White House 1

White House

The White House

The South Portico of the White House in May 2006.

Location in Washington, D.C.

General information

Architectural style Neoclassical, Palladian

Location 1600 Pennsylvania AvenueNW Washington, D.C. 20500 U.S.

Coordinates 38°53′52″N 77°02′11″W [1]Coordinates: 38°53′52″N 77°02′11″W [1]

Current tenants Barack Obama, President of the United States and the First Family

Construction started October 13, 1792

Design and construction

Architect James Hoban

The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since JohnAdams in 1800, and the term is often used by journalists as a metonym to refer to the acts of the President and histop advisors.The house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia Creeksandstone in the Neoclassical style. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architectBenjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to concealstables and storage.

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In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington,destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and PresidentJames Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Construction continuedwith the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829.Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work officesrelocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expandedthe West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. Thethird-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers.A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected thenew wings.East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearingexterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior roomswere completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this workwas completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.Today, the White House Complex includes the Executive Residence, West Wing, East Wing, the EisenhowerExecutive Office Building—the former State Department, which now houses offices for the President's staff and theVice President—and Blair House, a guest residence.The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor,as well as a two-story basement. The term White House is often used as a metonym for the Executive Office of thePresident of the United States and for the president's administration and advisers in general, as in "The White Househas decided that....". The property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of thePresident's Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of "America's FavoriteArchitecture".

History

1789–1800Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in NewYork City: the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 – February 1790), and the Alexander MacombHouse at 39–41 Broadway (February–August 1790). New York then built the Government House for his officialresidence, but he never occupied it. The capital had moved to Philadelphia.The July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the temporary national capital for a 10-year periodwhile the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morris's city house at 190High Street (now 524-30 Market Street) for Washington's presidential residence. The first president occupied theMarket Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced thedesign of the White House. As part of a futile effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital,Pennsylvania built a presidential palace several blocks away, but Washington declined to move there.President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. In November 1800,he became the first president to occupy the White House. The President's House in Philadelphia became a hotel andwas demolished in 1832 while the unused presidential palace became home to the University of Pennsylvania.

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First Presidential Mansion:Samuel Osgood House,Manhattan, New York.

Occupied by Washington:April 1789 - February 1790.

Second Presidential Mansion:Alexander Macomb House,

Manhattan, New York. Occupiedby Washington: February -

August 1790.

New York ExecutiveMansion: GovernmentHouse, Manhattan, New

York. Built for, butnever occupied by

Washington.

Third PresidentialMansion: President'sHouse, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania. Occupied byWashington: November

1790 – March 1797.Occupied by Adams: March

1797 – May 1800.

Architectural competition

A 1793 elevation by James Hoban, the selectedarchitect from the competition

Hoban's Charleston County Courthouse,Charleston, South Carolina, 1790–92, was

admired by Washington.

The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) CharlesL'Enfant's's plan for the newly established federal city, Washington,D.C.[2] The architect of the White House was chosen in a designcompetition which received nine proposals, including one submittedanonymously by Thomas Jefferson.

President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina, in May 1791on his "Southern Tour", and saw the under-construction CharlestonCounty Courthouse designed by Irish architect James Hoban. He isreputed to have met with Hoban then, and summoned the architect toPhiladelphia and met with him there in June 1792.[3]

On July 16, 1792, the President met with the commissioners of thefederal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. Hisreview is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban'ssubmission.Washington was not entirely pleased with the original submission,however; he found it too small, lacking ornament, and not monumentalenough to house the nation's president. On his recommendation, thehouse was changed from three stories to two, and was widened from anine-bay facade to an 11-bay facade. Hoban's competition drawings donot survive.

Design influences

The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, Republic ofIreland, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament). Several other Georgian-era Irish countryhouses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, details like the bow-fronted southfront, and interior details like the former niches in the present Blue Room. These influences, though undocumented,are cited in the

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The North Portico of the White House comparedto Leinster House

The Château de Rastignac compared to the SouthPortico of the White House, ca. 1846

official White House guide, and in White House Historical Associationpublications. The first official White House guide, published in 1962,suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico andChâteau de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house located in LaBachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed byMathurin Salat. Construction on the French house was initially startedbefore 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years andthen finally built 1812–1817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design). Thetheoretical link between the two houses has been criticized becauseHoban did not visit France. Supporters of a connection posit thatThomas Jefferson, during his tour of Bordeaux in 1789, viewed Salat'sarchitectural drawings (which were on-file at the College) at the ÉcoleSpéciale d'Architecture (Bordeaux Architectural College). On hisreturn to the U.S. he then shared the influence with Washington,Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe.

