When Mushroom Go Bad?

By Michael Mai

Outline Mushroom species belonging to Amanita genus

- Toxin Species of Amanita

General Information- Poisonous vs. Regular Mushrooms- Parts of the mushroom that are poisonous

Common Toxins found in Amanita- Amatoxin - Phallotoxin- Virotoxins - Ibotenic acid

General Information, Mechanism of Action and Structural Comparison -Amatoxin -Phallotoxin

-Ibotenic Acid

Extraction Methods

Amanatin Poisoning - Symptoms - Treatment

Mushroom species belonging to Amanita genus A. virosa (amatoxin)

A. phalloides (phallotoxin)

A. pantheria (Ibotenic acid)

Morchella (edible)

Characteristic of Poisonous Mushroom

Cap is wide, smooth, come with different colorful

Usually sticky or slippery

White spore powder Gill size is narrow or

surface is smooth

Characteristic of Edible Mushroom

Is has odor like almond

Spore print is black or brown or chocolate

Gill size is broad Mushroom must has

no bruises

Which parts of mushroom that are most poisonous?

All parts of amatoxin

containing mushrooms are poisonous.

Common toxins found in Amanita Amatoxins

Phallotoxins

Virotoxins

Ibotenic acids

AmatoxinGenernal information: Found in virosa and

commonly known as “Destroying Angels”.

Mechanism of actions: This mushroom can cause liver

and kidney damage. Toxin invades nucleus of liver

cells. Then it destroys nucleolus and inhibits mRNA

Polymerase. The toxin circulates to kidneys and attack

kidney cells then re-enter blood stream and back to

liver. Amatoxins are LETHAL.

PhallotoxinsGenernal information: Found in phalloides

commonly known as “Death Cap”. This mushroom

was discovered by Lynen and Ulrich Wieland in 1938.

Mechanism of actions: Attack plasma membrane and

bind to protein receptors. Cells leak Ca++ and then K+ .

Toxin enters cytoplasm and attacks organelles by

rupturing lysosome membrane.

Ibotenic AcidGenernal information: Found in pantheria andcommonly known as “Panther”.

Mechanism of actions: Toxins act by mimicking thenatural transmitters glutamic acid on neurons in thecentral nervous system with specialized receptors for amino acids. These toxins may also cause selectivedeath of neurons sensitive to Excitatory Amino Acid(EAAs).

General Structures

Amatoxin Phallotoxin

General Structures Continue

Ibotenic acid Amatoxin and Phallotoxin are more similar in structure than Ibotenic in that they both are huge cyclic structures. Both also contain a sulfur group in the center of the cyclic structure.

Methods: Dried specimens of Amanita foetidissima and A.

pleropus were rehydrated in KOH, then rinsed w/ distilled water. Diced, weighed, then suspended in extraction medium containing methanol: distilled water. Suspended tissues are then incubated then centrifuged. Supernatants were collected and HPLC analysis were than performed. Peaks identified by HPLC were confirmed by FAB mass spectroscopy of the eluted fractions in A. reidii and A. phallodies f. umbrina, two other species known to contain amatoxin and phallotoxin.

One Extraction Method for Amatoxin and Phallotoxin

Methods: Ibotenic acid ([alpha]-amino-3-hydroxy-5-isoxazole

acetic acid) was separated from spores and caps of Amanita muscaria by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and identified by flow injection analysis with mass spectrometric detection.

One Extraction Method for Ibotenic Acid

Amanatin: Symptoms & Treatments

Within 5 to 24 hours - diarrhea, vomiting, and pain (typically 6 to 12 hours)

Short remission and apparent improvement

4 to 11 days later - severe liver damage - acute kidney failure

- coma and death

Supportive care - pump stomach, restore fluid balance

Activated charcoal to absorb toxins in stomach

Liver transplant High dose penicillin G milk thistle

Symptoms Treatments

Works cited http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot430/Lect24_Edible%20an

d%20Poisonous%20Mushroom.htm Source Citation: "Mushroom poisoning." World of Health. Ed. Brigham

Narins. Detroit: Gale, 2000. Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 18 April 2006

Source Citation: Kaminstein, David, MD. "Mushroom poisoning." Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Jacqueline L. Longe and Deirdre S. Blanchfield. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 18 April 2006

http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/amanita/amapeptides.html#toxins2

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=248683

http://www.msu.edu/user/hallenhe/SAJB%20amatoxin.pdf