Where have Urban Areas Grown?

• URBANIZATION• Increasing Percentage of People in

Cities

• History

• LDCs

• MDCs

• Increasing Number of People in Cities

• MDCs vs. LDCs

Where have Urban Areas Grown?

• DEFINING URBAN SETTLEMENTS

• Social Differences Between Urban and Rural Settlements

• Social Behavior: Rural vs. Urban

• Large size

• High Density

• Social Heterogeneity

Where have Urban Areas Grown?

• DEFINING URBAN SETTLEMENTS

• Physical Definitions of Urban Settlements

• Legal Definition of a city

• Urbanized Area

• Metropolitan Statistical Area

• Micropolitan Statistical Area

• Overlapping Metropolitan Areas

• Megalopolis

Where are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?

• THREE MODELS OF URBAN STRUCTURE

• Concentric Zone Model (E.W. Burgess)

• Like rings on a tree

• Sector Model (Homer Hoyt)

• Like slices of pie• Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris and

Ulman)

• Multiple centers of activity

Where are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?

• Geographic Applications of the Models

• Social Area Analysis

• Census Tracts

• Can see where people congregate

• Can identify where people are more likely to live.

Where are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?

• USE OF THE MODELS OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA

• European Cities

• The Wealthy vs. The Poor

• Less Developed Countries

• Precolonial Cities

• Colonial Cities

• Cities Since Independence

• Squatter Settlements

Why do Inner Cities Have Distinctive Problems?

• INNER-CITY PHYSICAL PROBLEMS

• Process of Deterioration

• Filtering

• Home maintenance

• Redlining

• Where to loan money, not Who to loan money

Why do Inner Cities Have Distinctive Problems?

• Urban Renewal

• Public Housing

• In the U.S. a high percentage of inner city housing

• Unsatisfactory environments

• Renovated Housing

• Gentrification

• Reduce a centralized low income area

Why do Inner Cities Have Distinctive Problems?

• INNER-CITY SOCIAL PROBLEMS

• Underclass

• Lack of job skills

• Can’t compete

• Homeless

• Culture of Poverty

• Crime

• Ethnic and Racial Segregation

Why do Inner Cities Have Distinctive Problems?

• INNER-CITY ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

• Discontinue services vs. Raise taxes

• Annexation

• Not popular among those to be annexed by a city

Why do Suburbs Have Distinctive Problems?

• THE PERIPHERAL MODEL

• People like living in the suburbs

• Edge Cities

• Density Gradient

• Changes in Density Gradient

• Two changes

• People in the center has decreased

• Less density difference

Why do Suburbs Have Distinctive Problems?

• Cost of Urban Sprawl• Suburban Development process

• Sprawl• Costs of new infrastructure• Greenbelts

• Suburban Segregation• Residents here, manufacturing

there• Built for people of a specific social

class

Why do Suburbs Have Distinctive Problems?

• CONTRIBUTION OF TRANSPORTATION TO SUBURBANIZATION• Motor Vehicles

• Lots of land in a city is given to cars

• Public transportation• Rush-Hour Commuting• New Rapid Transit lines• Service vs. Cost• Public Transit in other Countries

Why do Suburbs Have Distinctive Problems?

• LOCAL GOVERNMENT FRAGMENTATION

• Metropolitan Government

• Federations

• Consolidations

• Growing Smart

• Smart Growth

• Maryland, Oregon, Tennessee