Construction

Construction of the White House began with the laying of thecornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formalceremony. The main residence, as well as foundations of the house,were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, aswell as employed Europeans. Much of the other work on the house wasperformed by immigrants, many not yet with citizenship. Thesandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed byHoban, as were the high-relief rose and garland decorations above thenorth entrance and the "fish scale" pattern beneath the pediments of thewindow hoods. The initial construction took place over a period ofeight years, at a reported cost of $232,371.83 (equal to $3,196,252today). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready foroccupancy on or circa November 1, 1800.

Shortages, including material and labor, forced alterations to the earlierplan developed by French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfant for a"palace" that was five times larger than the house that was eventuallybuilt. The finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brickserved as a lining for the stone façades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls werewhitewashed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.

As it is a famed structure in America, several replicas of the White House have been constructed.

Architectural descriptionThe principal facade of the White House, the north front, is of three floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet, thus the facade appears to be of two floors. The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while at second-floor level the pediments are flat. The principal entrance at the centre of the portico is surmounted by a lunette fanlight. Above the entrance is a sculpted floral festoon. The roofline

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is hidden by a balustraded parapet.The mansion's southern facade is a combination of the Palladian and neoclassical styles of architecture. It is of threefloors, all visible. The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion. At the centre of the facade is a neoclassicalprojecting bow of three bays. The bow is flanked by 5 bays, the windows of which, as on the north facade, havealternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bow has a ground floor double staircase leadingto an Ionic colonnaded loggia (with the Truman Balcony at second-floor level), known as the south portico. Themore modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the facade.

Naming conventionsThe building was originally referred to variously as the "President's Palace", "Presidential Mansion", or "President'sHouse". The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811. A myth emerged thatduring the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burndamage it had suffered, giving the building its namesake hue.[4] The name "Executive Mansion" was used in officialcontexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having "White House–Washington"engraved on the stationery in 1901. The current letterhead wording and arrangement "The White House" with theword "Washington" centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.Although it was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, it is also speculated thatthe name of the traditional residence of the President of the United States may have derived from MarthaWashington's home, White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first President had courted the First Ladyin the mid-18th century.

Evolution of the White House

Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuildingOn Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building. DuringAdams' second day in the house, he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail, containing a prayer for the house. Adamswrote:

I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. Maynone but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof.

Theodore Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the "pleasant country residence" in 1801.Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama inthe bargain"[5]), Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to. With Benjamin Henry Latrobe, hehelped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades, small wings that help conceal the domestic operationsof laundry, a stable and storage. Today, Jefferson's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings.In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set ablaze by British troops during the Burning ofWashington, in retaliation for burning Upper Canada's Parliament Buildings in the Battle of York; much ofWashington was affected by these fires as well. Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down andmostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except forportions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was ransacked by Britishtroops, only two have been recovered. Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington, and in 1939,a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken itfrom Washington. Some observers allege that most of these spoils were lost when a convoy of British ships led byHMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814, even thoughFantome had no involvement in that action.

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After the fire, President James Madison resided in The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then the SevenBuildings from 1815 to the end of his term.[6] Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hobancontributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south porticowas constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later. ThoughLatrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban. Anelliptical portico at Château de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France with nearly identical curved stairs is speculatedas the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico, although this matter is one of great debate.Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework onboth porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublinbuilding, the Viceregal Lodge (now Áras an Uachtaráin, residence of the President of Ireland), for its porticopostdates the White House porticos' design. For the North Portico, a variation on the Ionic Order was devisedincorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carvedroses above the entrance.

The White House as it lookedfollowing the conflagration of

August 24, 1814

Thomas JeffersonJefferson andBenjamin Henry

LatrobeLatrobe's West WingColonnade in this

nineteenth-century engravedview, is now the James S. Brady

Press Briefing Room.

Principalstory plan for

the whitehouse byBenjamin

HenryLatrobe,

1807.

Earliest knownphotograph of the

White House, taken c.1846 by John Plumbe

during theadministration ofJames K. Polk.

Overcrowding and building the West Wing

Entrance Hall in 1882, showing the new Tiffanyglass screen

By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had becomeovercrowded. The location of the White House was questioned, justnorth of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe formalaria and other unhealthy conditions. Brigadier General NathanielMichler was tasked to propose solutions to address these concerns. Heproposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence anddesigned a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill inWashington, D.C., but Congress rejected the plan.

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The White House North Lawn in the 1860s,during the Abraham Lincoln administration

The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persistedthrough much of the decade. The Statue of Liberty project was not theonly undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of theobelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalledfor years.[7]

When Chester Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations tothe White House to take place as soon as the recently widowedLucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightlyand made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked tosend selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagons of furniture andhousehold items were removed from the building and sold at a publicauction. All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren. A proposal was made to builda new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support. In the fall of 1882 work was done on themain corridor, including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of gold leaf, and decorating the ceiling ingold and silver, and colorful traceries woven to spell "USA". The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red, andits ceiling was decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweledTiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the maincorridor from the north vestibule.

