Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

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Where are the Data? Perspec.ves from the Neuroscience Informa.on Framework Jeffrey S. Grethe, Ph. D. Center for Research in Biological Systems University of California, San Diego

description

Presented during the 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC'12). Part of the workshop 'New Models and Modes for Data Sharing: Experiences from Neuroscience'. Presented by Jeffrey S. Grethe, Ph.D. from the Center for Research in Biological Systems at the University of California, San Diego. This workshop featured several large scale efforts to establish data sharing platforms, standards and tools to promote data intensive analysis in the neurosciences. As we head into the second decade of the 21st century, many scientists realize that current methods for publishing and accessing data are outmoded and inefficient. Neuroscience, with its large diverse and highly competitive community, has been slow to adopt more open sharing of data and has lacked effective tools to do so. There has been a significant investment in databases and tools for biological science, and frequent calls for more of them, but few calls to the biological community to adopt practices and frameworks for making their resources more easily discoverable and data more accessible. Data are contained within diverse sources, from web pages, databases, literature to personal lab systems, making for a haphazard mechanism for data and tool discovery. Although these mechanisms are effective for small communities, they are parochial for the totality of resources available, leading to fragmentation in the resource ecosystem. Neuroscience, with its diverse subdisciplines, complex data types and broad domain, presents the perfect exemplar of the current practices, bottlenecks and issues surrounding open access to data. This situation is changing, however, as groups have started to work together to define new models and tools for sharing and analyzing neuroscience data on an international scale. In this workshop, we bring together experts from national and international projects to discuss issues of data access and progress towards establishing platforms and best practices for effective sharing of neuroscience data in support of basic and clinical neuroscience.

Transcript of Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

Page 1: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

Where  are  the  Data?    

Perspec.ves  from  the  Neuroscience  Informa.on  Framework    

Jeffrey  S.  Grethe,  Ph.  D.  Center  for  Research  in  Biological  Systems  

University  of  California,  San  Diego  

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Introduc*on  

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“Neural  Choreography”  “A  grand  challenge  in  neuroscience  is  to  elucidate  brain  func3on  in  rela3on  to  

its  mul3ple  layers  of  organiza3on  that  operate  at  different  spa3al  and  temporal  scales.    Central  to  this  effort  is  tackling  “neural  choreography”  -­‐-­‐  the  integrated  func3oning  of  neurons  into  brain  circuits-­‐-­‐their  spa3al  organiza3on,  local  and  long-­‐distance  connec3ons,  their  temporal  orchestra3on,  and  their  dynamic  features.  Neural  choreography  cannot  be  understood  via  a  purely  reduc3onist  approach.  Rather,  it  entails  the  convergent  use  of  analy3cal  and  synthe3c  tools  to  gather,  analyze  and  mine  informa*on  from  each  level  of  analysis,  and  capture  the  emergence  of  new  layers  of  func3on  (or  dysfunc3on)  as  we  move  from  studying  genes  and  proteins,  to  cells,  circuits,  thought,  and  behavior....    

However,  the  neuroscience  community  is  not  yet  fully  engaged  in  exploiEng  the  rich  array  of  data  currently  available,  nor  is  it  adequately  poised  to  capitalize  on  the  forthcoming  data  explosion.  “  

Akil  et  al.,  Science,  Feb  11,  2011      

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“We   speak   piously   of   taking  measurements   and   making  small     studies   that   will   add  another   brick   to   the   temple   of  science.    Most   such   bricks   just  lie  around  the  brickyard.”  

PlaO,  J.R.  (1964)  Strong  Inference.  Science.  146:  

347-­‐353.  

 

"We   now   have   unprecedented  ability   to   collect   data   about  nature…but  there  is  now  a  crisis  developing   in   biology,   in   that  c omp le t e l y   un s t r u c tu r ed  informa*on   does   not   enhance  understanding”        

Sidney  Brenner  

 

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Neuroscience  is  unlikely  to  be  served  by  a  few  large  databases  like  the  genomics  and  proteomics  community  

Whole  brain  data  (20  um  

microscopic  MRI)  

Mosiac  LM  images  (1  GB+)  

Conven3onal  LM  images  

Individual  cell  morphologies  

EM  volumes  &  reconstruc3ons  

Solved  molecular  structures  

No  single  technology  serves  these  all  equally  well.  

