1 Electrochemistry Electrochemistry Generating Voltage (Potential)
Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and...
Transcript of Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and...
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Who
We
Are
Who
We
Are
An
inte
rnat
iona
l not
An
inte
rnat
iona
l not
-- forfor --
prof
it, sc
ient
ific
soci
ety
prof
it, sc
ient
ific
soci
ety
of m
ore
than
of
mor
e th
an 88
,000
,000
enga
ged
in so
lid st
ate
and
enga
ged
in so
lid st
ate
and
elec
troch
emic
al sc
ienc
e an
d te
chno
logy
.el
ectro
chem
ical
scie
nce
and
tech
nolo
gy.
The
miss
ion
of E
CS is
to d
issem
inat
e sc
ient
ific
The
miss
ion
of E
CS is
to d
issem
inat
e sc
ient
ific
know
ledg
e in
ord
er to
adv
ance
the
theo
ry a
nd
know
ledg
e in
ord
er to
adv
ance
the
theo
ry a
nd
prac
tice
of e
lect
roch
emist
ry a
nd a
llied
subj
ects
.pr
actic
e of
ele
ctro
chem
istry
and
alli
ed su
bjec
ts.
![Page 3: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
EC
S M
embe
rshi
p by
Sec
tions
EC
S M
embe
rshi
p by
Sec
tions
Ariz
ona
117
Japa
n77
0
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ilian
50K
orea
193
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dian
286
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ican
3
Chic
ago
206
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iona
l Cap
ital
182
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elan
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ew E
nglan
d31
9
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roit
101
Pitts
burg
h97
Eur
opea
n10
23Sa
n Fr
anci
sco
368
Geo
rgia
161
Texa
s17
2
Isra
el24
Twin
Citi
es91
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Euro
pe—
1023
Japa
n—77
0
San
Fran
cisco
—36
8Cana
da—
286
Geor
gia—
161
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nal C
apita
l—18
2
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go—
206
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Engl
and—
319
10 L
arge
st E
CS S
ectio
ns
Kore
a—19
3
Texa
s—17
2
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EC
S M
embe
rshi
p by
Div
isio
nsE
CS
Mem
bers
hip
by D
ivis
ions
Batte
ry12
91H
igh
Tem
pera
ture
Mat
erial
s21
0
Corr
osio
n52
9In
dust
rial E
lectro
chem
istry
an
d E
lect
roch
emic
al E
ngin
eerin
g26
1
Diel
ectri
c Sc
ience
an
d Te
chno
logy
350
Lum
ines
cenc
e an
dD
isplay
Mat
erial
s11
0
Elec
trode
posit
ion
517
Org
anic
and
Bio
logi
cal
Elec
troch
emist
ry20
7
Elec
troni
cs a
nd P
hoto
nics
752
Phys
ical
and
Ana
lytic
al E
lectro
chem
istry
627
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rgy
Tech
nolo
gy83
8Se
nsor
240
Fulle
rene
s, N
anot
ubes
, and
Ca
rbon
Nan
ostru
ctur
es19
8
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1902
EC
S f
ou
nd
ed
1921
Ele
ctro
dep
osi
tio
nEle
ctro
therm
ics
1932
Ele
ctro
nic
s
1936
Gen
era
l &
Th
eo
reti
cal
1940
Org
an
ic &
Bio
log
ical
Ele
ctro
chem
istr
y
1942
Co
rro
sio
n
(form
erly
Corr
osi
on T
echnic
al C
om
mitte
e)
1943
Ind
ust
rial Ele
ctro
lyti
c
1945
Ele
ctri
c In
sula
tio
n
1947
Batt
ery
1954
Ele
ctro
therm
ics
&
Meta
llu
rgy (
form
erly
Ele
ctro
ther
mic
s)
1965
Die
lect
rics
& I
nsu
lati
on
(f
orm
erly
Ele
ctric
Insu
lation)
1969
New
Tech
no
log
y
1971
Ph
ysi
cal &
An
aly
tica
l Ele
ctro
chem
istr
y (
form
erly
G
ener
al &
Theo
retica
l)
1982
Lu
min
esc
en
ce &
D
isp
lay
Mate
rials
1983
En
erg
y T
ech
no
log
y
1984
SO
TA
PO
CS
1988
Sen
sors
1990
Die
lect
ric
Sci
en
ce &
Tech
no
log
y(f
orm
erly
Die
lect
rics
& I
nsu
lation)
Ind
ust
rial Ele
ctro
lysi
s &
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
En
gin
eeri
ng
(form
erly
Die
lect
rics
& I
nsu
lation)
1993
Fu
llere
nes,
Nan
otu
bes
& C
arb
on
Nan
ost
ruct
ure
s
2002
Nan
ote
chn
olo
gy
2004
Fu
el
Cell
s
2005
Ph
ysi
cal &
An
aly
tica
l Ele
ctro
chem
istr
y
(form
erly
Phys
ical
Ele
ctro
chem
istr
y)
Ele
ctro
nic
s &
Ph
oto
nic
s (f
orm
erly
Ele
ctro
nic
s)
HIS
TO
RY
Hig
h T
em
pera
ture
M
ate
rials
1982
2006
Ind
ust
rial Ele
ctro
chem
istr
y
& E
lect
roch
em
ical
En
gin
eeri
ng
(form
erly
Indust
rial
Ele
ctro
lysi
s &
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
Engin
eering)
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Whe
re W
e Are
Goi
ng…
•Sci
ence
is
incr
easi
ngly
in
tern
atio
nal
and E
CS h
as
resp
onded
by
expan
din
g its
in
tern
atio
nal
pre
sence
.
