Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America...
Transcript of Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America...
![Page 1: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Whiteflies
Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae
Photograph courtesy of Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska
![Page 2: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why are they called
whiteflies?
The adults are white. And they fly. and….
![Page 3: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Common Whiteflies found in
Greenhouses in North America
• Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes
vaporariorum)
• Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)
– B & Q Biotypes exist with differences in
pesticide sensitivity
Photograph courtesy of David
Shetlar, Ohio State University
![Page 6: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Whiteflies have simple metamorphosis – but have considerable
differences in appearance and habit in adult and nymphal stages.
![Page 7: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Generalized Life History of a Whitefly
![Page 8: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Whitefly adult and many dozen eggs laid on
underside of a leaf
Whitefly eggs on leafGreenhouse whitefly eggs laid
in a semicircular pattern
Whitefly eggs
![Page 9: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mixed stages
of whitefly
nymphs
![Page 10: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Instar III
Instar IV
“Pupa”
![Page 11: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Instar IV nymphs
of whiteflies –
“whitefly pupae”
![Page 12: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Instar IV pupa is the stage that
can be best used to determine
which species of whitefly is
present
Greenhouse whitefly
Sweetpotato whitefly
![Page 13: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Adults, last stage nymphs and old skins of nymphs
of whiteflies
![Page 14: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Whiteflies (like aphids) suck fluids from the
phloem
![Page 15: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Whiteflies do excrete some honeydew as a waste product
![Page 16: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sooty mold associated with high numbers of whiteflies
![Page 17: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Whitefly Life Cycles
Egg Nymph I
(=crawler)
Nymph II
(=“scale”)
Nymph III
(=“scale”)
Nymph IV
(=“Pupa”) Adult
At 70ºF, the greenhouse whitefly life cycle takes: 6-10 days
for egg hatch, 3-4 days as a nymph I, 4-5 days as nymph II,
4-5 days as nymph III, 6-10 days for the pupa. Adults can
live for 30 to 40 days.
Slide courtesy of David Shetlar, the Ohio
State University
![Page 18: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Temp
(ºF)
Egg
Hatch
Nymphs
I-II-III
“Pupa”
(nymph IV)
Female
Preoviposition
85º 3 7 7 1
75º 6 8 7 1
70º 8 11 8 1
65º 11 17 12 2
60º 18 25 24 2
Development Times for
Greenhouse Whitefly
![Page 19: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cultural Control -
Exclusion
• Greenhouse whitefly is a tropical/
subtropical species
–Outdoor survival does not occur where
there are cold winters
–Developing stages require living plants
–Adults survive about 3 days without
plants
![Page 20: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sticky Traps for
Whiteflies
![Page 23: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Can sticky traps control whiteflies?
![Page 24: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sticky traps for
whiteflies can:
• Capture some adult whiteflies
• Be used to monitor changes in
populations of whiteflies
![Page 25: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sticky traps for
whiteflies can
not:
• Capture immature stages of
whiteflies
• Capture all adult whiteflies
![Page 26: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Sticky traps can be one component of a
whitefly control program.
![Page 27: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Whiteflies
Biological Controls
• Parasitic Wasps
–Encarsia formosa
–Eretmocerus eremicus
• Beauveria bassiana
![Page 28: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Whitefly parasites –
Parasitic wasps that
selectively attack
whiteflies
![Page 29: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Encarsia formosa-
parasitized whitefly
‘pupae’
Left: Card containing
parasitized whiteflies
for release
![Page 30: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Whitefly parasite –Effective only in warm
temperature
greenhouses – Above
about 72F average
![Page 31: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Whiteflies
Biological Controls
• Parasitic Wasps
–Encarsia formosa
–Eretmocerus californicus
• Beauveria bassiana
![Page 32: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Beauveria bassiana Products
(Naturalis, Botanigard)
![Page 33: Whiteflies - Colorado State University...Common Whiteflies found in Greenhouses in North America •Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) •Sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041921/5e6bcf4ca311b472a74ad189/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Whiteflies
Chemical Controls• Horticultural Oils
• Azadirachtin
• Imidacloprid (soil-applied, systemic)
– Label restrictions may prevent use on
many food crops – check the label!!!
• Pyrethroids (e.g., permethrin)
– Active against adults primarily
– Label restrictions may prevent use on
many food crops – check the label!!!