à Mul*ple  data  types;    mul*ple  scales;    mul*ple  databases  

 

The    Data  Federa*on  Problem  

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Where  are  the  data?  

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What  do  you  mean  by  data?  Databases  come  in  many  shapes  and  sizes  

•  Primary  data:  –  Data  available  for  reanalysis,  e.g.,  

microarray  data  sets  from  GEO;    brain  images  from  XNAT;    microscopic  images  (CCDB/CIL)  

•  Secondary  data  –  Data  features  extracted  through  

data  processing  and  some3mes  normaliza3on,  e.g,  brain  structure  volumes  (IBVD),  gene  expression  levels  (Allen  Brain  Atlas);    brain  connec3vity  statements  (BAMS)  

•  Ter3ary  data  –  Claims  and  asser3ons  about  the  

meaning  of  data  •  E.g.,  gene  upregula3on/

downregula3on,  brain  ac3va3on  as  a  func3on  of  task  

•  Registries:  –  Metadata  –  Pointers  to  data  sets  or  

materials  stored  elsewhere  •  Data  aggregators  

–  Aggregate  data  of  the  same  type  from  mul3ple  sources,  e.g.,  Cell  Image  Library  ,SUMSdb,  Brede  

•  Single  source  –  Data  acquired  within  a  single  

context  ,  e.g.,  Allen  Brain  Atlas  

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Data,  not  just  stories  about  them!  47/50  major  preclinical  published  cancer  studies  could  not  be  replicated  

•  “The  scien3fic  community  assumes  that  the  claims  in  a  preclinical  study  can  be  taken  at  face  value-­‐that  although  there  might  be  some  errors  in  detail,  the  main  message  of  the  paper  can  be  relied  on  and  the  data  will,  for  the  most  part,  stand  the  test  of  3me.    Unfortunately,  this  is  not  always  the  case.”    

•  GeQng  data  out  sooner  in  a  form  where  they  can  be  exposed  to  many  eyes  and  many  analyses,  and  easily  compared,    may  allow  us  to  expose  errors  and  develop  beSer  metrics  to  evaluate  the  validity  of  data  

Begley  and  Ellis,  29  MARCH  2012  |  VOL  483  |  NATURE  |  531  

•  “There  are  no  guidelines  that  require  all  data  sets  to  be  reported  in  a  paper;  oeen,  original  data  are  removed  during  the  peer  review  and  publicaEon  process.  “  

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In  an  ideal  world...  We’d  like  to  be  able  to  find  

•  What  is  known:  –  What  is  the  average  diameter  of  a    Purkinje  neuron  –  Is  GRM1  expressed  In  cerebral  cortex?  –  What  are  the  projec3ons  of  hippocampus?  –  What  genes  have  been  found  to  be  upregulated  in  

chronic  drug  abuse  in  adults  –  Find  images  showing  dendri3c  spines  containing  

membrane  bound  organelles  –  What  animal  models  have  similar  phenotypes  to  

Parkinson’s  disease?  –  What  studies  used  my  polyclonal  an3body  against  

GABA  in  humans?  