![Page 8: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sec
tion
Gro
wth
Sec
tion
Gro
wth
050
010
0015
0020
0025
0030
0035
00
Nor
th A
mer
ica
Eur
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ea
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th A
mer
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pe81
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ea51
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1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Number of Members
![Page 9: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ho
no
lulu
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pri
ng
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99
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endan
ce:
2470
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s:
2189
Sym
posi
a:
50
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no
lulu
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19
99
Att
endan
ce:
2906
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s:
2410
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posi
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43
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hing
acro
ss th
e Pac
ific
Ho
no
lulu
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20
04
Att
endan
ce:
2667
Paper
s:
2643
Sym
posi
a:
46Hon
olul
u –
Fall
2008
PR
iME 2
00
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intly
sponso
red w
ith:
Th
e E
lect
roch
em
ical
So
ciety
of
Jap
an
Tech
nic
all
y s
po
nso
red
by:
Jap
an
So
ciety
of
Ap
pli
ed
Ph
ysi
csK
ore
an
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
So
ciety
Ele
ctro
chem
istr
y D
iv.
of
the R
oyal
Au
stra
lian
Ch
em
ical
Inst
itu
teC
hin
ese
So
ciety
of
Ele
ctro
chem
istr
y
Ho
no
lulu
, Fall 1
98
7Att
endan
ce:
2537
Paper
s:
1703
Sym
posi
a:
57
![Page 10: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
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hing
acro
ss th
e Atla
ntic
21
6th
EC
S M
eeti
ng
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ob
er
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s……
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endan
ce…
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s……
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posi
a……
...
24
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CSZ1
Whe
re W
e Are
Goi
ng
•Sci
ence
is
incr
easi
ngly
in
tern
atio
nal
and E
CS h
as
resp
onded
by
expan
din
g its
in
tern
atio
nal
pre
sence
.
•In
form
ati
on
wil
l alw
ays
be o
ur
core
pro
du
ct.
See
our
web
site
at:
ww
w.e
lect
roch
em.o
rg
![Page 12: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Slid
e 1
1
CSZ
1
this
lang
uage
is p
revi
ousl
y re
peat
edCS
Z, 7
/19/
2004
![Page 13: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
•Jo
urn
al o
f The
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
Soci
ety
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
and S
olid
-Sta
te
Lett
ers
nte
rfac
eECS T
ransa
ctio
ns
Mee
ting A
bst
ract
s
All
ECS
cont
ent,
in o
ne s
eam
less
A
ll EC
S co
nten
t, in
one
sea
mle
ss
reso
urce
, ava
ilabl
e al
l the
tim
e.re
sour
ce, a
vaila
ble
all t
he ti
me.
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ceed
ings
Volu
me
series
•M
onogra
phs
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earn
ing C
ente
r•
ECS H
isto
ry C
ente
r
scie
ntifi
c co
mm
unity
.O
ur o
blig
atio
n to
our
bro
ad c
onst
ituen
cy is
to p
rovi
de th
e “c
onne
ctiv
ity”
so e
ssen
tial i
n th
e cu
rren
t
• •I
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![Page 14: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
CSZ2
Info
rmat
ion
Will
Alwa
ys B
e Our
Cor
e Pro
duct
The
ECS journ
als
publis
h o
n a
n “
e-firs
t”bas
is,
with a
rtic
les
post
ed
to t
he
Web
as s
oon a
s th
ey a
re r
eady.
Month
ly p
aper
and a
nnual
CD
-RO
M
editio
ns
follo
w.
Th
e J
ou
rnal o
f Th
e
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
So
ciety
is t
he m
ost
hig
hly
-cit
ed
jo
urn
al
in t
he f
ield
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ord
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th
e 2
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6
We
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mitt
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pro
vidi
ng it
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ter a
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ster
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e ar
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mm
itted
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rovi
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it b
ette
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lish
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ag
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lish
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an
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itati
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dex.
![Page 15: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Slid
e 1
3
CSZ
2
lanu
gaug
e re
peat
ed.
Try
info
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hen
the
bett
er f
aste
r lin
e....
CSZ,
7/1
9/20
04
![Page 16: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sprin
g 20
0764 p
ages
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cludin
g t
he
Chic
ago S
pec
ial
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ting S
ection
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2007
92 p
ages
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cludin
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l fo
r P
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s
![Page 17: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
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Whe
re W
e Are
Goi
ng
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ence
is
incr
easi
ngly
in
tern
atio
nal
and E
CS h
as
resp
onded
by
expan
din
g its
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tern
atio
nal
pre
sence
.
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atio
n w
ill a
lway
s be
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core
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duct
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tud
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t M
em
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th
e
futu
re o
f th
e S
oci
ety
.
![Page 19: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Stud
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embe
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re th
e Fut
ure o
f the
Soc
iety
We a
ctiv
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recr
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ora
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rize
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den
t Chap
ters
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Cas
e fo
r Sup
port
Goa
lsC
ase
for S
uppo
rt G
oals
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y S
up
po
rt E
CS
?”
Furth
er e
xpan
sion
of th
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CS D
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rary
and
onl
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arch
ive.
Furth
er e
xpan
sion
of th
e E
CS D
igita
l Lib
rary
and
onl
ine
arch
ive.
Org
aniz
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Stud
ent C
hapt
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roun
d th
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orld
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rgan
izin
g St
uden
t Cha
pter
s aro
und
the
wor
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Kee
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our
mem
bers
on
the
cutti
ng e
dge
of th
e in
dust
ry.
Kee
ping
our
mem
bers
on
the
cutti
ng e
dge
of th
e in
dust
ry.
To e
xpan
d ou
r bian
nual
mee
tings
in fo
rmat
, siz
e an
d ed
ucat
iona
l To
exp
and
our b
iannu
al m
eetin
gs in
form
at, s
ize
and
educ
atio
nal
oppo
rtuni
ties.
oppo
rtuni
ties.
Fost
er in
nova
tion
thro
ugh
the
supp
ort o
f stu
dent
aw
ards
.Fo
ster
inno
vatio
n th
roug
h th
e su
ppor
t of s
tude
nt a
war
ds.
Brid
ge g
aps b
etw
een
scien
tific
gene
ratio
ns a
nd d
ivisi
ons.