In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing onthe east for an historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions. A plan was devised by ColonelTheodore A. Bingham, which reflected the Harrison proposal. These plans were ultimately rejected. However, in1901 Theodore Roosevelt and his family moved into the White House and hired McKim, Mead & White to carry outrenovations and expansion, including the addition of a West Wing. (McKim designed and managed the project.)President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the WestWing, which included the addition of the Oval Office.The West Wing was damaged by fire in 1929, but rebuilt during the remaining years of the Herbert Hooverpresidency. In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, andPresident Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.

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The Truman reconstruction

Truman reconstruction, 1949–1952, a steelstructure is built within the exterior shell

Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story atticduring the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floorbalcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman took a great toll onthe brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame. By 1948,the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcingPresident Truman to commission a reconstruction and move across thestreet to Blair House from 1949 to 1951. The work, done by the firm ofPhiladelphia contractor John McShain, required the completedismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearinginternal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms withinthe new structure. The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7million. Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largestbeing the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the EntranceHall, rather than the Cross Hall. Central air conditioning was added, aswell as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms,storage, and a bomb shelter. The Trumans moved back into the WhiteHouse on March 27, 1952. While the house's structure was kept intactby the Truman reconstruction, much of the new interior finishes weregeneric, and of little historic value. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 1814–1816 rebuilding,was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Trumanhad the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the Vermeil Room, Library, China Room, and MapRoom on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.

The Kennedy restoration

The Red Room as designed by Stéphane Boudinduring the administration of John F. Kennedy

Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (1961–63),directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. Sheenlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museumto assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which hadonce been housed there. Other antiques, fine paintings, andimprovements of the Kennedy period were donated to the White Houseby wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, JaneEngelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family. StéphaneBoudin of the House of Jansen, a Paris interior-design firm that hadbeen recognized worldwide, was employed by Mrs. Kennedy to assistwith the decoration. Different periods of the early republic and worldhistory were selected as a theme for each room: the Federal style forthe Green Room, French Empire for the Blue Room, American Empire for the Red Room, Louis XVI for the YellowOval Room, and Victorian for the president's study, renamed the Treaty Room. Antique furniture was acquired, anddecorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed. The Kennedy restoration resultedin a more authentic White House of grander stature, which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe. In theDiplomatic Reception Room Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique "Vue de l'Amérique Nord" wall paper which Zuber& Cie had designed in 1834. The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 whenthat house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to theWhite House.

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The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with directsupervision from Mrs. Kennedy. Sale of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

The White House since the Kennedy restoration

President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson

Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, nosubstantive architectural changes have been made to the house sincethe Truman renovation. Since the Kennedy restoration, everypresidential family has made some changes to the private quarters ofthe White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the WhiteHouse must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Chargedwith maintaining the historical integrity of the White House, thecongressionally authorized committee works with each FirstFamily—usually represented by the First Lady, the White HouseCurator, and the Chief Usher—to implement the family's proposals foraltering the house.

During the Nixon administration (1969–74), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, andRed Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon. Mrs. Nixon's effortsbrought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration. Her husband created themodern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool. Nixon also added a single-lane bowlingalley to the White House basement.

Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computertechnology was expanded during the Reagan administration. A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heatingpanels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency. Redecorationswere made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years. Thehouse was accredited as a museum in 1988.In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator KakiHockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, andLincoln Sitting Room. During the administration of George W. Bush, first lady Laura Bush refurbished the LincolnBedroom in a style contemporary to the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were alsorefurbished.The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington whenmodifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of hisparalytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Rodham Clinton—at the suggestion of Visitors Office Director Melinda N.Bates—approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor. It allowed easy wheelchair access for the publictours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.In 2013 President Barack Obama re-installed a set of solar panels on the roof of the white house, making it the firsttime in history solar power would be used for a presidents living quarters.[8][9]

The president usually travels to and from the White House grounds via official motorcade or helicopter. In the1950s, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to travel by helicopter to and from the White Housegrounds.

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Layout and amenitiesToday the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex. It includes the centralExecutive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing. The Chief Usher coordinates day to day householdoperations. The White House includes: six stories and 55,000 ft² (5,100 m²) of floor space, 132 rooms and 35bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, twenty-eight fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators, five full-time chefs, atennis court, a (single-lane) bowling alley (officially called the Harry S. Truman Bowling Alley), a movie theater(officially called the White House Family Theater), a jogging track, a swimming pool, and a putting green. Itreceives up to 30,000 visitors each week.

White House Complex

West Wing

Ground floor

State floor

Second floor (residence)

Executive ResidenceThe original residence is in the center. Two colonnades—one on the east and one on the west—designed byJefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings, added later. The Executive Residence houses thepresident's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining. The State Floor of the residencebuilding includes the East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room, State Dining Room, Family Dining Room,Cross Hall, Entrance Hall, and Grand Staircase. The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room,Map Room, China Room, Vermeil Room, Library, the main kitchen, and other offices. The second floor familyresidence includes the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom,President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additionalbedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room. The third floor consists of the White House Solarium,Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush'sworkout room).