•  What  is  not  known:  –  Connec3ons  among  data  –  Gaps  in  knowledge  

    Without  some  sort  of  framework,  very  difficult  to  do  

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The  Problems  Researchers  Face  

•   We  are  not  publishing  data  in  a  form  that  is  easy  to  find  or  integrate  

•   What  we  mean  isn’t  clear  to  a  search  engine  (or  even  to  a  human)  

•   NIF  Registry:    A  catalog  of  neuroscience-­‐relevant  resources  

>  4700  currently  described  >  2000  databases  

•   Searching    and  naviga*ng  across  individual  resources  takes  an  inordinate  amount  of  human  effort  

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But  we  have  Google!  •  Current  web  is  designed  to  share  documents  –  Documents  are  unstructured  data  

•  Much  of  the  content  of  digital  resources  is  part  of  the  “hidden  web”    

•  Wikipedia:    The  Deep  Web  (also  called  Deepnet,  the  invisible  Web,  DarkNet,  Undernet  or  the  hidden  Web)  refers  to  World  Wide  Web  content  that  is  not  part  of  the  Surface  Web,  which  is  indexed  by  standard  search  engines.  

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But  we  have  Pub  Med!  

“...it  is  a  growing  challenge  to  ensure  that  data  produced  during  the  course  of  reported  research  are  appropriately  described,  standardized,  archived,  and  available  to  all.”    Lead  Science  editorial  (Science  11  February  2011:  Vol.  331  no.  6018  p.  649  )      

Author,  year,  journal,  keywords  

•  Bulk  of  neuroscience  data  is  published  as  part  of  papers  – >  20,000,000  

 

•  Structured  vs.  unstructured  informa3on  

 

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NIF:  A  New  Type  of  En*ty  for  New  Modes  of  Scien*fic  Dissemina*on  

•  NIF’s  mission  is  to  maximize  the  awareness  of,  access  to  and  u3lity  of  digital  resources  produced  worldwide  to  enable  beher  science  and  promote  efficient  use  –  NIF  is  the  only  neuroscience  informa3on  en3ty  that  views  resources  

globally  without  respect  to  domain,  funding  agency,  ins3tute  or  community  

–  NIF  is  like  a  “Pub  Med”  for  all  neuroscience  resources  –  Aggregates  all  the  different  databases,  tools  and  resources  now  

produced  by  the  scien3fic  community  –  Makes  them  searchable  from  a  single  interface  –  A  prac3cal  approach  to  the  data  deluge  –  The  “authority”  on  resources  for  neuroscience  –  Educate  neuroscien*sts  and  students  about  effec*ve  data  sharing    

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People  use  NIF  to...  •  Find  resources  

–  “Where  can  I  find  a  translaEon  of  Talaraich  to  MNI  coordinates-­‐  NIF  Forum  –  “What  biospecimen  banks  are  available  with  Essues  from  opiate  addicts?”-­‐NIH  

•  Find  answers  –  What  is  the  amount  of  data  published  on  males  vs  females-­‐  NIH  –  “What  projects  to  the  ventral  lateral  geniculate  nucleus”-­‐UCSD  researcher  –  “What  is  known  about  the  choroid  plexus?”-­‐Small  business  owner  

•  NIF  is  listed  in  the  library  guides  of  >  85  research  universi3es  worldwide  (ñ  70%  from  last  year)  •  NIF  receives  hits  from  >  350  colleges  and  universi3es  every  month  •  NIF  receives  hits  from  pharmaceu3cal  companies  •  Listed  as  link  on  4  socie3es:    Society  for  Neuroscience,  American  Associa3on  of  Anatomists,  

Society  of  Immune  Pharmacology,  American  Academy  of  Neurology  

•  Track  resource  u3liza3on  –  What  projects  are  using  my  an3body/mouse/database?  

•  Serve  as  a  springboard  –  NIF  ontologies,  tools  and  data  resources  are  used  by  many  groups  (>80,000  hits/

month  on  NIF  services)  –  NIF  technologies  and  exper3se  jumpstart  related  efforts  

•  One  Mind  for  Research  

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An  Overview  of  NIF  •  Assembled  the  largest  searchable  

colla3on  of  neuroscience  data  on  the  web  

•  The  largest  catalog  of  biomedical  resources  (data,  tools,  materials,  services)  available  