Brid
ge g
aps b
etw
een
scien
tific
gene
ratio
ns a
nd d
ivisi
ons.
ww
w.e
lect
roch
em.o
rgw
ww
.ele
ctro
chem
.org
![Page 21: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Our F
inan
cial P
rofil
e
2006
Gen
eral
Ope
ratin
g Fu
nd20
06 G
ener
al O
pera
ting
Fund
Tota
l In
com
e:
$4,3
70,0
00
Tota
l Exp
ense
s:
4
,427,0
00
Net
Defi
cit:
$
(57
,00
0)
![Page 22: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
G&
A$
1,8
73
EC
S T
ran
sact
ion
s&
Oth
er
Pu
bli
cati
on
s$
21
8
Jou
rnal
$1
,09
2
Inte
rface
—$
13
3Lett
ers
—$
31
2
Develo
pm
en
t—
$4
3Meeti
ng
s—$
63
2O
ther
Act
ivit
ies—
$1
11
2006
Gen
eral
Oper
atin
g Fu
ndTo
tal
Tota
l Exp
ense
s: $
4,42
7,00
0Ex
pens
es: $
4,42
7,00
0
Nu
mb
ers
are
to
th
e n
eare
st
tho
usa
nd
th
$1
3—
Mem
bers
hip
![Page 23: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
$1
67
—D
evelo
pm
en
t$
31
7—
Oth
er
Act
ivit
ies
$1
68
—EC
S
Tra
nsa
ctio
ns
& O
ther
Pu
bli
cati
on
s$
31
5—
Lett
ers
$1
04
—In
terf
ace
Jou
rnal
$1
,30
8$
53
8—
Mem
bers
hip
2006
Gen
eral
Oper
atin
g Fu
ndTo
tal I
ncom
e: $
4,37
0,00
0To
tal I
ncom
e: $
4,37
0,00
0
Nu
mb
ers
are
to
th
e n
eare
st
tho
usa
nd
th
Meeti
ng
s$
1,4
53
![Page 24: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ou
r h
ead
qu
art
ers
occ
up
ies
on
e o
f fo
ur
bu
ild
ing
s w
e o
wn
in
H
ow
e C
om
mo
ns,
a 3
½-a
cre p
rim
e p
rop
ert
y i
n P
en
nin
gto
n,
New
Jers
ey.
Th
e o
ther
thre
e b
uild
ing
s are
hig
h-q
uality
,
inco
me-p
rod
uci
ng
ren
tal
space
.
![Page 25: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Will
iam
D. B
rown
Will
iam
D. B
rown
Phot
ovol
taic
Res
earc
h Ce
nter
Ph
otov
olta
ic R
esea
rch
Cent
er
Dep
artm
ent o
f Ele
ctric
al E
ngin
eerin
gD
epar
tmen
t of E
lect
rical
Eng
inee
ring
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ark
ansa
s, Fa
yette
ville
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ark
ansa
s, Fa
yette
ville
Arka
nsas
727
01 U
SAColla
bora
tors
Arka
nsas
727
01 U
SA
LA
RG
E G
RA
IN P
OLY
CR
YS
TA
LLIN
E A
ND
EP
ITA
XIA
L S
ILIC
ON
FIL
MS
FO
RM
ED
AT L
OW
TEM
PER
ATU
RES
FO
R
SO
LA
R C
ELLS
Colla
bora
tors
Mar
wan
Bar
ghouti,
Ham
eed A
. N
asee
m,
Li C
ai,
Min
Zou,
Mar
uf
Mar
wan
Bar
ghouti,
Ham
eed A
. N
asee
m,
Li C
ai,
Min
Zou,
Mar
uf
Huss
ain,
Khal
il Shar
if,
Huss
ain,
Khal
il Shar
if,
Husa
m H
. Abu
Husa
m H
. Abu-- S
afe,
Saf
e,Ram
Kis
hore
, Adnan
Al
Ram
Kis
hore
, Adnan
Al --
Shar
iah,
and H
engyu
Wan
gShar
iah,
and H
engyu
Wan
g23
23
![Page 26: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
24
24
Ord
er o
f Pre
sent
atio
nO
rder
of P
rese
ntat
ion
Th
in F
ilm
PV
Po
wer
Gen
era
tio
nTh
in F
ilm
PV
Po
wer
Gen
era
tio
nP
ow
eri
ng
th
e U
S w
ith
So
lar
Cell
sP
ow
eri
ng
th
e U
S w
ith
So
lar
Cell
sP
V P
rod
uct
ion
Gro
wth
PV
Pro
du
ctio
n G
row
thM
eta
l In
du
ced
Cry
stall
izati
on
Meta
l In
du
ced
Cry
stall
izati
on
Exp
eri
men
tal
Exp
eri
men
tal
AIC
Larg
e G
rain
Gro
wth
AIC
Larg
e G
rain
Gro
wth
Ep
itaxia
l G
row
thEp
itaxia
l G
row
thR
esu
lts
an
d D
iscu
ssio
nR
esu
lts
an
d D
iscu
ssio
nS
um
mary
an
d C
on
clu
sio
nS
um
mary
an
d C
on
clu
sio
nA
ckn
ow
led
gem
en
tsA
ckn
ow
led
gem
en
ts
![Page 27: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Pow
erin
g th
e U
S
nsu
mption for
a
ng 2
.5 p
erce
nt
of th
is r
adia
tion
●Sunlig
ht
striki
ng t
he
eart
h for
40 m
inute
s is
eq
uiv
alen
t to
glo
bal
ener
gy
coye
ar.
●250,0
00 s
quar
e m
iles
of la
nd in t
he
South
wes
t U
S a
re s
uitab
le for
const
ruct
ing s
ola
r pow
er
pla
nts
. T
his
are
a is
slig
htly
larg
er t
han
the
com
bin
ed a
reas
of Arizo
na
and N
ew M
exic
o.
●This
are
a of
land r
ecei
ves
4,5
00 q
uad
rilli
on
British
ther
mal
units
(Btu
) of so
lar
radia
tion p
er
year
. C
onve
rti
into
ele
ctrici
ty w
ould
mat
ch t
he
nat
ion’s
tota
l en
ergy
consu
mption in 2
006.
