Who Decides in Health Care? Ethics Champions April 9, 2008 Carol Bayley, PhD CHW VP Ethics and...
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Transcript of Who Decides in Health Care? Ethics Champions April 9, 2008 Carol Bayley, PhD CHW VP Ethics and...
Who Decides in Health Care?
Ethics ChampionsApril 9, 2008
Carol Bayley, PhDCHW VP Ethics and Justice
Education
Overview How self-determination replaced “do no
harm” as the first principle in medical ethics
Elements of informed consent Threshold is capacity Disclosure, understanding, authorization Alternatives
Substituted judgment Best Interest When informed consent is necessary; the
emergency exception
The Case of Jeanne P.
75 Year old white urban widow; 3 adult children
Stage 4 lung cancer (lung removed; chemo)
Stable for five yearsChemo “stopped working”; tumors
grewTumors produce clotting factor.“Blood thinners” produce stroke.
Galloping (and incomplete) History of Medical Ethics 2000 years : do no harm World War II; Nazi experiments Nuremburg trials, Nuremburg code “Do No Harm” does not work Tuskegee, Willowbrook, series of
cases in development of legal doctrine of informed consent
The Belmont Report
The Belmont Report
Respect for Persons Beneficence (flip side: non-
maleficence) Justice
Respect for Persons
Respect autonomy The patient (or research subject)
accepts or refuses treatment (or participation in research)
Vulnerable patients (or subjects) are owed special protection
The (capacitated) patient accepts or refuses treatment.
What is capacity? What is informed consent?
Informed Consent
Information (clinician->patient) Consent (patient->clinician)
Information
Disclosure Understanding Alternatives
Consent
Voluntary Uncoerced Authorization
What is the next best thing?
Substituted judgment Best interest
When is informed consent NOT necessary? Almost never! The emergency exception Informed consent is necessary even when:
Patient is unreasonable, angry, tired, scared, sick
Patient seems to be making the “wrong” choice Doctor really knows best It’s really inconvenient
Back to Jeanne P.
Children know her well, she trusts them.
Jeanne understands she will die at some point but doesn’t want to talk about it.
What is the goal of informed consent?