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West WingThe West Wing houses the President's office (the Oval Office) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50employees. It also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where theCabinet meets, as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and RooseveltRoom. In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCDscreens for the display of charts and graphs. The makeover took 11 months and cost $8 million, of which newsoutlets paid $2 million. In September 2010, a two-year project began on the West Wing, creating a multistoryunderground structure; this will be followed with additional renovation of the wing. Some members of thePresident's staff are located in the adjacent Old Executive Office Building, formerly the State War and Navybuilding, and sometimes known as the Eisenhower Executive Office Building.This portion of the building was used as the setting for the popular television show The West Wing.

East WingThe East Wing, which contains additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, theEast Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the First Lady, and the White House Social Office.Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the"Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of anunderground bunker to be used in emergencies. The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential EmergencyOperations Center.

GroundsThe White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres (about 7.3 hectares). Before the construction of the NorthPortico, most public events were entered from the South Lawn, which was graded and planted by Thomas Jefferson.Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscuredthe house from Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger green houses werebuilt on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During this period, the North Lawn wasplanted with ornate carpet-style flowerbeds. Although the White House grounds have had many gardeners throughtheir history, the general design, still largely used as master plan today, was designed in 1935 by Frederick LawOlmsted, Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm, under commission from President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During theKennedy administration, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon. The Rosegarden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which wasbegun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband's assassination. On the weekend of June 23, 2006, acentury-old American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) tree on the north side of the building, came down during one of themany storms amid intense flooding. Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias (Magnoliagrandiflora) planted by Andrew Jackson. Michelle Obama planted the White Houses' first organic garden andinstalled beehives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the FirstFamily and for state dinners and other official gatherings.

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The Cross Hall,connecting theState Dining

Room and theEast Room on the

State Floor.

Marine Oneprepares for

landing on theSouth Lawnwhere State

ArrivalCeremonyState

ArrivalCeremonies forvisiting heads ofstate take place

YellowOval Room

in theprivate,

second-floorfamily

residencecentereddirectly

above theBlue Room

(WhiteHouse)Blue

Room.

The White House andsurrounding grounds

Overhead view of the WhiteHouse grounds

The White House with fountainand grounds.

White House from the north

Public access and securityLike the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the publicuntil the early part of the 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home, where he greeted themin the Blue Room. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to leavefor a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimatelyhad to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey. Even so, thepractice continued until 1885, when newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged for a presidential review of the troopsfrom a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house. Jefferson also permitted publictours of his house, which have continued ever since, except during wartime, and began the tradition of annualreceptions on New Year's Day and on the Fourth of July. Those receptions ended in the early 1930s, althoughPresident Bill Clinton would briefly revive the New Year's Day open house in his first term.The White House remained accessible in other ways; President Abraham Lincoln complained[citation needed] that hewas constantly beleaguered by job seekers waiting to ask him for political appointments or other favors, or eccentricdispensers of advice like "General" Daniel Pratt, as he began the business day. Lincoln put up with the annoyancerather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker.In 1974, a stolen Army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House grounds. Twenty years later, in1994, a light plane crashed on the White House grounds, and the pilot died instantly. As a result of increased securityregarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated in 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft couldapproach the grounds.

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On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States SecretService closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge ofLafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and EastExecutive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building. During the Boston MarathonBombings, the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington, D.C. They argue thatthe closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well-conceived historic plan for the city.As for security considerations, they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerousother sensitive federal buildings are.Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the westand the Treasury Building to the east, this sidewalk served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the WhiteHouse. These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed on alimited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies inWashington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks, but the White House remained closed to thepublic. However, as of March 9, 2013, White House tours have been suspended due to budget constraints aftersequestration.The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police.NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System) were used to guard air space over Washington,D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration. The same NASAMS units have since been used to protect thepresident and all air space around the White House, which is strictly prohibited to aircraft.

For security reasons, the sectionof Pennsylvania Avenue infront of the White House is

closed to all vehicular traffic,except government officials.

White House at night White House on the reverse (back) of the U.S.$20 note.

References[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=White_House& params=38. 8977_N_77.

0365_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC[2] L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his

"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...." (http:/ / hdl. loc. gov/ loc. gmd/ g3850.ct000512) (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S., Jean JulesJusserand, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (Reference: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). Peter CharlesL'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic. George Washington University, Washington, D.C. ISBN978-0-9727611-0-9). The United States Code states in : "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District ofColumbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The National Park Service identifies L'Enfantas " Major Peter Charles L'Enfant (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ history/ nr/ travel/ Wash/ text. htm#washington)" and as " Major Pierre (Peter)Charles L'Enfant (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ history/ Nr/ travel/ presidents/ washington_monument. html)" on its website.