25
25
![Page 28: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Pow
erin
g th
e U
STota
l co
st t
o im
ple
men
t =
$400 b
illio
n o
ver
Plan
would
req
uire
14%
effic
iency
and a
n
Sev
eral
met
hods
of pro
vidin
g e
lect
rici
ty
: I
s $1.0
0/w
att
inst
alle
d s
till
a
● the
nex
t 40 y
ears
.
● inst
alla
tion c
ost
of $1.2
0 p
er w
att
of ca
pac
ity.
● during n
on-e
lect
rici
ty p
roduci
ng t
imes
hav
e bee
n p
ropose
d.
QU
ES
TIO
Nre
alis
tic
num
ber
consi
der
ing t
hat
the
cost
of oil
has
incr
ease
d b
y a
fact
or
of
5 s
ince
the
$1.0
0/w
att
targ
et w
as e
stab
lished
.Sci
entific
Am
eric
an,
pag
e 63,
January
2008
26
26
![Page 29: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Wor
ld P
V Pr
oduc
tion
●PV
pro
duct
ion h
as b
een
doublin
g e
very
2 y
ears
sin
ce
2002 m
akin
g it
the
fast
est
gro
win
g e
ner
gy
sourc
e.
●Exi
stin
g g
rid-c
onnec
ted
sola
r PV
cap
acity
is 7
.8 G
W
27
27
![Page 30: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
PV P
rodu
ctio
n by
Sel
ecte
d C
ount
ries
Chin
a:●
trip
led P
V p
roduct
ion in 2
006
●double
d P
V p
roduct
ion in 2
007
●m
arke
t sh
are
in 2
003 w
as 1
%
●m
arke
t sh
are
today
is
18%
●400 P
V c
om
panie
s
28
28
![Page 31: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
29
29
Thin
Film
PV
Prod
uctio
n
Thin
film
pro
duct
ion g
rew
fr
om
4 t
o 7
% o
f th
e PV
mar
ket
from
2003 t
o 2
007
![Page 32: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PV M
arke
t Sha
re
30
30
Mar
ket
shar
e of so
lar
cell
types
sold
during
2006.
(Sourc
e: M
ater
ials
Today
, Volu
me
10,
Issu
e 11,
pag
e 21,
Nove
mber
2007)
![Page 33: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
PV N
eeds
and
Con
cern
s●
World u
ses
about
13 T
W o
f pow
2050
●Conve
ntional
multic
ryst
allin
e si
licon s
ola
r ce
ll m
odule
s of
today
hav
e an
effic
iency
of
about
12%
and p
rovi
de
elec
tric
ity
at a
cost
of $0.2
7/k
Wh c
om
par
ed t
o t
oday
’s g
rid e
lect
rici
ty
cost
of
$0.0
6/k
Wh
●In
additio
n t
o t
he
sola
r ce
ll co
st,
the
inst
alla
tion c
ost
s ar
e al
so h
igh
.
er –
will
ris
e to
30 T
W b
y
●Any
new
sola
r ce
ll m
ust
hav
e an
effic
iency
of at
lea
st 1
0
per
cent
to b
e ec
onom
ical
ly v
iable
.
●Sca
labili
ty is
also
an iss
ue,
as
are
relia
bili
ty a
nd lifet
ime
(Sourc
e: P
hoto
nic
s Spec
tra,
pag
e 70,
Nove
mber
2007)
31
31
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EFFIC
IEN
CY
(%
)A
REA
(cm
2
24.7
4.0
20.3
1.0
ryst
allin
e Si)
10.1
1.2
µc-
Si/αSi:
H
11.7
14.2
(Bes
t to
Dat
e)P
V C
ell E
ffici
enci
es
TY
PE O
F C
ELL
)
Cry
stal
line
Si
Multic
ryst
allin
e Si
Am
orp
hous
(and
nan
oc
mic
ro-m
orp
h c
ell
32
32
![Page 35: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
PV C
ost a
nd P
roje
cted
Cos
t
33
33
Eff
icie
ncy
and c
ost
pro
ject
ions
for
firs
t-(I
), s
econd-
(II)
, an
d t
hird-
gen
erat
ion (
III)
PV t
echnolo
gie
s (w
afer
-bas
ed,
thin
film
s, a
nd
adva
nce
d t
hin
film
s, r
espec
tive
ly)
●CU
RREN
T =
$2-3
PER W
ATT
(1ST
GEN
ERATIO
N C
ELL
S)
●BY 2
009 =
$1 P
ER W
ATT
(2N
DG
EN
ERATIO
N C
ELL
S)
●BY 2
010 =
$0.7
0 P
ER W
ATT
(3RD
GEN
ERATIO
N C
ELL
S)
-PO
SSIB
LY T
O 0
.20 P
ER W
ATT
EVEN
TU
ALL
Y
[Sourc
e: M
ater
ials
Today
, Volu
me
10,
No.
11,
pag
e 42,
Nove
mber
2007].
