Where are we up to? Measuring Social Inclusion Peter Huxley PhD King’s College London

Where are we up to?

Measuring Social Inclusion

Peter Huxley PhD

King’s College LondonInstitute of Psychiatry

Social Care Workforce Research Unit


What is social inclusion?

Social inclusion can be measured within life domains

Social inclusion can be measured subjectively

Social inclusion can be measured objectively(independently verifiable)


Social inclusion can be defined in terms of the success of one or more of the following four systems of 'integration':

• the democratic and legal system which promotes civic integration;

• the labour market which promotes economic integration;

• the welfare state system promoting social integration;

• and the family and community system, which promotes interpersonal integration.


“One’s sense of belonging in society depends on all four systems. Civic integration means being an equal citizen in a democratic system. Economic integration means having a job, having a valued economic function, being able to pay your way. Social integration means being able to avail oneself of the social services provided by the state. Interpersonal integration means having family and friends, neighbours and social networks to provide care and companionship and moral support when these are needed. All four systems are therefore important. In a way the four systems are complementary: when one or two are weak the others need to be strong. And the worst off are those for whom all systems have failed” (Commins, 1993, p4).


• Social inclusion – “the extent to which people are able to participate fully in the institutions of society” – by choice

• Quality of life domains - choice• Work – open employment• Housing – independent living, suitable accommodation• Finances – high income, maximum benefit• Family relationships – level of contact• Social relationships – choice of friends• Leisure activity – community participation• Safety – not at risk• Physical and mental health – access to care, met need


Social inclusion and access to services

• Empowerment (self-esteem, mastery, information and consultation)

• Participation in design and review of services delivered to self and others

• Users employed in the service

Mean gross monthly income by levels of financial well-being

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Terrible 3 5 Delighted

£

Figure 2: GHQ mean scores by levels of financial well-being

(1 = Terrible, 7= Delighted)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Terrible 3 5 Delighted

GHQ mean


• The group who had housing improvements (cf those who had not) had higher subjective well-being after 22 months in:-

• living situation (p<0.001)

• finances (p<0.01)

• physical health (p<.001)

• and in overall well-being (p<0.001)

Individual QoL Profile: 3

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Time 1 Time 2

Individual changes showing the effect of intervention

0

2

4

6

Time 1 Time 2 Time 3


Why use objective social indicators?[Objective - independently verifiable]

Demonstrate inclusionImprovement over time

Valued social goals Compare with the general population

Assess service performance Support funding arguments


Issues in the use of social indicatorsCultural diversity

Language Locality

Gender and age Phraseology issues

Disability issuesCoding issues

Don’t necessarily map onto individual goals


• Social contactVisits with friends, family or neighbours

Mental health problems – 80%No mental health problems – 87%(Baum et al 2000)

Visits with friends last weekMental health problems – 71%

No mental health problems – 78%(ESRC 2001)


• Social contact• no-one to turn to for help - 33%

• have no close friend - 4 X national average

• no close friend - 36%

(Turton 2002; Huxley and Thornicroft 2001)


• People with severe illness or long term unemployment spend about 60% of their time alone

• People with severe illness spend only1% of their waking time in contact with paid helpers

• 50% of waking hours (ex eating etc) watching TV• 2.5 times (more than the LTU) people with severe

illness want to do things alone (24%)

(Turton 2002)

Figure 1: Experience of crimes of violence*British Crime Survey

0

5

10

15

20

25


Employment• employment level of psychiatric

patient populations rarely reaches more than 10%

• when working they work fewer hours (Self-reported mental health problems in the LFS - total weekly 25; ONS PMS – 28; compared to 38 average)

• at a lower hourly rate (Self-reported mental health problems in the LFS – Hourly rate

£6.60: ONS PMS <£4; compared to £7.30 average)

(Meltzer et al , 1995; Evans and Huxley, 2000; Labour Force Survey 2004).


