Slide 1

Where It Starts: Photosynthesis Chapter 6 Slide 2 Introduction Before photosynthesis evolved, Earths atmosphere had little free oxygen Oxygen released during photosynthesis changed the atmosphere Favored evolution of new metabolic pathways, including aerobic respiration Slide 3 Then and Now Slide 4 6.1 Sunlight as an Energy Source Visible light A small part of a spectrum of electromagnetic energy radiating from the sun Electromagnetic energy Travels in waves Is organized as photons Slide 5 Electromagnetic Spectrum Slide 6 Fig. 6.2b, p.94 Wavelengths of visible light (in nanometers) 400500600700 Slide 7 Photosynthetic Pigments Photosynthesis begins when photons are absorbed by photosynthetic pigment molecules Pigment molecules absorb only light of particular wavelengths Photons not captured are reflected as color Slide 8 Pigments Reflect Color Slide 9 Major Photosynthetic Pigments Chlorophyll a Main photosynthetic pigment Absorbs violet and red light (appears green) Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, phycobilins Absorb additional wavelengths Collectively, photosynthetic pigments absorb almost all of wavelengths of visible light Slide 10 Chlorophyll a Slide 11 6.2 Exploring the Rainbow Slide 12 Engelmanns Experiment Slide 13 Fig. 6.4a, p.96 alga Outcome of T. Engelmanns experiment. a Slide 14 Absorption Spectra Slide 15 Fig. 6.4b, p.96 Wavelength (nanometers) b Absorption spectra for chlorophyll a (solid graph line) and chlorophyll b (dashed line). Compare these graphs with the clustering of bacteria shown in (a). Light absorption (%) 400500600700 80 0 20 40 60 Slide 16 Fig. 6.4c, p.96 Wavelength (nanometers) Light absorption (%) 400500600700 80 0 20 40 60 c Absorption spectra for beta-carotene (solid line) and one of the phycobilins (dashed line). Slide 17 Key Concepts: THE RAINBOW CATCHERS A great one-way flow of energy through the world of life starts after chlorophylls and other pigments absorb the energy of visible light from the suns rays In plants, some bacteria, and many protists, that energy ultimately drives the synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates Slide 18 6.3 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis proceeds in two stages Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions Summary equation: 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 Slide 19 Visual Summary of Photosynthesis Slide 20 Fig. 6.13, p.104 sunlight Calvin-Benson cycle Light- Dependent Reactions end products (e.g., sucrose, starch, cellulose) ATP Light- Independent Reactions phosphorylated glucose H2OH2O H2OH2OO2O2 NADPH NADP + CO 2 ADP + P i Slide 21 Sites of Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts Light-dependent reactions occur at a much- folded thylakoid membrane Forms a single, continuous compartment inside the stroma (chloroplasts semifluid interior) Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma Slide 22 Sites of Photosynthesis Slide 23 Fig. 6.6a, p.97 leaf vein lower epidermis photosynthetic cells upper epidermis a Zooming in on a photosynthetic cell. Slide 24 Sites of Photosynthesis Slide 25 Fig. 6.6b, p.97 two outer membranes of chloroplasts stroma thylakoid compartment, cutaway view part of thylakoid membrane system bathed in stroma: b Chloroplast structure. No matter how highly folded, its thylakoid membrane system forms a single, continuous compartment in the stroma. Slide 26 Sites of Photosynthesis Slide 27 Fig. 6.6c, p.97 sunlight H2O light- dependent reactions CO2 light- independent reactions O2O2 NADPH, ATP CHLOROPLAST CYTOPLASM NADP+, ADP sugars c In chloroplasts, ATP and NADPH form in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis, which occurs at the thylakoid membrane. The second stage, which produces sugars and other carbohydrates, proceeds in the stroma. Slide 28 Products of Light-Dependent Reactions Typically, sunlight energy drives the formation of ATP and NADPH Oxygen is released from the chloroplast (and the cell) Slide 29 Key Concepts: OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis proceeds through two stages in chloroplasts of plants and many types of protists First, pigments in a membrane inside the chloroplast capture light energy, which is converted to chemical energy Second, chemical energy drives synthesis of carbohydrates Slide 30 6.4 Light-Dependent Reactions Two types of photosystems In thylakoid membrane Light-harvesting complexes Absorb light energy and pass it to photosystems which then release electrons Electrons enter light-dependent reactions Slide 31 Noncyclic Photophosphorylation Electrons released from photosystem II flow through an electron transfer chain At end of chain, they enter photosystem I Photon energy causes photosystem I to release electrons, which end up in NADPH Photosystem II replaces lost electrons by pulling them from water (photolysis) Slide 32 Noncyclic Photophosphorylation Slide 33 electron transfer chain THYLAKOID MEMBRANE Fig. 6.8b, p.99 NADPH THYLAKOID COMPARTMENT STROMA Photosystem I Photosystem II electron transfer chain light energy oxygen (diffuses away) Slide 34 Cyclic Photophosphorylation Electrons released from photosystem I enter an electron transfer chain, then cycle back to photosystem I NADPH does not form, oxygen is not released Slide 35 ATP Formation In both pathways, electron flow through electron transfer chains causes H + to accumulate in the thylakoid compartment A hydrogen ion gradient builds up across the thylakoid membrane H + flows back across the membrane through ATP synthases Results in formation of ATP in the stroma Slide 36 6.5 Energy Flow in Light-Dependent Reactions Slide 37 Fig. 6.9ab, p.100 Photosystem I P700 light energy energy CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION excited a Energy from light-harvesting complexes causes photosystem I to lose electrons. b Electrons give up energy as they pass through an electron transfer chain. The energy drives H+ across the thylakoid membrane, against its gradient. The electrons reenter photosystem I. Slide 38 6.5 Energy Flow in Light-Dependent Reactions Slide 39 Fig. 6.9cde, p.100 NADPH P700 Photosystem II P680 excited P680 excited P700 Photosystem I light energy energy light energy NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION O 2 + H+ water c. Energy from a light- harvesting complex drives electrons out of photosystem II. Then, the photosystem pulls replacement electrons d. Electrons from photosystem II pass through an electron transfer chain. Energy lost at each step moves H+ across the thylakoid membrane. At the end of the chain, the electrons enter photosystem e. NADP+ combines with hydrogen and with electrons driven from photosystem II by energy from a light-harvesting complex. Slide 40 Key Concepts: MAKING ATP AND NADPH In the first stage of photosynthesis, sunlight energy is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP The coenzyme NADPH forms in a pathway that also releases oxygen Slide 41 6.6 Light Independent Reactions: The Sugar Factory Light-independent reactions proceed in the stroma Carbon fixation: Enzyme rubisco attaches carbon from CO 2 to RuBP to start the Calvin Benson cycle Slide 42 CalvinBenson Cycle Cyclic pathway makes phosphorylated glucose Uses energy from ATP, carbon and oxygen from CO 2, and hydrogen and electrons from NADPH Reactions use glucose to form photosynthetic products (sucrose, starch, cellulose) Six turns of CalvinBenson cycle fix six carbons required to build a glucose molecule from CO 2 Slide 43 Light-Independent Reactions Slide 44 Fig. 6.10b, p.101 stroma Slide 45 Fig. 6.10, p.101 6CO 2 12 PGA 12 ATP 12 ADP + 12 P i 12 NADPH 12 NADP + 12 PGAL phosphorylated glucose 1 P i 10 PGAL 4 P i ATP 6 ADP 6 RuBP Calvin-Benson cycle 6 f It takes six turns of the CalvinBenson cycle (six carbon atoms) to produce one glucose molecule and regenerate six RuBP. e Ten of the PGAL get phosphate groups from ATP. In terms of energy, this primes them for an uphill runfor the endergonic synthesis reactions that regenerate RuBP. d The phosphorylated glucose enters reactions that form carbohydrate productsmainly sucrose, starch, and cellulose. a CO2 in air spaces inside a leaf diffuses into a photosynthetic cell. Six times, rubisco attaches a carbon atom from CO2 to the RuBP that is the starting compound for the CalvinBenson cycle. b Each PGA molecule gets a phosphate group from ATP, plus hydrogen and electrons from NADPH. The resulting intermediate is called PGAL. c Two of the twelve PGAL molecules combine to form a molecule of glucose with an attached phosphate group. Slide 46 6.7 Adaptations: Different Carbon-Fixing Pathways Environments differ Plants have different details of sugar production in light-independent reactions On dry days, plants conserve water by closing their stomata O 2 from photosynthesis cannot escape Slide 47 Plant Adaptations to Environment C3 plants High O 2 level; Rubisco attaches to O 2 instead of CO 2 to RuBP; Photorespiration reduces efficiency of sugar production Slide 48 Fig. 6.11a2, p.102 Calvin- Benson cycle RuBP sugar PGA CO 2 glycolate O2O2 ATP NADPH a C3 plants. On dry days, stomata close and oxygen accumulates in air spaces inside leaves. The high concentration of oxygen makes rubisco attach oxygen instead of carbon to RuBP. Cells lose carbon and energy as they make sugars. Slide 49 Plant Adaptations to Environment C4 plants Carbon fixation occurs twice First reactions release CO 2 near rubisco, limit photorespiration when stomata are closed Slide 50 Fig. 6.11b2, p.102 CO 2 from inside plant Calvin- Benson cycle RuBP sugar PGA C4 cycle CO 2 oxaloacetate b C4 plants. Oxygen also builds up in the air spaces inside the leaves when stomata close. An additional pathway in these plants keeps the CO2 concentration high enough to prevent rubisco from using oxygen. Slide 51 Plant Adaptations to Environment CAM plants Open stomata and fix carbon at night Slide 52 Fig. 6.11c2, p.102 Calvin- Benson cycle C4 cycle sugar night day CO 2 from outside plant PGA CO 2 oxaloacetate RuBP c CAM plants open stomata and fix carbon with a C4 pathway at night. When stomata are closed during the day, organic compounds made during the night are converted to CO2 that enters the CalvinBenson cycle. Slide 53 Key Concepts: MAKING SUGARS Second stage is the synthesis part of photosynthesis Enzymes speed assembly of sugars from carbon and oxygen atoms, both from carbon dioxide Reactions use ATP and NADPH that form in the first stage of photosynthesis Slide 54 Key Concepts: MAKING SUGARS (cont.) ATP delivers energy, and NADPH delivers electrons and hydrogens to the reaction sites Details of the reactions vary among organisms Slide 55 6.8 A Burning Concern Photoautotrophs remove CO 2 from atmosphere; metabolic activity of organisms puts it back Human activities disrupt the carbon cycle Add more CO 2 to the atmosphere than photoautotrophs can remove Imbalance contributes to global warming Slide 56 Fossil Fuel Emissions Slide 57 Animation: C3-C4 comparison CLICK HERE TO PLAY Slide 58 Animation: Calvin-Benson cycle CLICK HERE TO PLAY Slide 59 Animation: Energy changes in photosynthesis CLICK HERE TO PLAY Slide 60 Animation: Noncyclic pathway of electron flow CLICK HERE TO PLAY Slide 61 Animation: Photosynthesis overview CLICK HERE TO PLAY Slide 62 Animation: Sites of photosynthesis CLICK HERE TO PLAY Slide 63 Animation: Wavelengths of light CLICK HERE TO PLAY