![Page 36: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
PV M
odul
e C
ost p
er W
att
34
34
![Page 37: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
35
35
Pho
tovo
ltaic
Pow
er G
ener
atio
nP
hoto
volta
ic P
ower
Gen
erat
ion
Ph
oto
vo
ltaic
Mark
et
Gro
wth
~ 2
5%
/y
Ph
oto
vo
ltaic
Mark
et
Gro
wth
~ 2
5%
/y
Pro
du
ctio
n r
each
ed
~ 1
.6 G
W/
yP
rod
uct
ion
reach
ed
~ 1
.6 G
W/
yIn
tern
ati
on
al
PV
Ro
ad
map
Inte
rnati
on
al
PV
Ro
ad
map
––1
00
GW
/y b
y 2
03
0 (
10
%)
10
0 G
W/
y b
y 2
03
0 (
10
%)
––5
0%
fro
m r
en
ew
ab
les
by 2
05
05
0%
fro
m r
en
ew
ab
les
by 2
05
0––
2/
3 S
ola
r (P
V/
therm
al)
by 2
10
02
/3
So
lar
(PV
/th
erm
al)
by 2
10
0M
eth
od
s fo
r S
ucc
ess
Meth
od
s fo
r S
ucc
ess
––M
od
ule
Co
st R
ed
uct
ion
M
od
ule
Co
st R
ed
uct
ion
––
Avail
ab
ilit
y o
f S
ilic
on
Avail
ab
ilit
y o
f S
ilic
on
––H
igh
er
Eff
icie
ncy
Hig
her
Eff
icie
ncy
––In
crease
d M
od
ule
Lif
eti
me
Incr
ease
d M
od
ule
Lif
eti
me
![Page 38: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
36
36
Pla
nned
Sol
ar C
ell
Pla
nned
Sol
ar C
ell
Pro
duct
ion
Cap
acity
by
2010
Pro
duct
ion
Cap
acity
by
2010
Exp
ecte
d m
arke
tExp
ecte
d m
arke
t1000 M
W1000 M
WCap
acitie
s Announce
dCap
acitie
s Announce
d2200 M
W2200 M
WThin
Film
Shar
eThin
Film
Shar
e328 M
W328 M
WCry
stal
line
Shar
eCry
stal
line
Shar
e1872 M
W1872 M
W
![Page 39: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Thin
Film
Silic
on S
olar
Cel
lsTh
in F
ilm S
ilicon
Sol
ar C
ells
A V
iabl
e O
ptio
nA
Via
ble
Opt
ion
C C-- S
i Sola
r Cel
ls
Si Sola
r Cel
ls
--ce
ll pro
cess
ing;
40%
module
)ce
ll pro
cess
ing;
40%
module
)
g f
or
Incr
ease
d A
bso
rption
g f
or
Incr
ease
d A
bso
rption
Subst
rate
Cost
is
~40%
in
Subst
rate
Cost
is
~40%
in
(20%
(20%
Thin
Si Fi
lms
on L
ow
Cost
Subst
rate
s O
ffer
Thin
Si Fi
lms
on L
ow
Cost
Subst
rate
s O
ffer
G
reat
Pote
ntial
Gre
at P
ote
ntial
Hyd
rogen
ated
Am
orp
hous
Sili
con T
hin
Film
H
ydro
gen
ated
Am
orp
hous
Sili
con T
hin
Film
Tec
hnolo
gy
is M
ature
Tec
hnolo
gy
is M
ature
Dev
elopm
ent
of
Mic
rocr
ysta
lline,
D
evel
opm
ent
of
Mic
rocr
ysta
lline,
Poly
crys
talli
ne
and E
pitax
ial Sili
con
Poly
crys
talli
ne
and E
pitax
ial Sili
con
Light
Tra
ppin
Light
Tra
ppin
Surf
ace
Pas
siva
tion f
or
Low
Rec
om
bin
atio
n
Surf
ace
Pas
siva
tion f
or
Low
Rec
om
bin
atio
n
Vel
oci
tyVel
oci
ty37
37
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Exp
erim
enta
lE
xper
imen
tal
Hyd
rogen
ated
Am
orp
hous
Sili
con
Hyd
rogen
ated
Am
orp
hous
Sili
con
Dep
osi
ted b
y Pl
asm
a Enhan
ced C
hem
ical
D
eposi
ted b
y Pl
asm
a Enhan
ced C
hem
ical
Vap
or
Dep
osi
tion (
PECVD
) as
wel
l as
rf
Vap
or
Dep
osi
tion (
PECVD
) as
wel
l as
rf
Mag
net
ron S
putt
erin
gM
agnet
ron S
putt
erin
gAlu
min
um
Film
Dep
osi
ted b
y rf
Mag
net
ron
Alu
min
um
Film
Dep
osi
ted b
y rf
Mag
net
ron
Sputt
erin
gSputt
erin
gAnnea
ling f
or
Cry
stal
lizat
ion b
y Annea
ling f
or
Cry
stal
lizat
ion b
y Conve
ntional
Furn
ace,
Optica
l, a
nd L
aser
Conve
ntional
Furn
ace,
Optica
l, a
nd L
aser
Bea
m S
yste
ms
Bea
m S
yste
ms
Char
acte
riza
tion b
y XRD
, SEM
, TEM
, H
RChar
acte
riza
tion b
y XRD
, SEM
, TEM
, H
R--
TEM
, AES,
etc.
TEM
, AES,
etc.
38
38
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U o
f A (S
putte
ring/
PE
CV
D) C
lust
er T
ool
U o
f A (S
putte
ring/
PE
CV
D) C
lust
er T
ool
39
39
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40
40
ITZ
Rob
otic
A
rm
MPZ5
Silic
on
Spu
tter
An
nea
ling
Ch
ambe
r
MPZ1
MPZ2
MPZ4
MPZ3
Subs
trat
e Load
ing
stat
ion
a-Si
:H/a
-SiN
:H
PEC
VD
Alu
min
um
Spu
tter
Dop
ed a
-Si:
H
PEC
VD
![Page 43: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
41
41
Larg
e G
rain
Sili
con
Thin
Film
s by
M
etal
-Indu
ced
Cry
stal
lizat
ion
Larg
e G
rain
Nee
ded
for
Red
uci
ng E
HP
Larg
e G
rain
Nee
ded
for
Red
uci
ng E
HP
Rec
om
bin
atio
n a
t th
e G
rain
Boundar
ies
Rec
om
bin
atio
n a
t th
e G
rain
Boundar
ies
Vs
Gla
ss
Subs
trat
e
Cry
stal
lized
Si
Gla
ss
Subs
trat
e
![Page 44: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
42
42
Fabr
icat
ion
Pro
cess
Gla
ss
Alu
min
uma-
Si:H
Pol
y-Si
oxid
e
Ann
ealin
g at
< 4
50 C
/ 20
min
![Page 45: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Res
ults
(con
t..)
