Which is more valuable?

Make a choice and form a group to defend your point of view

• Gold

• Bird

After your discussion we will start to learnabout biodiversity

• What is biodiversity?• Why is it important?• How we can describe biodiversity?• Biodiversity statistics in Colombia• Birdfair in Cali• Gold extraction

Biodiversity

• Biodiversity is the totality of genes, Species, and Ecosystems in a region.

– Biodiversity can be divided in to three hierarchical categories

– Genes Genetic diversity

– Species Species diversity

– Ecosystem Ecosystem diversity

• In other words, the different ways in which life can exist in an environment.

• Source:Biodiversity evaluation tools for european forest coordinated by Tor-bjorn Larsson Ecological Bolletin , 50; 2001 pag 178http://books.google.com/books?id=zeTU8QauENcC&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false

How many species are there in the world ?

• http://www.ceiba.org/coursereport01.htm

Several students had the opportunity to assist Dr. Terry Erwin of the Smithsonian (front right) and his entomology crew on an early morning of canopy fogging to sample insect diversity.

Terry's work at Tiputini has been responsible for a dramatic upward revision of the estimated number of total insect species that may exist in the world:

his work in the rainforest canopy has revealed previously unimaginable diversity in the tree tops, and he estimates there may be as many as

20 million insect species on the planet!

There is no consensus. Why?

• Different estimation methods?

• So, how many species are there? A Study Says 8.7 Million, but It’s Tricky…

• http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/science/30species.html

Variation within a species

Darwin’s theory supports the idea that variation within a species is advantageous to that species.

Jeffrey C. Oliver1,*, Kendra A. Robertson2 Antónia Monteiro1,2Published online before print April 1, 2009, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0182

Representative examples of wing pattern diversity in Bicyclus ((i) ventral, (ii) dorsal) illustrating inter- and intraspecific variations ((a) Bicyclus anynana, (b) Bicyclus evadne, (c) Bicyclus sandace and (d) Bicyclus sciathis). Images of B. evadne, B. sandace and B. sciathis courtesy of T. Larsen

Genetic diversity

Why is biodiversity important?

• Because the world is in a continuous state of change

• And each difference (variation) is an opportunity to be adapted to future conditions

• Differences (variations) can be considered as ´tools´.

Biodiversity is always changing

Fuentes

99.9 percent of all species that have existed on Earth are extinct.

http://www.endangeredspeciesinternational.org/overview.html

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/biobookpaleo5.html

Will there be a sixth extintion?

• Elizabeth Kolbert explores this idea in her new book, The Sixth Extinction

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/02/11/there-have-been-five-mass-extinctions-in-earths-history-now-were-facing-a-sixth/

asteroida huge volcanic event

Edward O. WilsonIf you want to know more try reading this very interesting book

They also have a Spanish version

Biodiversity Index

• Biodiversity =# species/ region or areaMargalef Diversity Index formula:• Dmg= (S-1)/Ln N• S = # total species• N= # total of individual in the sample

# in Colombian Biodiversity• It is not easy to estimate the total number of species living in Colombia, but we have a general idea of our biological diversity: http://

www.sibcolombia.net/web/sib/cifras

• How many species are there in Colombia? 54.871• A very weak estimate, does not take into account microorganisms

Vertebrates

Mammals Birds Reptiles amphibians Sea Fish Fresh waters fish

Migratory birds

479 1859 571 763 2000 1533 197

InvertebratesButterflies Ants Sea

MolluscsTerrestrian Mollusc

Coleopters Aracnids Decapoda

Bees

3274 900 2250 650 7000 109 688 398

There are an estimated 300.000 invertebrate species but we only know 10% (it is at least 6 times more than the total number of species that we know today)

http://www.sibcolombia.net/web/sib/cifras

PlantsFerns Palms Orchids No flower

plantsmosses Flower

plants1.641 262 4.010 53 1721 23.089

http://www.sibcolombia.net/web/sib/cifras

mushrooms rusts and coals

1.239 405

Otherslichens

1377

World ranking of Colombian biodiversity…

1st IN BIODIVERSITY FOR BIRDS AND ORCHIDS

2nd IN BIODIVERSITY FOR PLANTS, AMPHIBIANS, FRESH WATER FISH AND BUTTERFLIES

3rd IN BIODIVERSITY FOR REPTILES AND PALMS

4th IN BIODIVERSITY FOR MAMMALS

http://www.sibcolombia.net/

web/sib/cifras

Why is Colombia so biodiverse?

