Who takes care of grandma?€¦ · Respondent-Driven Sampling Chain referrals/snowball sampling:...
Transcript of Who takes care of grandma?€¦ · Respondent-Driven Sampling Chain referrals/snowball sampling:...
Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Who takes care of grandma?Insights from a survey using RDS on the living and working
conditions of 24-hour Polish care workers
Lena Hipp1,2, Ulrich Kohler2, Sandra Leumann1
1Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) 2University of Potsdam
“Analytical Sociology: Theory and Empirical Applications”Venice, 19. November 2019
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Structure
Background
Implementing RDS
Preliminary Findings
Discussion
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Motivation• Increasing demand for paid care work• “Estimations” of 100.000–800.000 informal care workers in
private households (ZQP: 2016)• But: de facto no reliable knowledge about those workers
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1
1.5
2
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Relatives Relatives & Care Service Stationary
Data: Statistisches Bundesamt (2019)
People in need by year and type (in Mio)
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Motivation
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Project Goals
• Standardized survey of 24h-care workers in Berlin• Demographics• Working conditions• Prevalence of illicit employment• . . .
• A valid (in a statistical sense) description of targetpopulation (“representativeness”)• Implementing “Respondent-Driven Sampling” (RDS)
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Respondent-Driven Sampling
• Chain referrals/snowball sampling:• Purposive selection of ‘seeds’• ‘Seeds’ then recruit respondents from the target population• Respondents recruit further respondents• Details
• Preconditions for success• Incentives (primary and secondary)• Reciprocity/trust• Monitoring fieldwork• Collection of data on the network size
• Weighting procedures
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Statistical requirements for RDS
Assumptions
• „Small-world“-characteristics in the target population• Accurate reporting of network size• Random peer recruiting• Recruitment via „1st-Order-Markov-Chain“
→ selection probability as a function of individuals’ network size→ estimation of unbiased parameters in target population
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Formative assessment
• Identifying target population• “live-ins” (originally: any type of care work)• currently working in Berlin (originally: Berlin & Brandenburg)• Polish origin (originally: any nationality/migration
background)• Designing the questionnaire• Pretesting• Selecting the interview site• Setting up logistics, e.g.,https://www.pflegestudie-berlin.de/
• Sample size calcuations (# of coupons & # seeds)
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Designing coupons
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Description of the sample
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01
02
03
0407
08
09
05
1006
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N: 200
3 12 3 162 1 1 11 4 2 1
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Date, day of the week, and time of the survey
0
50
100
150
200
Par
ticip
ants
in to
tal
0
2
4
6
8
10
Par
ticip
ants
per
wee
k
08-2018 10-2018 12-2018 02-2019 04-2019 06-2019 08-2019Date of the interview
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday0 20 40 60
Number of respondents
1213
14
15
16
1718
7
8
9
10
11
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Where do our respondents come from?
GdańskGdynia
Szczecin
PoznańWarszawa
Lublin
Łódź
Kraków
Bydgoszcz
Radom
Katowice
Częstochowa
BiałystokToruń
KielceWroclaw
Warszawa
(21,34](17,21](15,17](13,15](10,13](8,10](5,8](4,5][4,4]
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Who are the 24-h live-ins?Gender, age, education, and qualifications
21179
15112651
378459
13196680
MaleFemale
20-3940-5960-7980-85
< A-levelsA-levels (PL: Matura)
Higher education
Nursing qualification1 year minimumTraining course
None0 20 40 60 80 100
% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
How and with whom do they live?Living situation (Berlin/Poland) and family situation
16633
1481414
28634933
116209
Own roomShared room
Outside the house
Homeowner in PLRenting in PL
Living with relatives/friends in PL
Living alone in PL2-person household in PL3-person household in PL
4+-person household in PL
No children in PL1 child in PL
2+ children in PL0 20 40 60 80 100
% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Who are their “clients”?Age, care needs, and family situation of carees
12427764
2410190736
1953253
13645
60-6970-7980-89
90-101
Confined to bedDementia
WheelchairBlind
None of these
SeriousAverage
MildDon't know
Living aloneLiving with partner
0 20 40 60 80% of respondents
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
What work do they do?Housework duties
95
126
133
134
139
169
174
182
191
Doing the dishes (by hand)
Ironing
Putting the dishes into/out of the dishwasher
Dusting
Vacuuming/Wiping the floor
Shopping and/or running errands
Doing the laundry
Taking out the bins
Preparing meals0 20 40 60 80 100
% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
What work do they do?Care-related duties
8
13
17
49
55
59
67
67
68
115
160
161
None of these
Cleaning and maintenance of catheters
Breathing excercises
Changing the patient's position
Excercises to help mobilize muscles/joints
Cutting/filing nails
Memory training
Assistance at night
Oral/dental hygiene
Toilet assistance
Body hygiene
Getting dressed0 20 40 60 80 100
% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
What work do they do?Medical care
13335510131720334479126
Medical port maintenanceEnemas
Changing catheters/bladder irrigationClearing upper airways
InjectionsOstomy care
Treating bedsoresInhalations
Measuring the blood sugarWound care/changing bandages
Putting on/taking off compression stockingsNone of these
Taking the blood pressurePreparing/administering medicine
0 20 40 60 80 100% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Other duties
11
20
21
64
76
77
85
115
155
None of these
Going to church
Cinema, theater, museum, etc.