Res
ults
(con
t..)
SEM
Imag
es
43
43
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44
44
Gra
in S
ize
Con
trol
Gra
in S
ize
Con
trol
Am
orp
hous
Si m
icro
stru
cture
can
Am
orp
hous
Si m
icro
stru
cture
can
in
fluen
ce g
rain
siz
e of
crys
talli
zed
influen
ce g
rain
siz
e of
crys
talli
zed
silic
on.
Hyd
rogen
and d
opin
g c
an
silic
on.
Hyd
rogen
and d
opin
g c
an
also
influen
ce g
rain
siz
e an
d
also
influen
ce g
rain
siz
e an
d
crys
talli
zation r
ates
.cr
ysta
lliza
tion r
ates
.In
troduci
ng a
n inte
rfac
e la
yer
(of
Intr
oduci
ng a
n inte
rfac
e la
yer
(of
silc
on o
xide,
alu
min
um
oxi
de,
or
silc
on o
xide,
alu
min
um
oxi
de,
or
even
oth
er t
ypes
of
laye
rs)
can
even
oth
er t
ypes
of
laye
rs)
can
influen
ce g
rain
siz
ein
fluen
ce g
rain
siz
e
![Page 47: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Res
ults
Res
ults
SE
M i
mag
e of
a ‘
zero
min
ute
oxid
e la
yer)
cry
stal
lized
at 4
00et
ched
aw
ay fr
om th
e sa
mpl
e.
SEM
Im
age
’sa
mpl
e (n
o °C
. A
l has
bee
n
45
45
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Res
ults
(con
t.) Oxi
de
SEM
Imag
es
Res
ults
(con
t.)
No
oxid
e46
46
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Res
ults
(con
t..)
Res
ults
(con
t..)
AFM
Imag
es
No
oxid
eO
xide
47
47
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XR
D R
esul
ts
2628
3032
3436
380
200
400
600
800
Alum
inum
Silic
on (1
11)
CPS(arb.)
2θ (0 )
a
acuu
m
, Cur
ve II
is a
1
0 m
inut
e am
bien
t , a
nd C
urve
two
days
(tw
o-.
Oxi
de la
yer
alliz
atio
n
XRD
spe
ctra
of t
hree
sa
mpl
es. C
urve
I is
for
sam
ple
kept
in v
(zer
o-m
inut
e am
bien
t ex
posu
re ti
me)
(111
)sa
mpl
e ke
pt o
utsi
de fo
rm
inut
es (1
0-
48
48
4042
IIIIII
expo
sure
tim
e)III
is fo
r one
kep
t in
the
ambi
ent f
orda
y am
bien
t exp
osur
e tim
e)Th
e cu
rves
are
shi
fted
verti
cally
to c
ompa
re th
e pe
ak h
eigh
ts.
incr
ease
s cr
yst
tem
pera
ture
.
![Page 51: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Nan
oN
ano --
Alu
min
umA
lum
inum
-- Indu
ced
Indu
ced
Cry
stal
lizat
ion
Cry
stal
lizat
ion
Subst
rate
was
oxi
de
coat
ed s
ilico
n w
afer
Subst
rate
was
oxi
de
coat
ed s
ilico
n w
afer
PECVD
aPECVD
a-- S
i th
ickn
ess
was
100 n
mSi th
ickn
ess
was
100 n
mAlu
min
um
thic
knes
s w
as 4
0 n
mAlu
min
um
thic
knes
s w
as 4
0 n
mAnnea
ling t
emper
ature
: 300
Annea
ling t
emper
ature
: 300-- 4
50
450˚̊CC
Annea
ling t
emper
ature
ram
pAnnea
ling t
emper
ature
ram
p-- u
p t
ime
up t
ime
was
var
ied t
o influen
ce n
ucl
eation
was
var
ied t
o influen
ce n
ucl
eation
den
sity
den
sity
Exc
ess
alum
inum
was
rem
ove
d b
y Exc
ess
alum
inum
was
rem
ove
d b
y et
chin
get
chin
g
49
49
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Nan
o-A
lum
inum
-
aled
for
0102030405060
300
Largest Grain Size (µm)
Ann
e30
min
utes
350
400
450
Ann
ealin
g Te
mpe
ratu
re (o C
)
Induce
d C
ryst
alliz
atio
n
Cry
stal
lite
size
ver
sus
annea
ling t
emper
ature
50
50
![Page 53: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Nan
o-A
lum
inum
-Induce
d C
ryst
alliz
atio
n
00
510
15
Ann
ealin
g R
amp
Up
Tim
e (H
our)
nano
-AIC
trad
ition
al A
IC
A
B
306090120
Grain Size (um)
20
51
51
Rel
atio
nsh
ip b
etw
een g
rain
siz
e an
d r
amp u
p t
ime
of
annea
ling
tem
per
ature
. I
t sh
ow
s th
at g
rain
siz
e si
gnific
antly
incr
ease
d w
ith
ram
p u
p t
ime
for
nan
o-A
IC o
f a-
Si:
H,
but
chan
ges
little
for
trad
itio
nal
AIC
of a-
Si:
H.
![Page 54: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Nan
o-A
lum
inum
-Indu
ced
Cry
stal
lizat
ion
50 µ
m
Mic
rosc
opy
imag
e of
sam
ple
an
nea
led a
t 300
oC f
or
30 m
inute
s
52
52
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Nan
o-A
lum
inum
-Induce
d C
ryst
alliz
atio
n
53
53
20 µ
m
ages
of
the
gra
ins
on t
he
sam
ple
s w
ith 2
0 h
our
p t
ime.
The
larg
est
gra
in s
ize
is a
bout
93 m
mM
icro
scopy
iman
nea
ling r
am.