•  The  largest  ontology  for  neuroscience  •  NIF  search  portal:    simultaneous  search  

over  data,  NIF  catalog  and  biomedical  literature  

•  Neurolex  Wiki:    a  community  wiki  serving  neuroscience  concepts  

•  A  unique  technology  planorm    •  Cross-­‐neuroscience  analy3cs  •  A  reservoir  of  cross-­‐disciplinary  

biomedical  data  exper.se    

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NIF  services  for  data  providers  •  NIF  ensures  that  all  data  are  discoverable,  accessible  and  understandable  –  If  data  are  already  in  a  database,  NIF  federates  them  

•  Aligns  data  to  common  framework  •  Makes  them  collec3vely  searchable  •  Provides  uniform  data  access  services  for  linking  resources  

–  If  data  are  not  in  a  database:  •  NIF  locates  a  suitable  database  within  its  federa3on  and  facilitates  inges3on  

•  If  no  database  is  available,  NIF  creates  a  reasonable  structure  using  its  database  tools;    stores  data  in  available  data  repositories  (currently  UCSD  CRBS/SDSC)  and  makes  it  available  through  the  NIF  portal  –  Assigns  a  URI  for  data  iden3fica3on  

NIF  uses  manual,  semi-­‐automated  and  automated  tools  for  inges3on  and  cura3on  

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Registering  a  resource  in  NIF  NIF  provides  a  set  of  tools  and  services  for  easy  sharing  of  data  and  linking  of  data  to  ar3cles,  web  sites  etc.  –  NIF  makes  it  easy  to  add  and  manage  resources  through  NIF  •  Need  to  respect  resource  and  3me  constraints  of  resource  providers  

–  Different  levels  of  access  •  NIF  Registry  (basic)  •  NIF  Site  Map  •  NIF  level  2    

–  create  web  access  and  basic  structure  for  resources  without  API  

–  U3lizes  DISCO  tools  developed  at  Yale  •  NIF  level  3:    Web  service  access,  schema  registra3on  

What  users  are  searching  for:  

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NIF  Registry  

•  NIF  Registry:    each  resource  gets  its  own  URI  and  own  Wiki  page  –  Insert  maps,  Twiher  feeds  

•  NIF  site  map:    manage  updates  to  your  resource  page  –  U3lizes  DISCO  protocol  

(Luis  Marenco,  Rixin  Wang,  Yale  U)  

–  NIF  also  consumes  other  sitemaps  for  bioscience,  e.g.,  Biositemaps  

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The  NeuroLex  Wiki:    A  lexicon  for  neuroscience  

•  Seman3c  wiki  tracking  >  18,000  neuroscience  concepts  

•  Built  from  and  for  NIF  ontologies  

•  Supports  integra3on  of  tools  and  widgets  

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A  dynamic  index  for  neuroscience  Parts  of  rodent  brain  

Parts  of  human  brain  

Parts  of  white  maher  

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A  Seman*cally  Enabled  Search  Engine  •  NIF  has  developed  a  produc3on  technology  planorm  for  researchers  to  discover,  share,  access,  analyze,  and  integrate  neuroscience-­‐relevant  informa3on  –  Seman3cally-­‐enabled  search  engine  and  interface  that  customizes  results  for  neuroscience  

–  System  that  searches  the  “hidden  web”,  i.e.,  content  not  well  served  by  search  engines  

–  Automated  data  harves3ng  technologies  that  produce  dynamic  indices  of  data  content  including  databases,  web  pages,  text,  xml  etc.  

–  Easy  to  use  tools  to  make  products  and  data  available  •  NIF  has  developed  a  wealth  of  knowledge  about  data  

resources  and  data  integra3on  in  the  life  sciences  

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NIF  Data  Federa*on  NIF  provides  access  to  the  largest  collec3on  of  neuroscience  relevant  data  on  the  web,  all  from  a  single  interface  –already  have  surpassed  year  4  cumula3ve  targets  

Resource  Registry:    4700      ...  