Because we have a lot of ecosystems

http://hermes.humboldt.org.co//ecosistemas/colombia/ecosistemas.php?proyecto=1&imgbox=&imgxy=&zregion=0&box=true&minx=-80.639627273782&miny=-4.666&maxx=-65.549882726218&maxy=13.4501&comando=acercard&comando=vertodo&deptos=Seleccione+Regi%F3n&tododept=&cambiomodo=&modovista=360-432&modoanterior=1&laetter=Y&ladeparta=Y&lacoordenadas=Y&lasuramerica=Y&lacolombia=Y&impresionurl=Ht9TCJFcqv3UQjb3CzBEavgsJka%2FIIKQuok9XXiApQ9I9B6a7%2BMAsb77Tw9KEvoWLZVhVOjyGtH2MnUOUUxjbykXNqiQVu46bTsY0k6ptYlWzawsBn7XKw%3D%3D

COLOMBIA HAS 311 TYPES OF INLAND AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEM

311

Can we put a price on Biodiversity?

Go to video Cali birdfair

• https://vimeo.com/78965427

Go to video Gold extraction

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7qPfnPlYSM

Grade 9- Final project 2014-15• Students are to complete an initial online research class that will allow them to identify one

organism from Colombia that is currently listed as endangered.

• There are 7 groups to choose from- plants, birds, insects (and arachnids), fish, mammals, reptiles and amphibians.

• The report should include: a diagram of the organism; its scientific and common names; the location(s) where it can be found in Colombia (including a map); its general diet; the current (estimated) population; The reason(s) as to why it has become an endangered species.

• This last section should take the form of a short written essay which explains the past and current situation as well as mentioning any solutions being considered.

• A final aspect of the project will be a phylogenic tree linking all the organisms researched.

• Each student must create a summary page of their report- photo, scientific and common name, general location and a short (one word) description as to why it is under threat – deforestation, pollution etc. on an A4 page cut into a leaf shape (see teacher example).

Level Descriptor SelfAssessment

Teacher Assessment

0 The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors below.

1 – 2 The student is able to: i. state the ways in which science is used to address a specific problem or issue ii. state the implications of using science to solve a specific problem or issue, interacting with a factor iii. apply scientific language to communicate understanding but does so with limited success iv. document sources, with limited success.

3 – 4 The student is able to:

i. outline the ways in which science is applied and used to address a specific problem or issue ii. outline the implications of using science and its application to solve a specific problem or issue, interacting with a factor iii. sometimes apply scientific language to communicate understanding iv. sometimes document sources correctly.

5 – 6 The student is able to:

i. summarise the ways in which science is applied and used to address a specific problem or issue ii. describe the implications of using science and its application to solve a specific problem or issue, interacting with a factor iii. usually apply scientific language to communicate understanding clearly and precisely iv. usually document sources correctly.

7-8 The student is able to:

i. describe the ways in which science is applied and used to address a specific problem or issue ii. discuss and analyse the implications of using science and its application to solve a specific problem or issue, interacting with a factor iii. consistently apply scientific language to communicate understanding clearly and precisely iv. document sources completely.

Criterion and Assessment RubricsCriterion D: Reflecting on the impacts of science (Yr3)i. explain the ways in which science is applied and used to address a specific problem or issue; ii. discuss and evaluate the various implications of using science and its application to solve a specific problem or issue; iii. apply scientific language effectively; iv. document the work of others and sources of information used.

Sumary Biodiversity

• Biodiversity is the term given to the variety of life on Earth – Species (but not only)

• Darwin’s theory supports the idea that variation within a species is advantageous to that species.

• A population of a species is better able to survive if it is genetically varied, since it stands a greater likelihood of some of its members being able to cope with changing circumstances.

• Physiological differences and ´active substances´ within the body are also part of biodiversity

• If a resource is present life will find a way to use it!• “A papaya pelada papaya comida”

• can be applied to a single habitat or an entire ecosystem

• Biodiversidad• Genética o diversidad intraespecífica, consistente en la diversidad de versiones de los genes (alelos) y

de su distribución, que a su vez es la base de las variaciones interindividuales (la variedad de los genotipos).

• Específica, entendida como diversidad sistemática, consistente en la pluralidad de los sistemas genéticos o genomas que distinguen a las especies.

• Ecosistémica, la diversidad de las comunidades biológicas (biocenosis) cuya suma integrada constituye la biosfera.

• • Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a

region".[11][12]

• biodiversity is the totality of genes, spices, and ecosistems im a región.

• Biodiversity can be divided in to three hierarchical categories Genes. especies, and ecosistems that describe quite different aspects of living sistems and that scientists

mesure in different ways ; genetic diversity, especies diversity and ecosytem diversity• Fuente:• Biodiversity evaluation tolos for european forest coordinated by tor-bjorn larsson ecological bolletin

50 2001 pag 178• http://books.google.com/books?id=zeTU8QauENcC&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false •