![Page 56: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
a-S
200
nm A
l
30 n
m A
lSi
(220
)Si
(311
)
0
300
600
900 Intensity (arbitrary unit)
Si (1
11)
i:H
2535
4555
6575
2 θ (d
egre
e)
XRD
spec
tra
of
(a)
a-Si:
H,
(b)
nan
o-A
IC o
f a-
Si:
H,
and (
c)
trad
itio
nal
AIC
of
a-Si:
H.
The
larg
e pea
ks a
round 2θ=
28.5
deg
ree
are
Si (1
11),
indic
atin
g c
ryst
alliz
atio
n o
ccurr
ed f
or
both
(b)
and
(c).
Nan
o-A
lum
inum
-Induce
d C
ryst
alliz
atio
n
54
54
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aphy
of
ooth
er
b
55
55
3-D
SPM
im
ages
show
ing
the
surf
ace
topogr
(a)
a-Si:
H;
and
poly
crys
talli
ne
silic
on f
ilms
pro
duce
d b
y (b
) nan
o-A
IC,
and (
c) t
raditio
nal
AIC
. I
t sh
ow
s th
at n
ano-A
IC
crea
tes
much
sm
a
surf
aces
than
tra
ditio
nal
AIC
.
c
![Page 58: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Nan
o-A
lum
inum
-Induce
d C
ryst
alliz
atio
n
Are
a in
mic
rogr
aph
is 1
.275
mm
wid
e by
0.9
5 m
m h
igh.
Cry
stal
lite
size
var
ies f
rom
0.1
to 1
.0 m
m.
56
56
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57
57
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ark
ansa
s P
aten
ted
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ark
ansa
s P
aten
ted
Sol
ar C
ell P
roce
ss U
sing
MIC
Sol
ar C
ell P
roce
ss U
sing
MIC
HF
Cle
an T
hin
SX o
r M
C S
iH
F Cle
an T
hin
SX o
r M
C S
iD
eposi
t a
Dep
osi
t a-- S
i:H
on F
ront
by
Si:
H o
n F
ront
by
PECVD
/Sputt
erin
gPE
CVD
/Sputt
erin
gD
eposi
t n
Dep
osi
t n
++(5
% P
) doped
(5
% P
) doped
aa-- S
i:H
on B
ack
Si:
H o
n B
ack
Dep
osi
t Al on F
ront
and
Dep
osi
t Al on F
ront
and
Bac
kBac
kAnnea
l to
Cry
stal
lize
and
Annea
l to
Cry
stal
lize
and
Tex
ture
(200
Tex
ture
(200-- 3
00
300°° C
)C)
Thin
N-T
ype
X-S
i
Thin
N-T
ype
X-S
i
Thin
N-T
ype
X-S
i
Thin
N-T
ype
X-S
i
Thin
N-T
ype
X-S
i
Thin
N-T
ype
X-S
iEtc
h G
rid a
nd D
eposi
t AR
Etc
h G
rid a
nd D
eposi
t AR
![Page 60: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
58
58
Com
paris
on o
f Sta
ndar
d V
s U
of A
C
ompa
rison
of S
tand
ard
Vs
U o
f A
Tech
nolo
gies
Tech
nolo
gies
at 1
000°C
Hig
h
Tem
p
Labor
Inte
nsi
ve
Sputt
/PECVD
a-S
i:H
Bac
ksid
e n
+ a-
Si:
H
Sputt
er A
l
Phosp
h D
iff
Proce
ssSta
rt w
ith P
-Typ
e X-S
i
Sta
ndar
d T
echnolo
gy
Sta
rt w
ith N
-Typ
e X-S
i
Annea
l 200-3
00°C
a-SiN
:H A
R C
oat
ing
New
Pat
ente
d T
ech
Bat
ch
Bac
k an
d S
ide
Lappin
g
Scr
een P
rinting C
onta
cts
Sin
tering a
t >
600°C
Bow
ing
AR C
oat
ing
Hig
h
Sur.
Rec
.
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Sili
con
Thin
Film
Sol
ar C
ell
Sili
con
Thin
Film
Sol
ar C
ell
With C
orr
ugat
ed S
ubst
rate
for
Effic
ient
With C
orr
ugat
ed S
ubst
rate
for
Effic
ient
Light
Tra
ppin
gLi
ght
Tra
ppin
gpp-- ii
-- n T
ype
Sola
r Cel
ln T
ype
Sola
r Cel
lLi
ght
Ray
Tra
vers
es h
undre
ds
of
mic
rons
Light
Ray
Tra
vers
es h
undre
ds
of
mic
rons
late
rally
though M
ultip
le I
nte
rnal
la
tera
lly t
hough M
ultip
le I
nte
rnal
Ref
lect
ion
Ref
lect
ion
Thin
Film
Sol
ar C
ell o
n Lo
w C
ost G
lass
or P
last
ic S
ubst
rate
59
59
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60
60
Gro
wth
of E
pita
xial
sili
con
Alu
min
um
a-Si:
HAlu
min
um
Epitax
ial Si ac
tive
lay
er
Annea
l at
500°C
Met
allu
rgic
al G
rade
(100)
Cry
stal
line
Si
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SEM
Im
age
b
No
cPr
otru
sion
s
Si fi
lm. T
he im
age
scal
e is
a
ryst
alliz
atio
n
SEM
imag
e of
the
300
nm th
ick
at: a
) 20
µm b
) 2 µ
m.