An3bodies:    935,000  Brain  connec3vity:    66,000  Animal  models:    270,000  Brain  ac3va3on  foci:    56,000  

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NIF  Search  Interface  

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NIF  Search  Interface  

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Making  common  neuroscience  concepts  computable:    concept-­‐based  queries  

•  Search  Google:    GABAergic  neuron  •  Search  NIF:    GABAergic  neuron  

–  NIF  automa3cally  searches  for  types  of  GABAergic  neurons  

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“Search  compu*ng”  What  genes  are  upregulated  by  drugs  of  abuse  

in  the  adult  mouse?  Morphine  

Increased  expression  

Adult  Mouse  

Some  concepts,  e.g.,  age  category,  are  quan3ta3ve  but  s3ll  must  be  interpreted  in  a  global  query  system  

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NIF  STANDARD  ONTOLOGIES  (NIFSTD)  •  Set  of  modular  ontologies    

–  Covering    neuroscience  relevant  terminologies  

–  Comprehensive  50,000+  dis3nct  concepts  +  synonyms  

 •  Expressed  in  OWL-­‐DL  language    •  Closely  follows    OBO  community              

best  prac3ces    –  As  long  as  they  seem  prac3cal    

•  Avoids  duplica3on  of  efforts    –  Standardized  to  the  same  upper  level  

ontologies,  e.g.,    –  Basic  Formal  Ontology  (BFO),  OBO  

Rela3ons  Ontology  (OBO-­‐RO),  Phonotypical  Quali3es  Ontology  (PATO)  

–  Relies  on  exis3ng  community  ontologies                      e.g.,  CHEBI,  GO,  PRO,  OBI  etc.  

•  Modules  cover  orthogonal  domain      e.g.  ,  Brain  Regions,  Cells,  Molecules,  Subcellular  parts,  Diseases,  Nervous  system  func3ons,  etc.  

Bill  Bug  et  al.  

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Data  Services  for  Users  

Current  Planned  

Vocabulary    •  NITRC  (autocomplete)  •  Neuroscience.com  (annotate)  •  INCF  Atlasing  tools  

Data  Summary  (NIF  Navigator)  •  NIDA,  Blueprint  •  NeuroLex  

Individual  Data  Sources  •  DOMEO  •  OneMind  •  Eagle  I  

DISCO  Services  (LinkOut)    •  PubMed    

Page 29: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

NIF  Link  Out  Broker:    Connec*ng  Resources  

NIF  inserts  links  between  data  and  ar3cles  on  behalf  of  data  providers  using  NCBI’s  Link  Out  feature  

NIF  inserted  >  800,000  references  to  Pub  Med  ID’s  

Page 30: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

Grabbing  the  long  tail  of  small  data  

•  Analysis  of  NIF  shows  mul3ple  databases  with  similar  scope  and  content  

•  Many  contain  par3ally  overlapping  data  

•  Data  “flows”  from  one  resource  to  the  next  –  Data  is  reinterpreted,  reanalyzed  or  added  to  – When  does  it  become  something  else?  

•  Is  duplica3on  good  or  bad?  

Page 31: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

NIF  Analy*cs:    The  Neuroscience  Ecosystem  

NIF  is  in  a  unique  posi3on  to  answer  ques3ons  about  the  neuroscience  ecosystem  

Where  are  the  data?  

Striatum  Hypothalamus  Olfactory  bulb  

Cerebral  cortex  

Brain  

Brain  region

 

Data  source  

Page 32: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

How  much  of  the  landscape  do  we  have?  

Query  for  “reference”  brain  structures  and  their  parts  in  NIF  Connec*vity  database  

Page 33: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

Embracing  duplica*on:    Data  Mash  ups  

•   ~300  PMID’s  were  common  between  Brede  and  SUMSdb  •   Same  informa3on;    value  added  

Same  data  -­‐    different  aspects  

Page 34: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

Same  data:    different  analysis  Chronic  vs  acute  morphine  in  striatum  

•  Drug  Related  Gene  database:    extracted  statements  from  figures,  tables  and  supplementary  data  from  published  ar3cle  

•  Gemma:    Reanalyzed  microarray  results  from  GEO  using  different  algorithms  

