Where will Einstein fail?
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WHERE WILL EINSTEIN FAIL?AND WHY ASTRONOMERS SHOULD CARE
Niayesh Afshordi
Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius4 July 2013
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
OUTLINE
Why will Einstein fail?
Solving the Cosmological Constant Problem
Astrophysical Tests
Where will Einstein Fail?
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
EINSTEIN’S LEGACY
Lorentz symmetry: geometry of flat spacetime
Equivalence Principle: gravity is spacetime geometry
special and general relativity
Most precise theories, period!
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
LORENTZ WAS RIGHT!
Liberati 2012
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
SO WAS EINSTEIN!Tests of equivalence principle Tests of strong gravity
(Parametrized Post Newtonian)
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
SO WAS EINSTEIN!Tests of equivalence principle Tests of strong gravity
(Parametrized Post Newtonian)
5Thursday, 4 July, 13
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
SO WAS EINSTEIN!Tests of equivalence principle Tests of strong gravity
(Parametrized Post Newtonian)
5Thursday, 4 July, 13
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
Well, for the most part!
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IUCAA, Oct. 15, 2011
(ASTROPHYSICIST’S)
QUANTUM GRAVITY PROBLEMS
Finiteness/Renormalizability Big Bang Singularity/Initial ConditionsOld Cosmological Constant Problem (Pauli 1920’s)
|ρvac| ≳ 1033 kg/m3 (Standard Model of Particle Physics)
New Cosmological Constant Problem: Dark Energy ρvac = (7.1 ± 0.9) ⨉ 10-27 kg/m3
Coincidence Problem ρvac ≈ 2.7 ρm,0
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT PROBLEM
Einstein Equation:
(Planck Mass)2 × Einstein Curvature = Energy-Momentum
spacetime curvature
(103eV)4standard model
(100 GeV)4 + excitations
Anthropic Solution: We live in a rare but habitable part of Cosmos*
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
Astronomer: But what’s wrong with a small constant?
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
Astronomer: But what’s wrong with a small constant?
Particle Physicist: No symmetry protects its smallness; would be the first time in the history of Physics!
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
Astronomer: But what’s wrong with a small constant?
Particle Physicist: No symmetry protects its smallness; would be the first time in the history of Physics!
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
Astronomer: But what’s wrong with a small constant?
Particle Physicist: No symmetry protects its smallness; would be the first time in the history of Physics!
Alternative: Landscape/Multiverse Conundrum
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
WHICH PRINCIPLES TO KEEP?
• Lorentz symmetry• Locality
• Action principle• Unitarity
• Falsifiability• Predictivity
710
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
“A GLORIOUS HISTORICAL ACCIDENT!”
Barbour: Mach suggested that Physics only depends on the change in observables. Relativity (and Lorentz Invariance) emerges as a consistency condition
Horava: A transition to Lifshitz symmetry: E ∝p3, makes gravity power-counting renormalizable
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A LESSON FROM PERIHELION PRECESSION OF MERCURY
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A LESSON FROM PERIHELION PRECESSION OF MERCURY
Newtonian Gravity has a symmetry between angular and radial coord’s: r ↔ θ, Ωr = Ωθ
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A LESSON FROM PERIHELION PRECESSION OF MERCURY
Newtonian Gravity has a symmetry between angular and radial coord’s: r ↔ θ, Ωr = Ωθ
Is this fundamental?
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A LESSON FROM PERIHELION PRECESSION OF MERCURY
Newtonian Gravity has a symmetry between angular and radial coord’s: r ↔ θ, Ωr = Ωθ
Is this fundamental?
No. It only emerges at low energies, but is broken at high energies → perihelion precession of Mercury
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A LESSON FROM PERIHELION PRECESSION OF MERCURY
Newtonian Gravity has a symmetry between angular and radial coord’s: r ↔ θ, Ωr = Ωθ
Is this fundamental?
No. It only emerges at low energies, but is broken at high energies → perihelion precession of Mercury
Same could happen to Lorentz symmetry
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A LESSON FROM PERIHELION PRECESSION OF MERCURY
Newtonian Gravity has a symmetry between angular and radial coord’s: r ↔ θ, Ωr = Ωθ
Is this fundamental?
No. It only emerges at low energies, but is broken at high energies → perihelion precession of Mercury
Same could happen to Lorentz symmetry
Cosmologist:Universe has already done this!
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT PROBLEM
Einstein Equation:
(Planck Mass)2 × Einstein Curvature = Energy-Momentum
spacetime curvature
(103eV)4standard model
(100 GeV)4 + excitations
MODIFY GRAVITY!!
