Where has the Adventure Gone?
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Transcript of Where has the Adventure Gone?
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Where has the Adventure Gone?
Bringing Risk Back Bringing Risk Back into the Outdoorsinto the Outdoors
James NeillCenter for Applied Psychology,University of Canberra
ORIC Conference, Sydney, October 11-12, 2003
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Objectives
Argue for positive perceptions of “risk”
Look at how adventure education can provide “risk education”
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Riskhas become a hot topic…
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Risk has become a science, a philosophy, an ethical issue,
an art form, and a commodity.
David Blaine, fasting 44 days in a plastic box above the Thames,
Sept. 2003
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We have been “dealing with risk”
since the beginning of time…
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Yet, we have been “dealing with risk”
since the beginning of time…
…only the lucky survived…
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Two Basic Views of Risk Negative & Positive
R - R+Risk
of lossRisk
of gain
Minimizes risk of loss to maintain
status quo
Engages in risk for growth or gain
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R- philosophy “risk aversity”
e.g., insurance, law
R+ philosophy “risk engagement”
e.g., exploration, sport
Philosophy of R- and R+
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“…One crowded hour of glorious life
Is worth an age without a name."
Thomas Mordant, 18th century
R+
R- ?
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Adventure Education:Adventure Education:A Double-Edged SwordA Double-Edged Sword
Kurt Hahn observed that Outward Bound was a double-edged sword – it cut and it healed
R+
R-
“moral equivalent of war”
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“Virtually all Outdoor and Adventure Education programs embrace the value of risk as a means of education and self-
discovery.“ [R+]- Adventure Risk Management
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Adventure education structures learning about R+ and R-
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e.g., indigenous
Rites of Passage
Healthy societies create formative risk-based educational experiences.
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“…without adventure civilisation is in full decay”
- Alfred Whitehead
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Healthy Society
Risk Education
UnhealthySociety
Risk Mis-
Education
e.g.,
• rites of passage
• adventure education
e.g.,
• drug abuse
• self-harm / suicide
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Unhealthy societies…
Over-controlRisks
Under-controlRisks
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Example of Risk Education
R-Education
about how to manage
negative risks
R+Education
about how to manage
positive risks
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Example of Risk Education
R-
e.g., safe sex class
GOAL: avoid negative consequences
R+
e.g., Karma Sutra workshop
GOAL: obtain positive consequences
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Healthy Society
Risk Education
UnhealthySociety
Risk Mis-
Education
Management of R+
Management of R-
or bias R+
or bias R-
Balanced Unbalanced
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The Zeitgeist has swung the risk pendulum in society towards “Risk Aversity” in recent decades
R- RISKAVERSE
R+ RISKEMBRACING
The Risk Pendulum (Zeitgeist)
1960’s
1970’s1980’s
1990’s
2000’s?
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Playing Outside is Playing Outside is Under ThreatUnder Threat
Recent British research has found that children are increasingly playing
indoors. •Adult intolerance forcing children to be mini-adults
•Increased fear of child molestation
•Decline of extended family, increase in single parents
•Perceived inaccessibility of outdoor places in urban society
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The Risk of Becoming Too Safe?
“Willi Unsoeld was once asked by a fearful mother if he could guarantee her son's safety; no, he told her. But by sheltering her son from risk, he added, she would guarantee the death of his soul.” (Rick Pender)
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The Risk of Becoming Too Wild?
R+ = admired McCandless immensely for his courage and noble ideals
R- = that McCandless was a reckless idiot, a narcissist who perished out of arrogance and stupidity
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Evolution of “Safety Practices”
(Priest, 1999)
• Increased popularity of activity• Industry self-regulates• No litigation
• Increased accidents• Early standards• 1st litigations
• Legal restrictions• Professional standards• Litigation a common concern
• Difficult to operate• Standards required• Lawsuits common
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Future Evolution of Outdoor Education?
A paradigm shift can stimulate new growth
The point is to react creatively before its too late
(Arne Stjernholm Madsen 2001)
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Positive & Negative Risks in Outdoor Education
P (Physical Loss)
= ~everyday life
P (PhysicalGain)
= ~99%?
P (Psychologica
l Loss) = ~20%
P (Psychologica
l Gain) = ~65%
“no change” = 15%
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15% no
change65%
positivechange
20% negative change
No change
PsychologicalEffects of
Adventure Education
Hattie et al1997
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As an Industry, Let’s Get Positive about
Risk
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"The latitude for innovation has never
been broader- if only our minds can
stretch to it."- Gary Hamel
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Simple Outdoor Education
A backpack, a bit of food, and a plan Students can conduct their own expeditions Simple gear Solo
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Participants can Learn to Manage Risks
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Use Holistic Range of Challenges
EnvironmeEnvironmentalntal
PhysicalPhysical SocialSocial EmotionaEmotionall
Time
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Risk +
Support=
Growth
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Use the Spectrum of Choice
VoluntarVoluntaryy
ChallengChallenge by e by
ChoiceChoice
Tough Tough Love Love
(Impellin(Impelling)g)
CompulsCompulsoryory
e.g., e.g., Scouts, Scouts, D of ED of E
e.g., e.g., Project Project
AdventuAdventurere
e.g., e.g., Outward Outward BoundBound
e.g., e.g., incarcerincarcer
ated ated youthyouth
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Incorporate“Risk Education”
intoOutdoor Education
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Research Healthy Risk Taking1. I am good at deciding whether a risk
is worth taking.
2. I avoid actions which risk my health and well-being.
3. I think carefully about the consequences of my risky actions.
4. I balance my risk-taking behaviors -- I am not too risky or too cautious.
5. I make effective use of risk-taking in my life.
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Research Healthy Risk Taking
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Risk management can be reinvigorated by seeing:
Conclusions
- risk as an opportunity (R+)- risk as a TOOL - risk education as a GOAL
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Adventure educators need to guide society with regard
to fear, risk and safety.
R+
R-
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Ideas will be collated online for ways to increase R+ in
outdoor education, i.e., positive experiences of
risk. • [email protected]
Copy of materials:www.wilderdom.com/Risk.html