Whiplash Injury Research – History and Current Research … · Chalmers University of Technology...
Transcript of Whiplash Injury Research – History and Current Research … · Chalmers University of Technology...
Chalmers University of Technology
Whiplash Injury Research –History and Current Research in
Biomechanics
Professor Per LövsundChalmers University of Technology
Göteborg, [email protected]
www.chalmers.se
Chalmers University of Technology
EpidemiologyAccident analysis
Theoretical andPhysical Models
Biological modelsImpact biomechanics
Injury mechanismsThreshold levels
Countermeasures
Injury criteria
Test procedures
Research strategy – Crash Safety
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Motion pattern
• Rigid seat• ∆v = 9.3 km/h• Peak acceleration 3.4 g
Chalmers University of Technology
Conclusions - Motion Pattern•Torso ramps up the seatback and the thoracic spine is straightened
– T1 upward displacement– T1 rearward rotation
•Neck exhibits complex motions– Initial flexion– S-shape motion; excessive stretch of anterior and posterior tissues – Extension
•Torso and head forward rebound
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Flexible seat Standard seatRigid seat
• Tested:BioRID II Hybrid IIIVolunteers
• Thor• RID II and III
Comparison of dynamic performance
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-8-4048
1216
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Time (ms)
Volunteer corridorBioRID IIHybrid III
Flexion
Extension
-505
10152025
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-505
1015202530
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Flexible seat Standard seat
Rigid seat
Ang
le (d
eg)
T1 angular displacements
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Symptoms
CNS ArteryDisc MuscleZygapophysialjoint
Dorsal nerve-root ganglionLigament
Pressure pulsesspinal canal
Local hyper-extension/flexionAbnormal vertebra
motions
Excessive neckloads
1 Bogduk and April (1993) 2 Bogduk et al. 1998b3 Brault et al. 20004 Clemens and Burow 19725 Davis et al. 19916 Dvorak et al. 19877 Harriton 19898 Kischka et al. 19919 Kaneoka et al. 199710 Kaneoka et al. 1999
3, 7,14, 18
12
14, 19
13
1, 5, 16
9, 10,14,18
15, 20
8, 11
4, 6, 17
11 Knibestöl et al. 1990 12 Macnab 198213 Ono et al. 199714 Panjabi et al. 1998a15 Svensson et al. 1993c16 Watkinson et al. 199117 Wickström et al. 196718 Yoganandan et al. 199819 Yuan et al. 199820 Örtengren et al. 1996
2 6
4, 7,14, 17, 18
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-100
-50
0
50
100
Pres
sure
(mm
Hg)
0 50 100 150 200 250 Time (ms)
Skull pressureSpine pressure T1Spine pressure C4
Retraction Extension
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
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Symptoms
Reconstruction of cases
Brain, stem and cord
Vertebral arteryDisc MuscleZygapophysial
jointDorsal nerve-root ganglionLigament
Pressure pulsesspinal canal
Local hyper-extension/flexion
Abnormal vertebramotions
Excessive neckloads NIC
Nkm
IV-NICNDC
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Reconstruction
•Few car models with rear and frontal crash pulse data•Un-instrumented occupants•Uncertain pre-collision posture•Currently only model of the average male available
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Conclusions
• Long tradition to work in various industrial and multidisciplinary consortia
• Combining basic and applied research aiming at advanced products– The whiplash research started -85 and has
generated 600M€ (VINNOVA evaluation) for the society and the Swedish automotive industry