Victories• Shipwrecks• Roman Determination• Hamilcar Barca• Carthaginian Politics

•Effects• Cash to Rome• Carth gives up Sicilian Claims• Sicily=First Overseas Province

Second Punic War•Interwar Developments

• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress

Second Punic War•Interwar Developments

• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress

•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea

Second Punic War•Interwar Developments

• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress

•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea• Cross Alps

Second Punic War•Interwar Developments

• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress

•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea• Cross Alps• Military Genius

• Cannae

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Numidian Cavalry

Spanish & Gallic Cavalry

Gallic & allied infantry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Carthaginian Skirmishers

Roman Skirmishers

Roman Heavy Infantry

Aufidus R.The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE

Aufidus R.

Spanish & Gallic Cavalry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

Carthaginian Skirmishers

Roman Skirmishers

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Numidian Cavalry

Gallic & allied infantry HeavyLibyanInfantry

Roman Heavy Infantry

While the Carthaginian skirmishers clash with the Roman skirmishers, they also screen the Carthaginian Gallic & allied infantry which are pushing their center forward into a convex formation. This stretches the Carthaginian line and offers a tempting target for the main body of Roman infantry to attack, thus setting up a trap.

The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE

Spanish & Gallic Cavalry

Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman

Cavalry

Carthaginian Skirmishers

Roman Skirmishers

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Numidian Cavalry

Gallic & allied infantry

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Roman Heavy Infantry

While the Carthaginian skirmishers clash with the Roman skirmishers, they also screen the Carthaginian Gallic & allied infantry which are pushing their center forward into a convex formation. This stretches the Carthaginian line and offers a tempting target for the main body of Roman infantry to attack, thus setting up a trap.

Aufidus R.The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE

Aufidus R.

Spanish & Gallic Cavalry

Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman

Cavalry

Carthaginian Skirmishers

Roman Skirmishers

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Numidian Cavalry

Gallic & allied infantry

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Roman Heavy Infantry

Aufidus R.

The skirmishers filter back through their respective armies, allowing the Roman legions to attack the thin Carthaginian center.

The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE

Aufidus R.

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Numidian Cavalry

Spanish & Gallic Cavalry

Gallic & allied infantry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Carthaginian Skirmishers

Roman Skirmishers

As the Roman legionaries press forward, they push back the Carthaginian line….

The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE

Aufidus R.

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Numidian Cavalry

Spanish & Gallic Cavalry

Gallic & allied infantry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Carthaginian Skirmishers

Roman Skirmishers

…. first flattening it out….

The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE

Aufidus R.

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Numidian Cavalry

Spanish & Gallic Cavalry

Gallic & allied infantry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Carthaginian Skirmishers

Italian & Roman Cavalry

… and then forcing it back into a concave shape. Meanwhile the Carthaginian cavalry on the left has beaten the opposing Roman cavalry. While some of them continue to pursue the fleeing Roman cavalry, the rest swing around to hit the exposed rear of the Roman line, first driving the Roman skirmishers back into the ranks of the legions.

Roman Skirmishers

The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE

Aufidus R.

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Numidian Cavalry

Spanish & Gallic Cavalry

Gallic & allied infantry

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Carthaginian Skirmishers

Roman Skirmishers

Italian & Roman Cavalry

At the same time, the Libyan infantry on the flanks of the main body of Carthaginian infantry swing around to attack the exposed flanks of the Roman infantry.

The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE

Aufidus R.

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Spanish & Gallic Cavalry

Gallic & allied infantry

Italian & Roman Cavalry

HeavyLibyanInfantry

Carthaginian Skirmishers

With that, the trap is sprung,with the Roman legions surrounded and hemmed in so tight they cannot even raise their arms to defend themselves. From this point on, it was just a massacre.

Numidian Cavalry

The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE

The ensuing slaughter was probably the worst military defeat in Roman history as Roman soldiers were packed in so tightly they had no room to raise their arms to defend themselves.

Second Punic War•Interwar Developments

• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress

•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea• Cross Alps• Military Genius

• Cannae•Slow Defeat of Hannibal

• Siege and Fabian Strategy• Italians mostly stay loyal• Hannibal Roams• Return to North Africa• Scipio (202) and Surrender (201)

Second Punic War•Interwar Developments

• Roman Progress• Carthaginian Progress

•Hannibal’s Success• Hannibal’s Idea• Cross Alps• Military Genius

• Cannae•Slow Defeat of Hannibal

• Siege and Fabian Strategy• Italians mostly stay loyal• Hannibal Roams• Return to North Africa• Scipio (202) and Surrender (201)

•Effects• Devastation of Carthage• Rome

• Medit Power• Militia to Prof Army• Scipio, Dignitas, Political Power

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Empire Serious problems (FC.30)

AFC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.)Strong Roman state ruling Italy

(FC.28)

Roman territory borders new neighbors

New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests

Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

Rome eventually wins those wars

Ambitious genl’s (e.g., Caesar in Gaul & Pompey in Asia) conquer rest of the Mediterranean (FC.31)

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because:

Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S.

Italy

Interest in Sicily which is rich &

very close to Italy

Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because:

Carthage had conquered Spain &

used it vs. Rome

Rome still feared Celts & Carthage

after 2 wars

Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E.

Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because:

Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome

Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to

Rome for help

Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION

Empire Serious problems (FC.30)