Ann
eale
d at
525
ºC fo
r 60
min
utes
61
61
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Hig
h R
esol
utio
n X
-Sec
tiona
l TE
M
Subs
trat
e
Epita
xial
film
inte
rfac
e
a
The
inte
rfac
e be
twee
n th
e ep
itaxi
al fi
lm
and
the
(100
) sili
con
subs
trat
e
62
62
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Hig
h R
esol
utio
n X
-Sec
tiona
l TE
M
b The
cent
er o
f the
epi
taxi
al fi
lm
63
63
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Hig
h R
esol
utio
n X
-Sec
tiona
l TE
M
64
64
c
Epita
xial
film
the
epita
xial
sili
con
film
and
the
alum
inum
fil
m s
how
ing
the
epita
xial
cry
stal
pl
anes
of t
he fi
lm
The
inte
rfac
e be
twee
n
Al f
ilmth
ickn
ess.
thro
ugh
its e
ntire
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Aug
er D
epth
Pro
files
65
65
Prof
ile T
ime=
0Pr
ofile
- Ti
me=
10m
in12
0(b
)
020406080
Atomic %100
120
020
040
060
080
010
0012
0014
00
Dept
h (n
m)
C O Al
Si
(a)
Dep
th (n
m)
20406080
Atomic %
020
040
060
080
010
0012
0014
00
Dep
th (n
m)
O Al
Atomic %
Dep
th (n
m)
Prof
ile -
Tim
e=15
min
020406080100
120
020
040
060
080
010
0012
0014
00
Dep
th (n
m)
Atomic %
O Al
Si
(c)
Prof
ile -
Tim
e=30
min
020406080100
120
020
040
060
080
010
0012
0014
00
Dep
th (n
m)
Atomic %O A
lS
i
(d)
Atomic %
100 0
Si
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Alu
min
um In
duce
d A
lum
inum
Indu
ced
Cry
stal
lizat
ion
of a
Cry
stal
lizat
ion
of a
-- Si:H
Si:H
66
66
aa-- S
i:H
cry
stal
lized
to c
ontinuous
poly
Si:
H c
ryst
alliz
ed t
o c
ontinuous
poly
-- Si
Si
film
s at
150
film
s at
150-- 3
00
300°° C
; G
rain
Siz
e ~
0.5
C;
Gra
in S
ize
~ 0
.5 µµ
mmG
rain
Siz
e Ach
ieve
d ~
20
Gra
in S
ize
Ach
ieve
d ~
20-- 3
0
30 µµ
m a
t 300
m a
t 300--
450
450°° C
usi
ng a
1C u
sing a
1-- 3
nm
oxi
de
bar
rier
lay
er3 n
m o
xide
bar
rier
lay
erEpitax
ial Si film
is
pro
duce
d o
n (
100)
SX
Epitax
ial Si film
is
pro
duce
d o
n (
100)
SX
--Si at
400
Si at
400-- 5
50
550°° C
C
Annea
l 300-4
50°C
Annea
l 150-3
00°C
Annea
l 450-5
50°C
![Page 69: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
67
67
Sum
mar
y an
d C
oncl
usio
nsS
umm
ary
and
Con
clus
ions
Ener
gy
Nee
ds
of
the
World a
re I
ncr
easi
ng
Ener
gy
Nee
ds
of
the
World a
re I
ncr
easi
ng
Exp
onen
tial
lyExp
onen
tial
lySust
ainab
le E
ner
gy
Str
ongly
Sugges
t Sola
r Sust
ainab
le E
ner
gy
Str
ongly
Sugges
t Sola
r Ener
gy
to D
om
inat
e by
2100
Ener
gy
to D
om
inat
e by
2100
Sili
con is
the
Mat
eria
l of Choic
e in
Sola
r PV
Sili
con is
the
Mat
eria
l of Choic
e in
Sola
r PV
Thin
sili
con S
ola
r Cel
ls,
Low
Tem
per
ature
Thin
sili
con S
ola
r Cel
ls,
Low
Tem
per
ature
InIn
-- Lin
e Fa
brica
tion,
Low
Cost
Subst
rate
sLi
ne
Fabrica
tion,
Low
Cost
Subst
rate
sLo
w T
emper
ature
Cry
stal
lizat
ion o
f a
Low
Tem
per
ature
Cry
stal
lizat
ion o
f a-- S
i:H
Si:
H
has
Gre
at P
ote
ntial
has
Gre
at P
ote
ntial
Larg
e G
rain
Poly
Larg
e G
rain
Poly
-- Si an
d E
pitax
ial Si at
Low
Si an
d E
pitax
ial Si at
Low
Tem
per
ature
s hav
e bee
n D
emonst
rate
dTem
per
ature
s hav
e bee
n D
emonst
rate
d
![Page 70: Who We Aremicrolab.berkeley.edu/text/seminars/slides/Solarcells.pdfpractice of electrochemistry and allied subjects. ECS Membership by Sections. Arizona. 117: Japan: 770. Brazilian](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042314/5f0229bc7e708231d402e246/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
68
68
Ack
now
ledg
emen
tA
ckno
wle
dgem
ent
We
ackn
ow
ledge
the
finan
cial
support
of th
e W
e ac
know
ledge
the
finan
cial
support
of th
e fo
llow
ing a
gen
cies
:fo
llow
ing a
gen
cies
:––
NASA (
HQ
)/Ark
ansa
s EPS
CoR
NASA (
HQ
)/Ark
ansa
s EPS
CoR
––N
ASA G
oddar
d/A
rkan
sas
Spac
e an
d P
lanet
ary
NASA G
oddar
d/A
rkan
sas
Spac
e an
d P
lanet
ary
Cen
ter
Cen
ter
––D
OE/A
rkan
sas
EPS
CoR
DO
E/A
rkan
sas
EPS
CoR
––N
atio
nal
Ren
ewab
le E
ner
gy
Lab (
NREL)
Nat
ional
Ren
ewab
le E
ner
gy
Lab (
NREL)
––O
ak R
idge
Nat
ional
Lab
(O
RN
L)O
ak R
idge
Nat
ional
Lab
(O
RN
L)––
South
ern U
niv
ersi
ties
Res
earc
h A
ssoci
atio
n
South
ern U
niv
ersi
ties
Res
earc
h A
ssoci
atio
n
(SU
RA)
(SU
RA)
––N
atio
nal
Cen
ter
for
Ele
ctro
n M
icro
scopy
(NCEM
)N
atio
nal
Cen
ter
for
Ele
ctro
n M
icro
scopy
(NCEM
)––
NSF
(USA)/
DST (
IND
IA)
NSF
(USA)/
DST (
IND
IA)
––Fu
lbri
ght
Inst
itute
Fulb
right
Inst
itute