[3] William Seale, "James Hoban: Builder of the White House" in White House History no. 22 (Spring 2008), pp. 8–12.[4] New York Life Insurance Company (1908), entry (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?hl=en& id=jhMZAAAAYAAJ& dq=history+ of+ the+

white+ house& printsec=frontcover& source=bll& ots=6aNncnCmPD& sig=hRz07NcgYseZ2quEJJhNeIgF0i8& sa=X& oi=book_result&resnum=12& ct=result#PPT61,M1)

[5] John Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House: 200 Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence. Routledge, 2000. ISBN978-0-415-92320-0. p. 15.

White House 14

[6] Haas, Irvin. Historic Homes of the American Presidents. New York: Dover Publishing, 1991, p. 30.[7] Khan, Yasmin Sabina (2010). Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty, p.159–160, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University

Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4851-5.[8] http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ politics/ 2013/ 08/ 15/ solar-panels-installed-on-white-house-roof/[9] http:/ / abcnews. go. com/ blogs/ politics/ 2013/ 08/ solar-panels-finally-installed-on-white-house/

Further reading• Abbott, James A. A Frenchman in Camelot: The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin.

Boscobel Restoration Inc.: 1995. ISBN 978-0-9646659-0-3.• Abbott James A., and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Van Nostrand

Reinhold: 1998. ISBN 978-0-442-02532-8.• Abbott, James A. Jansen. Acanthus Press: 2006. ISBN 978-0-926494-33-6.• Clinton, Hillary Rodham. An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History. Simon & Schuster: 2000.

ISBN 978-0-684-85799-2.• Garrett, Wendell. Our Changing White House. Northeastern University Press: 1995. ISBN 978-1-55553-222-2.• Guidas, John. The White House: Resources for Research at the Library of Congress. Library of Congress, 1992.• Huchet de Quénetain, Christophe.De quelques bronzes dorés français conservés à la Maison-Blanche à

Washington D.C.in La Revue, Pierre Bergé & associés, n°6, mars 2005 pp.54–5. OCLC 62701407.• Kenny, Peter M., Frances F. Bretter and Ulrich Leben. Honoré Lannuier Cabinetmaker from Paris: The Life and

Work of French Ébiniste in Federal New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and Harry Abrams:1998. ISBN 978-0-87099-836-2.

• Kloss, William. Art in the White House: A Nation's Pride. White House Historical Association in cooperationwith the National Geographic Society, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8109-3965-3.

• Leish, Kenneth. The White House. Newsweek Book Division: 1972. ISBN 978-0-88225-020-5.• McKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, et al. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the

Executive Mansion. Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office:1952.

• Monkman, Betty C. The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families. Abbeville Press: 2000. ISBN978-0-7892-0624-4.

• New York Life Insurance Company. The Presidents from 1789 to 1908 and the History of the White House. NewYork Life Insurance Company: 1908.

• Penaud, Guy Dictionnaire des châteaux du Périgord. Editions Sud-Ouest: 1996. ISBN 978-2-87901-221-6.• Phillips-Schrock, Patrick. The White House: An Illustrated Architectural History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland,

2013) 196 pp.• Seale, William. The President's House. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society:

1986. ISBN 978-0-912308-28-9.• Seale, William, The White House: The History of an American Idea. White House Historical Association: 1992,

2001. ISBN 978-0-912308-85-2.• West, J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz. Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. Coward, McCann

& Geoghegan: 1973. ISBN 978-0-698-10546-1.• Wolff, Perry. A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy. Doubleday & Company: 1962.• Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26, 1996. Sothebys, Inc.:

1996.• The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society:

2001. ISBN 978-0-912308-79-1.• The White House. The First Two Hundred Years, ed. by Frank Freidel/William Pencak, Boston 1994.

White House 15

External links• Official website (http:/ / www. whitehouse. gov/ )• White House (https:/ / www. facebook. com/ WhiteHouse) on Facebook• White House (https:/ / plus. google. com/ + whitehouse/ posts) on Google+• The White House Historical Association, with historical photos, online tours and exhibits, timelines, and facts

(http:/ / www. whitehousehistory. org/ )• National Park Service website for the President's Park (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ whho/ )• The White House Museum, a detailed online tour of the White House (http:/ / www. whitehousemuseum. org/ )• Detailed 3D computer model of White House and grounds (http:/ / www. whitehousemuseum. org/ model/ )• Video of "White House Holiday Tour with Laura Bush", C-SPAN Dec 3, 2008 (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/

program/ Tourwi)• 14 Video tours of different White House rooms, C-SPAN Dec 1, 2008 (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/

videoLibrary/ search-results. php?keywords="white+ house+ tour")• Video of "White House Tour", C-SPAN Jul 7, 1998 (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ program/ HouseTo)

