Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat define terms related to directional anatomy ...

Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat

define terms related to directional anatomy

Locate the part of the canine by directional terminology

Define and apply three dimensional planes to animals.

Anatomy & Physiology TM

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Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat

Create a pasta skeleton with answer key of a rabbit, horse, cat or dog with all pertinent bones.


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Directional Terminology Anterior – front of the animal Posterior – rear of the animal Cranial – towards the front of the animal Caudal – towards the rear of the animal Dorsal – uppermost surface or back Ventral – lowermost surface or belly Proximal – part of limb closest Distal – part of limb furthest away Lateral – side of the animal


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Dor

sal Dorsal

Dorsal

Dorsal

Caudal

Ventral

Cranial

Distal

Proximal

PosteriorAnterior

Ven

tral

Three Dimensional Planes Frontal Plane – body plane that divides

the animal into dorsal and ventral parts Median Plane – body plane that divides

the animal into equal, symmetrical right and left halves

Sagittal Plane – any body plane that is parallel to the median plane

Transverse Plane – body plane that divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts


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Frontal Deep

Superficial

Transverse

Sagittal

Median

Integumentary System


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The skin is the largest and most visible organ of the body Organ most likely to be subjected to trauma

Functions: Enclosing barrier preventing the loss of water,

electrolytes, and cells Protection from the environment Allowing motion Temperature regulation Storage Pigmentation Immunosurveillance Production of vitamin D Sensory perception Excretory secretions

Skeletal System Purpose – support and protect the body Axial Skeleton – includes the skull,

vertebrae, ribs and sternum Appendicular Skeleton – fore and hind

limbs


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Axial Skeleton Skull – many plates of bone fused

together. the soft spot is the fontanel Vertebrae – 5 distinct regions1. Cervical – neck region

Atlas – C1. nod yes Axis – C2. no

7 in all mammals


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Thoracic Vertebrae Body region – always have a rib

attached and spine on top True Ribs – directly attach to sternum False Ribs – connect to each other Floating Ribs – not attached to anything


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Lumbar Vertebrae Lower back Carnivores have more Herbivores less – strong back


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Sacral Vertebrae Pelvic region


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Coccygeal Vertebrae Tail region balance


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Appendicular Skeleton Forelimb

Scapula – shoulder blade Clavicle – only cat Humerus – upper arm Ulna – elbow joint Radius – forearm Carpus – knee in horses, wrist in dogs and

humans Metacarpals – hand Phalanges – fingers Sesamoids - bump


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Hind Limbs Pelvis - Femur – Patella – knee Tibia – shin Fibula – fused with tibia Tarsus – ankle Metatarsal – bones in foot


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SkullCervical

Axis

Thoracic Lumbar

Atlas

Coccygeal

Sacral

Vertebrae

Ribs

Scapula

Ulna

Radius

Carpals

Humerus

Pelvis

MetacarpalsPhalanges

Tarsals

Tibia

Metatarsals

Fibula

Femur

SesamoidsPhalanges

Olecranon

Patella


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Why can’t you have one body system without the other? Swbat identify the parts of a bone through a

dissection of a chicken wing. Swbat compare the differences in bone

structure of a newborn, 1 year old, 13 year old and 18 year old through a handout “The Aging Hand”

Swbat estimate the age of a hand based on bone structure through use of a picture. Homework – study for quiz on bones

(Tuesday)Anatomy & Physiology TM

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Short bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus

Flat bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull

Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae

Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella

Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide, i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc.


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Classification of Bones

Bone Anatomy Diaphysis – body of long bone Epiphysis – enlarged ends of long bones Metaphysis – joining point of diaphysis

and epiphysis Periosteum – thin outer protective layer

of bone Medullary Cavity – space within filled

with marrow Endosteum – thin inner protective layer

lining the medullary cavity


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Bone anatomy Compact Bone – thick outer layer that can be

repared Give rigidity and elasticity.

Cancellous Bone – spongy, soft tissue found inside the end of bones

Ossification – process of forming bones Osteoblast – particles that begin ossification in

young, developing bones Osteocyte – bones that begin to develop mature

bone


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Bone Growth Occurs in the epiphysis of long bones Epiphyseal growth plates produce

cartilage, which gradually turns into bone via a process called ossification


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Periosteum

Epiphysis

Bone marrow

Medullary cavity

Metaphysis

Endosteum

Diaphysis

Bone Fractures Simple – bone does not break skin Compound – bones breaks skin Complete – fracture goes completely

across bone Incomplete – fracture does not go

completely across bone


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Fissured ComminutedTransverseGreenstick

Why can’t you have one body system without the other? Swbat identify three types of muscles

through the use of a microscope. Swbat list the function of each type of

muscle Swbat identify major muscles and how

they are connected to the skeleton system through the creation of muscles on their pasta skeleton


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Skeletal muscle –allows for all voluntary movement, appears to be striated when looked at under a microscope.

Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beating of the heart, appears striated under a microscope.

Smooth muscle – responsible for all other involuntary movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, blinking, etc.


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Muscles are contractile organs responsible for the voluntary and involuntary movements of animals.

Movement Ambulation – moving from one place to

another Abduction – moving away from the

median plane Adduction – moving towards the median

plane Flexion – moving to the distal part of the

limb towards the body Extension – moving the distal part of the

limb away from the body


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Muscle Function Either contract or relax, so generally

work in pairs


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Id of Major Muscles Masseter – superficial cheek Trapezius – superficial triangular of

shoulder Latissimus dorsi – long, superficial, dorsal

that attaches the humerus to the lumbar Abdonimal obliques – large flat, support

digestive and reproductive organs Gluteals – large, upper hindquarters Biceps femoris – superficial, “hamstrings” Biceps brachii – flexor of the elbow joint


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Triceps brachii – extensor of the elbow joint Pectorals – adductors of the forelimbs Serratus ventralis – attaches forelimb to trunk


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Masseter

Biceps femoris

Triceps brachii

Gluteals

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

External abdominal oblique

Pectorals

Respiratory System Function – brings in O2 and expels CO2

With the help of the circulatory system


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Upper Respiratory System Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx and

epiglottis Mucous Membranes – lining of

respiratory tract that secrete mucus Mucus – slimy secretion that helps

warm, moisten and filter the air Cilia – tiny wave-like hairs that line the

nose to filter the air


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Upper Respiratory Cont. Pharynx – passage that is shared by the

respiratory and digestive system Epiglottis – flap that covers the larynx

during swallowing Larynx – “voice box” contains vocal

cords that vibrate when air passes through them


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Tongue

Esophagus

Mouth

Trachea

Epiglottis

Nasal cavity

Larynx

Pharynx

Lower Respiratory System Trachea – “windpipe” rings of cartilage

to keep shape Bronchi – two branches at bottom of the

trachea, one is called the bronchus Bronchioles – smallest branches of

bronchial tree Bronchial tree – describe how the

bronchi get smaller and smaller like tree branches


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Lower Respiratory Cont. Alveoli – small grape like clusters at end

of bronchioles that actually exchange gases

Lungs – paired organ that contains bronchi that are divided into defined lobes

Diaphragm – muscle below the lungs that contracts causing the lungs to fill with air.


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Epiglottis

Cartilage ring

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Trachea

Lungs

Larynx

Bronchi

Breathing Inhalation – drawing in of a breath Exhalation – release of a breath Apnea – not breathing Dyspnea – Difficulty breathing Bradypnea – abnormally slow breathing Tachypnea – abnormally fast breathing Respiration – exchange of CO2 and O2 in lungs


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Nervous System Detects and processes information and

formulates responses. Coordinates and controls ALL body movement

Sends and receives impulses (electrical signals)that travel through the NS and provide info to the brain


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3 types of Neurons Sensory neurons – carry impulses

towards the brain and spinal cord Connecting Neurons – carry impulses

from one neuron to another Motor Neurons – carry impulses away

from brain and spinal cord to the body


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Parts of a Neuron Cell Body – aka “soma”. Contains the cell

nucleus Dendrite – branch-like, receives impulses Axon – sends impulses away Synapse – space in between neurons; contains

a chemical call the “neurotransmitter” that helps impulses travel

Myelin – protective sheath around neuron


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Cell body (soma)

Synapse

Myelin sheath

Dendrite

Axon

Parts of the Brain Cerebellum – coordinates all movement, muscle activity, and balance

Cerebrum – largest, 4 lobes that receive and store info, responsible for giving signals for voluntary mov’t – senses – touch, smell, taste, see, hear

Pituitary Gland – secretes hormones important for reproduction and growth

Meninges – 3 layered protective covering of the brain Medulla Oblongata – dictates all life functions – heart,

breathing, reflex actions Hypothalamus - link between the nervous system and

endocrine system, thirst, hunger Thalamus – relay system for all nerve impulses except

smell. Receives impulses then directs them to proper part of brain

Brainstem – connect the brain to the spinal cord and contains medulla oblongata


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Meninges

Medulla oblongataBrain stem

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Spinal cord

Pituitary gland

Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat define terms related to directional anatomy ...

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