•  Both  provide  results  of  increased  or  decreased  expression  as  a  func3on  of  experimental  paradigm  –  4  strains  of  mice  –  3  condi3ons:    chronic  morphine,  

acute  morphine,  saline  

Mined  NIF  for  all  references  to  GEO  ID’s:    found  small  number  where  the  same  dataset  was  represented  in  two  or  more  databases  

hhp://www.chibi.ubc.ca/Gemma/home.html  

Page 35: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

How  easy  was  it  to  compare?  •  Gemma:    Gene  ID    +  Gene  Symbol  •  DRG:    Gene  name  +  Probe  ID    •  Gemma:    Increased  expression/decreased  expression  •  DRG:    Increased  expression/decreased  expression  

–  But...Gemma  presented  results  rela3ve  to  baseline  chronic  morphine;    DRG  with  respect  to  saline,  so  direc3on  of  change  is  opposite  in  the  2  databases  

•  Analysis:  –  1370  statements  from  Gemma  regarding  gene  expression  as  a  func3on  of  chronic  morphine  

–  617  were  consistent  with  DRG;    à  over  half    of  the  claims  of  the  paper  were  not  confirmed  in  this  analysis  

–  Results  for  1  gene  were  opposite  in  DRG  and  Gemma  –  45  did  not  have  enough  informa3on  provided  in  the  paper  to  make  a  judgment  

 

NIF  annota3on  standard  

Page 36: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

A  global  view  of  data  Informa*cs  should  not  be  an  aherthought  – You  (and  the  machine)  have  to  be  able  to  find  it  •  Accessible  through  the  web  •  Annota3ons  

– You  have  to  be  able  to  use  it  •  Data  type  specified  and  in  a  usable  form  

– You  have  to  know  what  the  data  mean  – Some  seman3cs  – Context:    Experimental  metadata  – Provenance:    Where  did  the  data  come  from?  

Repor3ng  neuroscience  data  within  a  consistent  framework  helps  enormously  

Page 37: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

•  We  live  in  a  linked  world:  “  Too  Big  to  Know”  

•  Mul3ple  efforts  are  underway  simultaneously  –  Launched  without  knowledge  of  

others  –  Mine  is  beher  /  Not  Invented  Here  

•  Coopera3on  and  coordina3on  will  allow  us  to  move  forward  faster  –  NIF  has  tried  to  be  a  good  ci3zen  by  

sharing  exper3se,  data,  knowledge,  tools  

Compe**on  Coopera*on  Coordina*on  Collabora*on  

Page 38: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

NIF  team  (past  and  present)  Maryann  Martone,  UCSD,  Principal  Inves3gator  Jeffrey  Grethe,  UCSD,  Co  Inves3gator  Amarnath  Gupta,  UCSD,  Co  Inves3gator  Anita  Bandrowski,  NIF  Project  Leader  Gordon  Shepherd,  Yale  University  Perry  Miller  Luis  Marenco  Rixin  Wang  David  Van  Essen,  Washington  University  Erin  Reid  Paul  Sternberg,  Cal  Tech  Arun  Rangarajan  Hans  Michael  Muller  Yuling  Li  Giorgio  Ascoli,  George  Mason  University  Sridevi  Polavarum  Tim  Clark,  Harvard  University  Paolo  Ciccarese    

Vadim  Astakhov  Davis  Banks  Bill  Bug  Jonathan  Cachat  Chris  Condit  Mark  Ellisman  Lee  Hornbrook  Fahim  Imam  Stephen  Larson  Jennifer  Lawrence  Cliff  Lee  Larry  Lui  Sarah  Maynard  Binh  Ngo  Andrea  Arnaud  Stagg  Xufei  Qian  Willie  Wong         Jonathan  Pollock,  NIH,  Program  Officer  

Karen  Skinner,  NIH,  Program  Officer  

Page 39: Where are the Data? Perspectives from the Neuroscience Information Framework.

Thank  You…