Article Sources and Contributors 16

Article Sources and ContributorsWhite House  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578229348  Contributors: (wiki), -Kerplunk-, 15kochb, 1995hoo, 350z33, 61.9.128.xxx, AJHalliwell, AKeckarov, AMuseo,AaronLS2, Abrahami, Accubam, Acroterion, Adam Carr, Adriaan, Adriano.93, Agathahardcore1, Agathahardcore5, AgnosticPreachersKid, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Aksi great, Al1encas1no,Alanscottwalker, Alansohn, Albany NY, Alibearoly, AlistairMcMillan, AllyUnion, Alohaahula, AmericanXplorer13, Amicon, Amit6, Anclation, Andy85719, Anetode, Angela, AniRaptor2001,Aniten21, AnonMoos, Antandrus, Antimatty, Appraiser, AquaD, Arctic Night, Art LaPella, Arthena, Asbestos, Asdfjkl123, Ashleyfcla, Astynax, Atlasathehun, Aude, Austin.Swan, AvicAWB,Awiseman, AzaToth, BD2412, Bachrach44, Badger151, Barneyboo, Basawala, Bbwawa, Bearcat, Beelzebubbles666, Beland, Bemoeial, Bender235, Benea, Benjamin.Heasly, Bento00,Benyielding, Bettedewitez, BigFatBuddha, BiggKwell, Bilanz06, BillFlis, Billyfutile, Bjelleklang, Bjengles3, Bkc2006, Black and White, Bladiebla, Blair P. Houghton, Bluemoose, Blueyellow,Bmicomp, Bob timms, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bogey97, Bohemiangrove, Bookofjude, BorgQueen, BoringHistoryGuy, Boshtang, Bovineone, Bradeos Graphon, Brenton J. Willingham, Briaboru,Brianski, Brideshead, Brighterorange, Brisvegas, Brooxter117, Brossj54, BrownHairedGirl, Bucephalus, Burschik, BurtAlert, Butters, Cactus.man, CalJW, Calmypal, CambridgeBayWeather,Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, Canton Viaduct, Caponer, Captaindan, CaribDigita, Carmichael, Casliber, Catapult, Ce1984, Centrx, Cg-realms, Chainman1, Chanting Fox,ChaseS08, ChazYork, Chendy, Chinasaur, Choalbaton, Chochopk, Cholmes75, Choster, Chris the speller, Chris857, Chrislk02, Chrisn4255, Christian List, Christopher Parham, ChuckStupak34,Cjbailey19, Clark89, Clbbct3, Clindberg, Cmlloyd1969, Coemgenus, CommonsDelinker, Condem, Conversion script, Conveyances, CoolGuy, Cooliogingerbabz, CopperSquare, Corker1,Cornellrockey, CowboySpartan, Crabula, CrazyLegsKC, CrypticBacon, Ctjj.stevenson, Cwastell, Czolgolz, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DG, DGtal, DVD R W, DXRAW, Da Vynci, Dabomb87,Dachshund, Dagoldman, DanielCD, Darqcyde, DarrenBaker, Davewild, Daviboyuk, DavidOaks, Db099221, Dcandeto, Dcooper, Deejaye6, Delirium, Delldot, Demicx, Den fjättrade ankan, Deor,Dettinger, Dfresh3330, Diannaa, Dima dima raja, Discospinster, Djd1219, Djembayz, Dmadeo, Doc glasgow, DocWatson42, Docu, Dog Eat Dog World, Dogthehellrider, Dominus, Donreed,Doopokko, Downtownblue, Dr who1975, Dr. Blofeld, Drumskerry20, Dryguy, Dthomsen8, Dubbya9, Duffman, DuncanHill, Durova, Dylandlima, E Yokley, E. Fokker, EOZyo, East718, Ebyabe,Edison, Edward J. Picardy, ElKevbo, Elekhh, Elkman, Elliskev, Eloquence, Emijrp, Emos Suko, Eoghanacht, Epicgenius, Epolk, Everyking, Everything counts, Ewk, FaerieInGrey, Falcon8765,Fanatix, Farique, Favonian, Ferdiaob, Ferike333, Ferkelparade, Fetchcomms, Field.Marshal, FieldMarine, Fineday, Fintler, Fish and karate, Flatterworld, Flyhighplato, Foobaz, ForgottenHistory,Formeruser-82, Frank Anchor, Franzy89, Frappyjohn, Frietjes, Funandtrvl, Fuzzywolfenburger, G2bambino, GB fan, GMcGath, Galoubet, GearedBull, GeeJo, Geneb1955, Geographer, GeorgeHo, Georgia guy, Georgian, Gerald Farinas, GertVogel, GiacomoReturned, Gingerbeanz, Glen, Gloriamarie, Gmlacey, Gnevin, Golbez, GoldRingChip, Gonzo fan2007, Goodeditman, Goodvac,Gr1st, Grafen, Graham87, Grammarspellchecker, Great Scott, GregU, Gridge, Grouchy Chris, Growel growel, Groyolo, Gunnernett, GusF, Gw099, Gwydon, Gzornenplatz, HGB, Haakon, Hadal,HaeB, Haileyninja1, Haker963, HalfShadow, Hall Monitor, Halliburton, Handicapper, HansM, Hansdg1, Happyme22, Harajuku, Harro5, Hazard-SJ, Hellohowareyoudoing, Hemlock Martinis,Hennyxlb, Herrick, Hetar, Hgrosser, HikaruTerra28, Hillsboro, HiraV, Hires an editor, Hm us, Hmains, Hmrox, Howcheng, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, IBO, IRelayer, Iainscott, IllegitimateBarrister, Illinoisian, In fact, Independents for Truth, Infosquawk, Infrogmation, Ingfbruno, Innaa, InspectorSands, Intelati, Iridescent, Irina Spalko, Italo Svevo, IvoShandor, Ixfd64, JCO312,JCarriker, JForget, JHCC, JSquish, JV Smithy, JW1805, JYOuyang, Jacksav, Jafd88, Jafeluv, Jahgro, Jakedaniel, Jane023, January, Janviermichelle, Jareha, Jasonbentley, Jatkins, Jcw69, JePe,Jeff