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MODIFIED GRAVITY:PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH
Idea: We didn’t see Dark Energy coming. Maybe gravity is also different.
Why we don’t see it in the solar system? Screening Mechanisms: Chameleon (Khoury & Weltman), Symmetron (Khoury & Hinterbichler), Vainshtein
Let’s parametrize it in cosmology: Hu & Sawicki; Pogosian,Hojjati & Zhao; Narimani & Scott ...
Equivalence principle violation for stars, dwarf galaxies: Hui, Jain, Sakstein, Nicolis ...
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DANGER!
Searches for modified gravity are bound to find them!
It’s important to know what you’re looking for!
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JCAP 0908:030,2009
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DE-GRAVITATION
Idea: Modifications of gravity should address the cosmological constant problem, i.e. de-gravitate the Quantum Vacuum
Cascading gravity (Khoury, Dvali, Tolley, de Rham, Pujolas, ...)
(Partially) Massive Gravity (Hoffman, Hinterbichler, Tolley, de Rham, Rosen, ...)
Supersymmetric Large Extra dimensions (C.P. Burgess, ...)
Problem: Why radiation era happened?
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
WHAT IF NEWTON KNEW QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
(AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY)?!
2 = 4G( + p/c2))
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
WHAT IF NEWTON KNEW QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
(AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY)?!
2 = 4G( + p/c2)
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
WHAT IF NEWTON KNEW QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
(AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY)?!
2 = 4G( + p/c2)
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•Quantum vacuum degravitates
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
WHAT IF NEWTON KNEW QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
(AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY)?!
2 = 4G( + p/c2)
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•Quantum vacuum degravitates•This can be made covariant (NA 2008), a.k.a Gravitational Aether
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
Deviations from GR sourced by Pressure or Vorticity
Neutron Star Structure
Cosmology
Intrinsic Gravitomagnetic Effect (LAGEOS, GPB)
(Kamiab & NA, 2011)(Aslanbeigi, Robbers, Foster, Kohri, NA, 2011)
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
COINCIDENCE PROBLEM:WHAT SETS THE OBSERVED SCALE OF DARK ENERGY?
Neutrino mass ~ meV? (see Valeria)
Large extra dimensions ~ 0.1 mm
Stellar Black Hole scale ~ 10 M
Radiation-Matter Transition (k-essence)
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
WHERE WILL EINSTEIN FAIL?
Usual Suspects:
Early Universe, Inside Black Holes
Unusual Suspects: Cosmological Constant Problem →
Cosmic Microwave Background, Matter-Radiation transition
Neutron star structure, Mergers: Gravitational Wave astronomy
Gravitomagnetic effect; Tests of Equivalence Principle
Black Holes⇔Dark Energy: cosmic evolution and structure formation, astronomical probes of BH horizon
Neutrino Physics
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ON SCIENTIFIC METHOD
In spite of all our prejudices, Physics is an Empirical Science
Credibility of a theory is only judged by its concrete predictions against Nature, NOT its popularity, elegance, parsimony, etc.
Do you hold your favourite theories to this standard?!
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POSSIBLE PROJECTS:
Aether v.s. Planck
Inflation with Gravitational Aether
Stable Dark Energy/Neutrino Coupling
Phenomenology of Black Holes/ Dark Energy Coupling
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
BLACK HOLES: ENTROPY AND DARK ENERGY
2012: Unitary evolution leads to firewalls @ BH horizons: Almheiri, Marolf, Polchinski & Sully
Empty Black Holes, Firewalls, Fuzzballs:
Israel Junction condition ⇒An incompressible fluid sits at the horizon
Thermal entropy per unit area = 1/4 (Saravani, NA, Mann 2012)
Resolving the singularity at horizon ties Dark Energy scale to Black Hole mass
Dark Energy as a Quantum hair of astrophysical Black Holes (Prescod-Weinstein, NA, Balogh 2009)
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
NEUTRON STARS AND AETHER
Deviations from Einstein gravity are sourced by relativistic pressure or vorticity
Neutron Stars are perfect laboratories to test Aether!
Aether decreases the maximum mass (effectively so%ens EOS), so discovery of very massive Neutron Stars can rule it out
Uncertainty in nuclear equation of states !
Can test with Gravitational Wave detection from NS-NS mergers
Aether
General Relativity
Kamiab & NA 2011
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
COSMOLOGY (GN/GR = 0.75 OR 1?)