Reading aloud
Going to restaurants/cafés
Escorting to acquaintances/relatives
Escorting to doctor's appointments
Flipping through photo albums
Taking for a walk0 20 40 60 80 100
% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
How does their work supplement care by others?Cooperation with care services and relatives
1686431005
442927651116
No outpatient careOnce a weekTwice a week
Three times a weekFour times a weekFive times a weekSix times a week
Every day
Never/No relativesAlmost daily
A few times a weekOnce a week
Every two weeksOnce a month
0 20 40 60 80 100% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
What are their working hours?Free time during the work assignment
26489029
10357189
5623713
No breaks last work dayA <2h break last work day
A 2-3h break last work dayA >3h break last work day
No days offOne day off
Two days offMore than two days off
No longer breaks (≥4h)One longer break (≥4h)
Two longer breaks (≥4h)More than two longer breaks(≥4h)
0 20 40 60 80% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
How do they find their jobs?Means of finding work
74
96
26
101
66
25
First job through an agency
First job through a contact
First job through the media
Current job through an agency
Current job through a contact
Current through the media0 20 40 60 80 100
% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
How are they employed?Form of contract and contractual parties
146
29
21
105
14
23
79
24
Written contract
No written contract
Explicit refusal
Contract with the agency
Contract with the client
Contract with the relatives
Instructions from the agency
No work instructions0 20 40 60 80 100
% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
How much do they earn?Income situation
638118
186101
169253
1293632
800-999 EUR1000-1299 EUR
1300+ EUR
Free accommodationPartial reimbursement
No charge
Free diningPartial reimbursement
No charge
Reimbursement for travelPartial reimbursement
No charge0 20 40 60 80 100
% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Are their indications of illicit employment?Social security
711108
444635
5212419
124302221
German health insuranceNo German health insurance
Don't know
A1 certificateNo A1 certificate
Don't know
German social insurance numberNo German social insurance number
Don't know
No business registrationBusiness registered in Poland
Business registered in GermanyDon't know
0 20 40 60 80 100% of participants
Naiv RDS I RDS II
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
How happy are they?Life satisfaction in general
6060491211
53834767
576658102
Very satisfiedRather satisfied
ModerateRather dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfiedRather satisfied
ModerateRather dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfiedRather satisfied
ModerateRather dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied0 15 30 45 60
Family life
Life satisfaction
Standard of living
Naiv RDS I RDS II
% of participants
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
How happy are they?Satisfaction with the work situation
37
99
47
5
2
64
89
28
2
1
Very satisfied
Rather satisfied
Moderate
Rather dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfied
Rather satisfied
Moderate
Rather dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied0 15 30 45 60
Payment
Relationship with client
Naiv RDS I RDS II
% of participants
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Implications of preliminary findings based on RDSsurvey
• Substantial findings (Important: Polish live-ins in Berlin!)• Live-ins as an alternative to care services?• Attractive for the clients?• Attractive for the workers?• Social inequalities in care work & old age?• Social security?
• Implementation of RDS• Considerable time restrictions of the respondents• Large primary incentives necessary• Unresolved problem of non-monetary incentives• Unresolved problem of verifying whether the respondents
belong to the target population• High time flexibility in organization of fieldwork (staff!)• Financial flexibility essential• Patience<
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Background Implementing RDS Preliminary Findings Discussion
Thank you for your attention
Hipp, Lena, Ulrich Kohler und Sandra Leumann (2019)How to Implement Respondent-Driven Sampling inPractice: Insights from Surveying 24-Hour Migrant HomeCare Workers. Survey Methods: Insights from the Fields,1–13. DOI: 10.13094/SMIF-2019-00009
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Appendix
Appendix
1. RDS design Design
2. Derivation of the number of cases Case numbers
3. Simulation of the expected sample size Simulation
4. Further reading Literature
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Appendix
Sample design
Seed Survey?
PI
Recruit?
Resp. Survey?
PI
SI
Stop Stop
StopYes
Yes
Yes
No No
No
go back
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Appendix
Desired number of cases
Number of cases is chosen in a way that the estimatorπ̂ does not deviate (with probability of 95%) more than dfrom the population parameter.
n = Deff. ·Z 2
1−α · π(1− π)d2 (1)
with Z 21−α ≈ 1.96 and Deff ≈ 2 (Design effect).
at π = 0.5 (worst-case scenario) and precision of d = 0.05,
n = 2 · 1.962 · 0.52
0.052 = 768 (2)
With 768 cases, the estimates are likely less than 5 percentagepoints off.
go back
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Appendix
Expected realized sample size
With s seeds, c coupons issued, and a recruitment suc-cess rate of r , the number of cases after W recruitmentwaves is:
nW ,s,c,r =W∑
w=1
(s − 1.6) · (c · r)w−1 (3)
where the number of unsuccessful seeds has been setto 1.6 (average of RDS samples performed so far; WHO2013: 70)
go back → Simulation results on the next slide
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Appendix
Simulation
768
768
768
768
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
5 Seeds, 2 Coupons 5 Seeds, 3 Coupons 5 Seeds, 4 Coupons 5 Seeds, 5 Coupons
8 Seeds, 2 Coupons 8 Seeds, 3 Coupons 8 Seeds, 4 Coupons 8 Seeds, 5 Coupons
10 Seeds, 2 Coupons 10 Seeds, 3 Coupons 10 Seeds, 4 Coupons 10 Seeds, 5 Coupons
15 Seeds, 2 Coupons 15 Seeds, 3 Coupons 15 Seeds, 4 Coupons 15 Seeds, 5 Coupons
60%
50%
40%
33%
Recruitment success
Num
ber o
f res
pond
ents
in re
alis
ed s
ampl
e
# WaveIn case of acceptance of 1.6 unsuccessful Seeds
Respondents after ... waves
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