Muscato, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Jengod, Jesant13, JesseStone, Jhf, Jiang, Jigesh, Jim Douglas, Jim Tarr, Jinian, Jkadavoor, Jncraton, JoanneB, Joao Xavier, Joaquin008, JoeBlogsDord,John254, Jojhutton, JonathanDP81, Jonathunder, Jonesey95, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshbrez, Joshlmay, Joshua Roberts, Jovianeye, Joyous!, Jpeob, Jtdirl, Jtkiefer, Juliancolton, Juqiangl,Jusjih, Jvcdude, KFP, KHirsch, Kaisershatner, Kane5187, Kasreyn, Kbdank71, Kbh3rd, Kdar, Kendrick7, Kennvido, Kevin Taylor, Kevin ni, Kevin23, Kgrad, Khaighle, Khalid Mahmood,Khazar2, Kidkidpie, Kingturtle, Kirill Lokshin, Kiteinthewind, KnightLago, KnowledgeOfSelf, Konstable, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kozuch, KrJDub05, Kukini, Kumioko (renamed), Kungfuadam,Kuribosshoe, Kurykh, Kw0134, KwanFan, Kwekubo, Kyle Barbour, Kyz, LFevas, LP-mn, Lacrimosus, Lars Washington, Laura1822, Ledmet27, Leshell3, Levineps, Liamfoley, Librsh,Lightdarkness, Lightmouse, Lil g, LilHelpa, LilxVannie97, Limideen, LincMad, Lizgold, Llort, Logan, Lolo Lympian, Longbranch, Looxix, Lordflamel, Lorenzop, Lothar von Richthofen, Lotje,Lottamiata, Lowellian, M.K, M.nelson, M.thoriyan, M0rphzone, M2545, MAG1, MZMcBride, Mac, Magi Media, Mailer diablo, Mais oui!, Majorly, Malo, Mamtapolicedhody, Man vyi, ManiF,Manscher, MarcusVox, Mareino, Mario777Zelda, Mark Richards, Markhamman, Markonen, Markpeak, Martinp23, Massimo Catarinella, Mathew5000, Mattworld, Mav, Mawmen, MaxSem,MaxVeers, Maya, Mboverload, Mbstone, Mctaviix, Mdb1370, Meerydasi, Merchbow, Merope, Mesportsdude, Mgiganteus1, Micah702, Michael Glass, Michael Hardy, Michelleyy, Mike Rosoft,Minesweeper, Minnesota1, Miranda, Misza13, Mitrius, Mkoyle, MlJsph16, Mnemeson, Modest Genius, Modulatum, Moe Epsilon, Mokwella, Mollyemo, Moorlock, Mortyman, Morwen, MosheConstantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mr. Anon515, Mr. Billion, MrFish, Mrcorp, Mrmiscellanious, Ms medusa, Msh210, Murphyen, Mxn, MyReference, NBAman619, NBS525, NHRHS2010,NIG882005, Nakon, Namangwari, NawlinWiki, Nerf Doctor, Neutrality, Newsjunkie, NextUSprez, Ngilliamdesmet, Nick-D, NickBush24, Nickdnk, Nightscream, Nilington, Nishkid64,Niteowlneils, NoIdeaNick, Noclip, Norcalal, Novacatz, Nrcprm2026, Nricardo, Nufy8, Num1dgen, O'Dea, OSborn, Oberiko, ObiusX, Officiallyover, Ohconfucius, Olborne, OldsVistaCruiser,Olegwiki, Olivier, Omicronpersei8, One, Onishenko, Opelio, OsamaBinLadenIsGOD, P-TownLegit, PGPirate, Paper33d, Parmaestro, Patrickneil, PaulGarner, Pedro, Peligroso, PerryTachett,Peruvianllama, Pete unseth, Petrb, Petrichor, Petronius2, Pgk, Phaust, PhilKnight, Philip Stevens, Photo Vrinish, Pi zero, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinethicket, Pittunited, Plasticspork, Plmoknijb,Pointlessforest, Poisonouslizzie, Polynova, Polysophia, Portiklori, Postdlf, PrezHubbard97, ProudIrishAspie, ProveIt, Q. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Darwinius, Darxus, H005, HiraV, Infrogmation, J 1982, Jatkins, JenVan, Lycaon, Pi.1415926535, Redtigerxyz, TCY, UpstateNYer, 2 anonymous editsfile:Location map Washington, D.C. central.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Location_map_Washington,_D.C._central.png  License: unknown  Contributors:User:Dr. BlofeldFile:The First Presidential Mansion.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_First_Presidential_Mansion.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: George Hayward,lithographer.File:New York Second Presidential Mansion.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_York_Second_Presidential_Mansion.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Franzy89File:The Government House, New York 1650665.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Government_House,_New_York_1650665.jpg  License: unknown Contributors: Hamblin, ZeeteFile:PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aavindraa,BoringHistoryGuy, 1 anonymous editsFile:HobanWHProgressDrawing.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HobanWHProgressDrawing.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aavindraa, GearedBull,Stryn, 3 anonymous editsFile:CharlestonCountyCourthouse(cropped) HABS361451pv.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CharlestonCountyCourthouse(cropped)_HABS361451pv.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: BoringHistoryGuy, 1 anonymous editsFile:White House North Side Comparison2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_House_North_Side_Comparison2.jpg  License: GNU Free DocumentationLicense  Contributors: Happyme22