0.0210 0.0215 0.0220 0.0225 0.0230 0.0235 0.02400.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
b h2
G N / G R
General Relativity
Gravitational Aether
X
X
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
(Aslanbeigi, Robbers, Foster, Kohri, NA, 2011)
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Cosmic Microwave Background
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
COSMOLOGY (GN/GR = 0.75 OR 1?) 27
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AETHER AND BLACK HOLES
We can solve for the black hole spacetime in this theory
p0 is the aether pressure at infinity
f(r) is an analytic function of r that diverges at r≈2m & r→∞
UV-IR coupling thru aether pressure, p0
Finite redshi% at r=2m
No Horizon(similar to Fuzzba( models)
ds2 =
1 2m
r
[1 + 4p0f(r)]2 dt2
1 2m
r
1
dr2 r2d2
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... AND DARK ENERGY!
Let us propose that maximum redshift at “horizon” is set to Planck Temperature/Hawking Temperature by quantum gravity effects:
Aether pressure has the same sign and magnitude as Dark Energy for stellar mass black holes!
Conjecture: Formation of stellar black holes causes cosmic acceleration
Conjecture: Evolution of Astrophysical black holes leads to dynamical Dark Energy
p0 = 12562m3
m
74 M
3
pDE,obs!!
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... AND DARK ENERGY!
Let us propose that maximum redshift at “horizon” is set to Planck Temperature/Hawking Temperature by quantum gravity effects:
Aether pressure has the same sign and magnitude as Dark Energy for stellar mass black holes!
Conjecture: Formation of stellar black holes causes cosmic acceleration
Conjecture: Evolution of Astrophysical black holes leads to dynamical Dark Energy
p0 = 12562m3
m
74 M
3
pDE,obs!!
Prescod-Weinstein, NA, Balogh 2009
Dar
k En
ergy
equ
atio
n of
stat
eM
ean
Blac
k H
ole
Mas
s (M
⨀)
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JOINT DARK ENERGY MISSIONS:(WFIRST, LSST, EUCLID)
Probe Dark Energy history with incredible precision over the next decade
→confirm/rule out aether predictions
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THERMODYNAMIC ARGUMENT
NA 2010
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What if gravitational aether has a thermal pressure?Let’s consider QG corrections to BH thermal properties:
Entropy:Energy/Mass:Volume:
Pressure becomes:
THERMODYNAMIC ARGUMENT
!
NA 2010
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What if gravitational aether has a thermal pressure?Let’s consider QG corrections to BH thermal properties:
Entropy:Energy/Mass:Volume:
Pressure becomes:
THERMODYNAMIC ARGUMENT
!
NA 2010
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INCOMPRESSIBLE AETHER IN HISTORY!
“Similar to Newton, but mathematically in greater detail, Bernhard Riemann assumed in 1853 that the gravitational aether is an incompressible fluid and normal matter represents sinks in this aether ...” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation
Riemann, B. (1876), "Neue mathematische Prinzipien der Naturphilosophie", Bernhard Riemanns Werke und gesammelter Nachlass (Leipzig): 528–538
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
AETHER & MISSING BARYONS!
NA, Lin, Nagai & Sanderson 2007
WMAPWMAP+ACT+SPT
WMAP+ACT+SPT+SNe+BAO+H0
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
A SIDE ON LITHIUM!
Observations of Lithium in old stars is 3-5 times lower than predictions of standard Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Aether diminishes the discrepancy, but doesn’t remove it
Lithium remains ionized throughout the cosmic history, and so diffuses out of first dark matter haloes (Pospelov & NA 2012) redshift =20
Monaco, et al. 2010
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
MEET PROF. LORENTZ!
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853-1928)
Nobel prize (w/ Zeeman) in 1902, for explaining Zeeman effect
In 1892 and 1895, he discovered a group of transformations of space and “local time” that left Maxwell equations of electromagnetism unchanged.
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Super Jedi 2013, Mauritius, 4 July, 2013
Let us propose (NA 2008):
The metric is now blind to vacuum energy
In order to satisfy Bianchi identity:
Further assume an incompressible fluid (or gravitational aether)
**Disclaimer: The field equations do not follow from an Action principle
HOW TO DO IT COVARIANTLY?
Tµ = vacgµ + excitations
(8G)1Gµ = Tµ 14T
gµ + ...
(8G)1Gµ = Tµ 14T
gµ + T µ , T µ
;µ =14T
,
T µ = p(u
µu gµ)
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