Employment rates

Region Highest Lowest

North East Alnwick (78%) Easington (57%)

North West Rossendale (87%) Manchester (60%)

London - Newham (52%)

E Midlands Melton (89%) Nottingham (60%)

Wales Flintshire (78%) Port Talbot (62%)


Job related training in the last 4 weeks

National figure = 16%

Region Highest Lowest

North East

Wear Valley (24%)

Berwick u T (10%)

North West

S Lakeland (22%)

Warrington (10%)

London Greenwich (23%)

Islington (8%)

Wales Cardiff (20%)

Monmouth (13%)


Achieving NVQ2 or equivalent


Region Highest LowestNorth East Chester-le Steet

(81%)Easington (59%)

North West

Ribble Valley (87%)

Knowlsey (60%)

London - Barking & Dag ( 59%)

Wales Ceredigion (73%)

Blaenau Gwent (47%)


In ‘adult learning’


England St Albans (91%)

Easington (60%)

Wales Powys (74%) Blaenau Gwent (50%)


(In the past three years) have you attended any courses or received any instruction or tuition in driving, in playing a musical instrument, in an art or craft, in a sport or inany practical skill? (include all courses and periods of instruction or tuition, however short) (In the past three years) have you attended any evening classes?(In the past three years) have you deliberately tried to improve your knowledge about anything, taught yourself


(In the past three years) have you been on any taught courses designed to help you develop skills that you might use in a job? (include all courses however short) (In the past three years) have you carried out any learning which has involved working on your own package of materials provided by an employer, college, commercial organisation or other training provider?


1 degree level qualification including, foundation degree, graduate membership of a professional institute or PGCE, or higher

2 diploma in higher education

3 HNC/HND

4 ONC/OND

5 BTEC, BEC or TEC

6 SCOTVEC, SCOTEC or SCOTBEC

7 teaching qualification (excluding PGCE)

8 nursing or other medical qualification

9 other higher education qualification below degree level

10 A-level/Vocational A Level or equivalent

12 NVQ/SVQ What is your highest level of full NVQ/SVQ? (level 1 – 5; don’t know)

13 GNVQ/GSVQ Is your highest GNVQ/GSVQ at advanced, intermediate, foundation, don’t know

14 AS-level

17 SCE standard

18 GCSE/Vocational GCSE

20 RSA

21 City & Guilds

22 YT Certificate

23 any other professional / vocational qualification / foreign qualifications

26 National Qualifications (Scotland)

27 Don’t Know

Measuring Social InclusionParticipation

Political parties

Trade unions (including student unions)

Environmental groups

Parent-teacher association or school association

Tenants' or residents' group or neighbourhood watch

Education, arts, music or singing group (including evening classes)

Religious group or church organisation

Charity, voluntary or community group

Group for elderly or older people (eg lunch club)

Youth group (eg scouts, guides, youth club)

Women's institute or Townswomen's Guild or Women's group

Social club (including working men's club, Rotary club)

Sports club, gym, exercise or dance group

Other group or organisation


Participation: 100 service users compared to the local population

80 feel leisure opportunities are restricted (cf 64)83 want a more active social life (cf 62)47 want to participate more fully in family

activities (cf 28)

56 not a member of community groups ( cf 47)

Satisfaction with leisure activity 3.7 (cf 4.3) (p<0.001)


Service users in South Manchester compared to the local population

5% employed compared to….. 61% Average working week 24 hours compared to.. 38

hoursAverage monthly income £755 compared to….

£36953% seen a friend in the last week compared to….

80% 57% have a close friend compared to ……95%16% contact with relatives less than monthly….3%

Measuring Social InclusionConclusions

Subjective measuresObjective measuresComprehensive inclusionDomain specific inclusionIndividual goals and valued rolesLocal comparisonsQuestions and codesEase of accessDisaggregationInterrogation

Measuring Social InclusionSources

General Household SurveyGHS Social Capital ModuleBritish Crime SurveyHome Office Citizenship SurveyLabour Force SurveyBritish Social Attitudes SurveyHealth Survey for EnglandPsychiatric Morbidity SurveyNational Adult Learning SurveyCensus


The Question Bank http://qb.soc.surrey.ac.uk

The UK Data Archive

www.data-archive.ac.uk

[email protected]

[email protected]

Where are we up to? Measuring Social Inclusion Peter Huxley PhD King’s College London

Documents

Transcript of Where are we up to? Measuring Social Inclusion Peter Huxley PhD King’s College London