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 17

File:White House South Side Comparison.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_House_South_Side_Comparison.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:StolengoodFile:The President's House by George Munger, 1814-1815 - Crop.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_President's_House_by_George_Munger,_1814-1815_-_Crop.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Djembayz, Scewing, Timothy GuFile:White-House.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White-House.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:InfrogmationFile:Latrobe White House cropa2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Latrobe_White_House_cropa2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Berrucomons, Durova,Gobeirne, Infrogmation, Julia W, Kilom691, Kozuch, Takabeg, Thierry Caro, UpstateNYerFile:White House 1846.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_House_1846.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: G.dallorto, Howcheng, Infrogmation, M2545,TCY, Thegreenj, WTCAFile:White House entrance-hall Tiffany screen 1882 crop.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_House_entrance-hall_Tiffany_screen_1882_crop.jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: cropped by User:Beyond My Ken (talk) 19:07, 2 July 2010 (UTC)File:1860s White House.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1860s_White_House.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Clindberg, Happyme22, Orrling, TCYFile:Truman71-305-1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Truman71-305-1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, unknownauthor. Original uploader was GearedBull at en.wikipediaFile:BoudinRedRoom.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BoudinRedRoom.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was GearedBull aten.wikipediaFile:President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson prior to ceremony.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:President_Kennedy_and_Vice_President_Johnson_prior_to_ceremony.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Docu, Gothic2, Infrogmation, J1982, Jatkins, Jerchel, Martin H., 2 anonymous editsfile:WHComplex.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WHComplex.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Sushiflinger and ZooFarifile:White_House_West_Wing_FloorPlan1.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_House_West_Wing_FloorPlan1.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Adam Lenhardtfile:WHground.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WHground.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: SVG: ZooFari; Raster: GearedBullfile:White House State Floor.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_House_State_Floor.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: SVG:ZooFari; Raster: GearedBullfile:White House FloorPlan2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_House_FloorPlan2.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: SVG:ZooFari; Raster: GearedBullFile:White-house-floor1-cross-Hall.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White-house-floor1-cross-Hall.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: The White HouseFile:WhSouthLawn.JPEG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WhSouthLawn.JPEG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: PHC C.M. FitzpatrickFile:White-house-floor2-yellow-oval-room.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White-house-floor2-yellow-oval-room.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: TheWhite HouseFile:White House lawn.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_House_lawn.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors:Daniel SchwenFile:Aerial view of the White House.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aerial_view_of_the_White_House.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Carol M.HighsmithFile:White House, Blue Sky.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_House,_Blue_Sky.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:ZrudisinFile:1122-WAS-The White House.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1122-WAS-The_White_House.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:IngfbrunoFile:PennAveWhiteHouse.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PennAveWhiteHouse.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BrownCow, ThomistFile:WhiteHousenightphoto.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WhiteHousenightphoto.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:SreeBotFile:US $20 Series 2006 Reverse.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_$20_Series_2006_Reverse.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Clindberg,MikeSwanson

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